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1 | (1) |
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Some Basic Concepts and Terminology |
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1 | (2) |
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Reasons Sampling May Be Preferred over Complete Enumeration |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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Accuracy and Precision of Data |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Accuracy and Precision with Discrete Variables |
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7 | (1) |
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Accuracy and Precision with Continuous Variables |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Computations Using Approximate Numbers |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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Rules Controlling Frequency Distributions |
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15 | (4) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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Cumulative Frequency Distributions |
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19 | (1) |
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Relative Frequency Distributions |
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20 | (1) |
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Graphical Presentations of Frequency Distributions |
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20 | (4) |
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Descriptive Terms Used for Frequency Distributions |
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24 | (5) |
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29 | (1) |
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Identification of Variables |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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Distinguishing between Populations and Sample Values |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (11) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (2) |
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Characteristics of the Arithmetic Mean --- The Concept of Least Squares |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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Further Characteristics of the Arithmetic Mean |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (4) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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Characteristics of the Median |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Determination of the Mode |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Characteristics of the Mode |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (3) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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Use of the Geometric Mean |
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51 | (1) |
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Characteristics of the Geometric Mean |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (4) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Characteristics of the Harmonic Mean |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Use of the Quadratic Mean |
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57 | (1) |
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Characteristics of the Quadratic Mean |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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The Interquartile and Semi-Interquartile Ranges |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (4) |
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67 | (1) |
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The Coefficient of Variation |
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68 | (1) |
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Some Basic Concepts and Terms |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (4) |
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Probability of Alternative Events |
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80 | (1) |
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Probability of Multiple Events |
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81 | (12) |
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Sampling with and without Replacement |
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82 | (2) |
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Probability in the Case of Independent Events |
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84 | (2) |
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Dependent Events and Conditional Probability |
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86 | (5) |
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91 | (1) |
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Hypergeometric Probabilities |
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92 | (1) |
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Objective and Subjective Probabilities |
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93 | (4) |
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Probability Distributions |
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97 | (2) |
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Probability Distributions |
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99 | (3) |
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Probability Distribution and Empirical Relative Frequency Distributions |
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102 | (1) |
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Discrete Probability Distributions |
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103 | (1) |
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Continuous Probability Distributions |
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104 | (2) |
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Cumulative Probability Distributions |
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106 | (3) |
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The Mean of a Random Variable |
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109 | (2) |
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The Function of a Random Variable |
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111 | (4) |
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The Mean of a Function of a Random Variable |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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The Variance of a Random Variable |
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117 | (3) |
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Moments, Skewness, and Kurtosis |
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120 | (4) |
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Moment-Generating Functions |
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124 | (5) |
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Multidimensional Probability Distributions |
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Multidimensional Random Variables |
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129 | (2) |
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Joint Probability Distributions |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (3) |
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Conditional Probabilities |
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135 | (2) |
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Joint Probability Distribution Functions |
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137 | (5) |
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Functions of Multidimensional Random Variables |
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142 | (10) |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Expectation of Functions of Multidimensional Random Variables |
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152 | (11) |
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163 | (2) |
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Variances of Functions of Multidimensional Random Variables |
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165 | (5) |
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The Regression of the Mean |
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170 | (5) |
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Discrete Probability Distributions |
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175 | (1) |
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The Rectangular Probability Distribution (D:M, YA, YB) |
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175 | (3) |
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The Binomial Probability Distribution (B:n,p) |
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178 | (9) |
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The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution (H:N, Ns, n) |
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187 | (5) |
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The Poisson Probability Distribution (p:λ) |
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192 | (8) |
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The Geometric Probability Distribution (G:p) |
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200 | (3) |
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The Negative Binomial and Pascal Probability Distributions (NB:m, p and C:m, p) |
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203 | (10) |
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The Multinomial Probability Distribution (M:p1, p2,...) |
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213 | (2) |
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Continuous Probability Distributions |
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The Rectangular Probability Distribution (R:yA, yB) |
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215 | (1) |
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The Normal Probability Distribution (N:μ, σ) |
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216 | (16) |
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The Gamma Probability Distribution (Γ:r, a) |
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232 | (7) |
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The Exponential Probability Distribution (E:a) |
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239 | (2) |
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The Chi-Square Probability Distribution (χ2:k) |
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241 | (3) |
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The Beta Probability Distribution (β:r1, r2) |
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244 | (6) |
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The Bivariate Normal Probability Distribution (N:μ1, σ1, N2:μ2, σ2) |
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250 | (4) |
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The Weibull Probability Distribution (W:r, a, ya) |
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254 | (7) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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Sampling, Sampling Units, and Sampling Frames |
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261 | (1) |
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Random Sampling and Random Numbers |
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262 | (2) |
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Sampling Frames and Infinite Populations |
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264 | (1) |
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The Sample Size and the Sampling Fraction |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (3) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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Sampling Distribution of Means |
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269 | (7) |
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Sampling Distribution of Variances |
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276 | (9) |
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Sampling Distribution of Standard Deviations |
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285 | (5) |
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Sampling Distribution of Proportions |
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290 | (4) |
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Sampling Distribution of Covariances |
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294 | (5) |
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Sampling Distribution of Differences |
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299 | (10) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Criteria for Judging Estimators of Parameters |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Maximum Likelihood Estimators |
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312 | (5) |
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317 | (1) |
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Confidence Interval Estimates of Population Parameters Using the Normal Distribution |
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318 | (2) |
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Confidence Interval Estimates of Population Means Using Student's t Distribution |
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320 | (8) |
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328 | (2) |
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Confidence Interval Estimates of Population Proportions |
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330 | (18) |
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True Confidence Intervals in the Case of the Binomial Distribution |
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331 | (3) |
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True Confidence Intervals in the Case of the Hypergeometric Distribution |
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334 | (2) |
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Confidence Intervals Based on the Normal Distribution |
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336 | (4) |
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Confidence Limits Based on the Use of the F Distribution |
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340 | (4) |
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Confidence Limits in the Case of the Poisson Distribution |
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344 | (3) |
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Confidence Intervals from Published Curves and Tables |
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347 | (1) |
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Confidence Interval Estimates of Population Variances and Standard Deviations |
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348 | (5) |
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One-Sided Confidence Intervals |
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353 | (1) |
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Sampling Errors, Allowable Errors, and Needed Sample Size |
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354 | (7) |
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Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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Type I and Type II Errors |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (2) |
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One- and Two-Tailed Tests |
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365 | (1) |
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More on Type I and Type II Errors |
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365 | (3) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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Homogeneity Test Using a Sample Mean |
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370 | (4) |
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Test of a Difference (Unpaired) |
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374 | (4) |
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Test of a Difference (Paired) |
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378 | (6) |
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The Linear Additive Model |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (12) |
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Testing for Homogeneity of Variance Using F |
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399 | (1) |
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Bartlett's Test for Homogeneity of Variance |
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400 | (2) |
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Testing for Goodness of Fit Using χ2 |
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402 | (3) |
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405 | (5) |
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410 | (9) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (9) |
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The Least Significant Difference |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (7) |
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Regression and Correlation |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (8) |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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430 | (2) |
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Multiple Variable Regression |
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432 | (5) |
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437 | (42) |
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437 | (1) |
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Manual or Freehand Fitting |
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438 | (2) |
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440 | (4) |
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444 | (8) |
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Logarithmic Transformations of Nonlinear Models |
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452 | (1) |
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The MATCHACURVE Procedure |
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453 | (3) |
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456 | (2) |
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Fitting a Two-Dimensional Model |
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458 | (7) |
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Fitting a Multidimensional Model |
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465 | (4) |
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469 | (8) |
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477 | (2) |
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479 | (1) |
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Variance about the Regression |
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480 | (6) |
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Confidence Intervals for Regression Estimates |
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486 | (10) |
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496 | (8) |
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Hypothesis Testing in Regression Operations |
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504 | (8) |
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Stepwise Variable Selection |
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512 | (9) |
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Stratified Random Sampling |
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521 | (1) |
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The Stratification Process |
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521 | (5) |
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The Stratified Population |
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526 | (4) |
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Estimation of the Parameters |
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530 | (7) |
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537 | (21) |
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538 | (1) |
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539 | (3) |
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542 | (4) |
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546 | (2) |
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548 | (6) |
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554 | (4) |
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Comparison of the Methods of Allocation |
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558 | (6) |
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Stratification and the Estimation of Proportions |
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564 | (10) |
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Effectiveness of Stratification |
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574 | (1) |
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575 | (1) |
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576 | (3) |
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579 | (1) |
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Types of Cluster Sampling |
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580 | (1) |
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580 | (1) |
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581 | (3) |
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581 | (2) |
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583 | (1) |
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Estimation of the Parameters |
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584 | (14) |
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584 | (2) |
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586 | (2) |
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The Variance of the Overall Total |
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588 | (6) |
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The Variance of the Overall Mean |
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594 | (4) |
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The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient |
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598 | (4) |
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Overlapping and Interlocking of Clusters |
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602 | (11) |
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613 | (25) |
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Two-Stage Sampling When 1 < m < M, 1 < ni < Ni, and Ni Is Constant |
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613 | (6) |
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Simple Cluster Sampling When 1 < m < M (Example I) |
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619 | (3) |
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Two-Stage Sampling When m = M and 1 < ni < Ni |
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622 | (5) |
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Two-Stage Sampling When m = M and ni = 1 |
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627 | (2) |
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Simple Cluster Sampling When m = 1 |
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629 | (3) |
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Simple Cluster Sampling When 1 < m < M (Example II) |
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632 | (3) |
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Two-Stage Sampling When m = M = 1 and 1 < ni < Ni |
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635 | (1) |
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Two-Stage Sampling When 1 < m < M, 1 < ni < Ni, and Ni Is Not Constant |
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636 | (2) |
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638 | (13) |
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651 | (4) |
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Efficiency of Cluster Sampling |
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655 | (4) |
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Two-Stage Cluster Sampling |
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655 | (3) |
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658 | (1) |
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Sample Size Determination |
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659 | (7) |
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Two-Stage Cluster Sampling |
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660 | (3) |
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663 | (3) |
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666 | (3) |
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Cluster Sampling for Proportions |
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669 | (11) |
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Using Two-Stage Cluster Sampling, When 1 < m < M and 1 < ni < Ni |
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670 | (6) |
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Using Simple Cluster Sampling, When 1 < m < M and ni = a = Ni = A |
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676 | (4) |
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680 | (16) |
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681 | (1) |
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Estimation of the Parameters |
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682 | (1) |
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Variance of the Overall Mean |
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683 | (2) |
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Example of Three-Stage Sampling |
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685 | (5) |
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690 | (6) |
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Stratified Cluster Sampling |
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696 | (11) |
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The Parameters and Their Estimation |
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696 | (1) |
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Example of Stratified Cluster Sampling Using Subsampling |
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697 | (6) |
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Example of Stratified Cluster Sampling without Subsampling |
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703 | (2) |
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705 | (2) |
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707 | (1) |
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Approaches to Systematic Sampling |
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707 | (1) |
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Element Spacing and Sampling Intensity |
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707 | (4) |
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711 | (1) |
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711 | (1) |
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712 | (1) |
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Random and Arbitrary Starts |
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712 | (2) |
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Representativeness of the Sample |
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714 | (1) |
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714 | (6) |
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714 | (1) |
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714 | (1) |
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715 | (2) |
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717 | (1) |
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718 | (1) |
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Autocorrelated Populations |
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718 | (2) |
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720 | (1) |
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Variance of the Overall Total and Mean |
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720 | (26) |
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720 | (6) |
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726 | (6) |
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732 | (5) |
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Effect of a Curvilinear Trend |
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737 | (1) |
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Removing Trend Effects Using Regression |
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737 | (3) |
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Removing Trend Effects without Using Regression |
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740 | (3) |
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Effect of a Naturally Stratified Population |
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743 | (1) |
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744 | (1) |
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Effect of Autocorrelation |
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745 | (1) |
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Estimation of the Parameters |
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746 | (4) |
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746 | (2) |
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748 | (2) |
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Approximations of the Variance of the Overall Mean |
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750 | (11) |
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Use of Multiple Random Starts |
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750 | (1) |
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Using Random Sampling Formulae |
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750 | (4) |
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Grouping Pairs of Clusters |
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754 | (1) |
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Method of Successive Differences |
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755 | (2) |
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Method of Balanced Differences |
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757 | (4) |
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761 | (1) |
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762 | (3) |
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765 | (10) |
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765 | (5) |
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770 | (3) |
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Unbiased Ratio-Type Estimators |
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773 | (2) |
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Approximations of the Ratio Estimators |
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775 | (3) |
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775 | (2) |
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777 | (1) |
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Using a Ratio to Estimate a Population Total and Mean |
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778 | (3) |
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778 | (2) |
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780 | (1) |
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Unbiased Ratio-Type Estimators |
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781 | (1) |
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Variance of the Ratio Estimates |
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781 | (7) |
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781 | (4) |
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785 | (3) |
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Unbiased Ratio-Type Estimators |
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788 | (1) |
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788 | (5) |
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788 | (4) |
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792 | (1) |
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Efficiency of Ratio Estimators |
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793 | (3) |
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793 | (2) |
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795 | (1) |
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The Hartley--Ross Unbiased Ratio Estimator |
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795 | (1) |
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Ratio Estimation and Stratified Sampling |
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796 | (10) |
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The Combined Ratio Estimate |
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797 | (3) |
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The Separate Ratios Estimate |
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800 | (2) |
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802 | (2) |
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804 | (2) |
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Ratio Estimation and Cluster Sampling |
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806 | (3) |
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809 | (2) |
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811 | (1) |
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812 | (23) |
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812 | (3) |
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The Variance of the Estimate |
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815 | (5) |
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Estimating the Variance of the Estimate |
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820 | (1) |
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821 | (2) |
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823 | (3) |
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826 | (1) |
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Using a Budget Constraint |
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826 | (4) |
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Using an Allowable Sampling Error Constraint |
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830 | (3) |
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833 | (2) |
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835 | (12) |
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835 | (3) |
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The Variance of the Estimate |
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838 | (1) |
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The Approximate Variance When Subsampling Is Used |
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838 | (5) |
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The Approximate Variance When Subsampling Is Not Used |
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843 | (1) |
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Estimating the Variance of the Estimate |
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844 | (1) |
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844 | (3) |
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Sampling with Unequal Probabilities |
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847 | (1) |
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847 | (9) |
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Sampling with Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) |
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856 | (44) |
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856 | (2) |
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858 | (1) |
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858 | (1) |
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859 | (1) |
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860 | (3) |
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Horizontal Point Sampling |
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863 | (6) |
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869 | (1) |
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869 | (1) |
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870 | (2) |
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872 | (2) |
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874 | (2) |
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876 | (9) |
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Compensating for Slopover and Borderline Trees |
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885 | (3) |
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888 | (4) |
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Estimating the Number of Trees |
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892 | (2) |
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Estimating the Total Amount of dbh |
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894 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
Estimating the Mean Volume per Tree |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
Example of the Computations Associated with Horizontal Point Sampling |
|
|
896 | (4) |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
|
900 | (31) |
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
An Equal Probability Solution |
|
|
901 | (3) |
|
|
904 | (2) |
|
The Bias in Adjusted 3P Sampling |
|
|
906 | (8) |
|
|
914 | (2) |
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
Variance of the Adjusted 3P Estimate |
|
|
917 | (2) |
|
Control of the Probability of Selection |
|
|
919 | (1) |
|
|
920 | (3) |
|
Variance of the Unadjusted 3P Sample |
|
|
923 | (3) |
|
|
926 | (1) |
|
|
926 | (1) |
|
|
926 | (1) |
|
Supporting Computer Programs |
|
|
926 | (2) |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
928 | (3) |
Appendix |
|
931 | (32) |
References |
|
963 | (8) |
Index |
|
971 | |