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From Landfill Gas to Energy: Technologies and Challenges [Kõva köide]

(JMI University, New Delhi, India), (JMI University, New Delhi, India),
  • Formaat: Hardback, 406 pages, kõrgus x laius: 246x174 mm, kaal: 884 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Dec-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0415664748
  • ISBN-13: 9780415664745
Teised raamatud teemal:
From Landfill Gas to Energy: Technologies and ChallengesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 406 pages, kõrgus x laius: 246x174 mm, kaal: 884 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Dec-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0415664748
  • ISBN-13: 9780415664745
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780415664745.html
Märksõnad:
Converting old landfills to energy producing sites, while capturing emitted greenhouse gases, has faced numerous technical, financial and social challenges and developments lately. Also, the re-mining of landfills to recover useful land in dense urban areas and proper landfill closure has been a subject of discussion and investigation. Designed as an overview text for landfill management from cradle to grave, this volumes content stretches from the fundamentals to the rather indepth details. By putting down their joint international experience, the authors have intended to both guide and inspire the user for his or her landfill project.

Introducing the fundamental concepts of landfill gas management and its needs and importance in the present world energy scenario, this accessible reference volume presents key landfill gas management techniques at regional, national and global levels. In detail, it gives an account of the recent technologies available for landfill gas treatment and its utilization. It summarizes landfill gas prediction models developed in various parts of the world and details their adequacy in various field conditions. Covering both landfill remediation aspects and economic considerations while selecting a landfill gas to energy utilization project, the reader gets familiar with the practical aspects of converting a landfill site. Also, the challenges faced by municipalities and landfill operators in recovering landfill gas as an energy source are described, and solutions are suggested for solving them effectively. These include practical execution problems, governmental issues, and developing policies to encourage investment. The volume also includes various case studies of landfill gas-to-energy utilization projects from around the world, which can be reviewed and customized for the readers own application with the help of extensive reference section.

Intended as an overview text for advanced students and researchers in the relevant engineering and technology fields (Environmental, Civil, Geotechnical, Chemical, Mechanical and Electrical), this book will also be particularly helpful to practitioners such as municipal managers, landfill operators, designers, solid waste management engineers, urban planners, professional consultants, scientists, non-governmental organizations and entrepreneurs.

Arvustused

As a professional in the field of landfill and landfill gas operation and design, I am very impressed by both the depth and the accuracy of the information presented in this new text. The book achieves the balance of being detailed enough to service the experienced professional in the field while also presenting the materials in a manner that allows a novice reader to find and understand issues that they may encounter. It represents a comprehensive study of the Landfill Gas to Energy Field and the authors have done an excellent job of including the most up to date developments in the field. The various technologies and economics of the energy field are all accurately covered as well. Beyond the scope of the study, the text is also well organized, very well written and expertly illustrated. Besides being a useful resource book, it allows for easy reading and a quick way to learn about the field. With the potential to be the premier reference text in the field of landfill gas to energy for the years to come, it should be on the shelf of every professional working in this field. David S. O'Neill, Environmental Attorney, Principal of LandGas Technology LLC, Chicago, USA

List of figures
xiii
List of tables
xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgement xxi
1 Landfill gas to energy: International status and prospects
1(26)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Importance of landfill methane
3(1)
1.3 International landfill industry
3(5)
1.3.1 Africa
4(1)
1.3.2 East Asia and the Pacific
5(1)
1.3.3 South and West Asia
5(1)
1.3.4 Europe
5(1)
1.3.5 Latin America and the Caribbean
6(1)
1.3.6 North America
6(1)
1.3.7 France
6(1)
1.3.8 Germany
6(1)
1.3.9 The Netherlands
6(1)
1.3.10 Spain
7(1)
1.3.11 U.K.
7(1)
1.3.12 Canada
7(1)
1.4 LFG Generation Mechanism
8(8)
1.4.1 Phases of LFG generation
11(1)
1.4.2 Landfill gas properties and hazards
12(1)
1.4.3 Factors affecting LFG generation
13(3)
1.5 Factors affecting LFG transport
16(2)
1.6 LFG characteristics and condensate
18(3)
1.7 Energy potential of LFG
21(2)
1.8 Benefits of LFG recovery
23(4)
References
26(1)
2 Planning and design of LFG recovery system
27(50)
2.1 Criteria for identifying suitability of landfill sites for LFG recovery
27(3)
2.1.1 Planning and design
29(1)
2.1.2 Construction
29(1)
2.1.3 Operation
30(1)
2.1.4 Restoration and aftercare
30(1)
2.2 Steps for conducting a landfill site assessment for LFG recovery
30(4)
2.2.1 Siting and design considerations
32(2)
2.3 LFG recovery from open dumps, controlled landfills, and sanitary landfills
34(8)
2.3.1 LFG recovery from open dumps
35(4)
2.3.2 Landfill bioreactor
39(2)
2.3.3 Sustainable landfills
41(1)
2.4 Conceptual design of LFG extraction system
42(4)
2.4.1 Extraction wells
42(3)
2.4.2 Wellheads
45(1)
2.4.3 Collector pipes
45(1)
2.4.4 Extraction pumps
45(1)
2.5 Horizontal and active LFG collection systems
46(1)
2.6 LFG recovery from active well collection system
46(6)
2.6.1 Cylinder method
48(4)
2.7 LFG recovery from passive well collection system
52(1)
2.8 Header system layout
53(3)
2.9 Guidelines for conducting a pump test
56(1)
2.10 Standard testing methodology for LFG
56(1)
2.11 Initial testing setup/installation
56(7)
2.11.1 LFG extraction wells
57(1)
2.11.2 Pressure monitoring probes
57(3)
2.11.3 LFG treatment components
60(1)
2.11.4 Extraction well locations
60(2)
2.11.5 Pressure monitoring probes
62(1)
2.12 Flow testing procedures
63(2)
2.12.1 Leak testing
63(1)
2.12.2 Static testing
63(2)
2.13 Short term dynamic test
65(1)
2.13.1 Blower/well configuration
65(1)
2.13.2 Infiltration monitoring
65(1)
2.13.3 Blower stabilization monitoring
65(1)
2.13.4 Pressure probe averaging
66(1)
2.13.5 ROI determination
66(1)
2.13.6 Depth influence calculation
66(1)
2.14 Long term dynamic test
66(1)
2.14.1 Total extracted LFG calculations
66(1)
2.14.2 Stabilized flow calculations
67(1)
2.14.3 Stabilized ROI calculations
67(1)
2.15 Orifice calibration procedure
67(1)
2.16 Active and passive condensate collection
68(3)
2.17 Landfill leachate treatment
71(6)
2.17.1 Physico-chemical treatment
74(1)
2.17.2 Biological treatment
75(1)
References
76(1)
3 Landfill gas modeling
77(44)
3.1 Introduction
77(1)
3.2 Conceptualization of LFG model
78(1)
3.3 Benefits of LFG modeling
79(2)
3.3.1 Sizing LFG extraction system
79(1)
3.3.2 Projections of LFG emissions
80(1)
3.3.3 Monitoring and regulatory compliance
81(1)
3.4 Classification of LFG models
81(29)
3.4.1 Zero-order model
82(1)
3.4.2 Constant rate model
83(1)
3.4.3 First-order model
84(1)
3.4.4 Modified first-order model
84(1)
3.4.5 Multiphase model
84(1)
3.4.6 Second-order model
85(1)
3.4.7 Scholl Canyon model
85(1)
3.4.8 Stoichiometric model
86(1)
3.4.9 Triangular model
87(1)
3.4.10 Palos Verdes model
88(2)
3.4.11 Sheldon Arleta model
90(1)
3.4.12 GASFILL model
90(1)
3.4.13 LandGEM model
91(1)
3.4.14 LFGGEN model
92(2)
3.4.15 EMCON MGM model
94(1)
3.4.16 TNO model
94(1)
3.4.17 Multi-phase model (Afvalzorg)
95(1)
3.4.18 GasSim model
96(1)
3.4.19 EPER model France
97(2)
3.4.20 EPER model Germany
99(1)
3.4.21 Colombia model
99(2)
3.4.22 CALMIM model
101(1)
3.4.23 Philippines model
102(1)
3.4.24 Thailand model
103(1)
3.4.25 Ukraine model
103(1)
3.4.26 China model
104(1)
3.4.27 Mexico model
104(1)
3.4.28 Ecuador model
105(1)
3.4.29 Central America model
105(1)
3.4.30 IPCC model
106(2)
3.4.31 RET screen model
108(1)
3.4.32 IGNiG Model
108(1)
3.4.33 Finite element model
109(1)
3.4.34 Tabasaran model
110(1)
3.5 Uncertainties in LFG model predictions
110(2)
3.6 Validation of LFG models
112(1)
3.7 Customization of LFG models
113(8)
3.7.1 Methane generation potential
114(1)
3.7.2 Degradable organic carbon
114(1)
3.7.3 Methane fraction
115(1)
3.7.4 Methane correction factor
116(1)
3.7.5 Methane oxidation factor
116(1)
3.7.6 Decay constant
116(1)
3.7.7 Methane recovery rate
116(2)
References
118(3)
4 LFG monitoring and economic feasibility evaluation
121(32)
4.1 LFG monitoring
121(7)
4.1.1 Monitoring locations within the waste body
121(1)
4.1.2 Monitoring locations outside the waste body
121(1)
4.1.3 Pressure monitoring
122(1)
4.1.4 Monitoring frequency
122(1)
4.1.5 LFG trigger levels
123(1)
4.1.6 Monitoring surface emissions
123(1)
4.1.7 Monitoring locations
124(1)
4.1.8 Parameters for analysis
124(1)
4.1.9 LFG within and outside the waste body
125(1)
4.1.20 Flare and utilization plants
126(2)
4.2 Test methods/protocols for LFG monitoring
128(4)
4.3 LFG migration and dynamics in borewell
132(2)
4.4 Standardized approach for LFG probe assessment
134(5)
4.4.1 Pre-assessment activities
135(1)
4.4.2 Initial monitoring probe condition assessment
135(1)
4.4.3 Gas monitoring assessment
136(1)
4.4.4 Vacuum testing
137(1)
4.4.5 Video borescope inspection
137(1)
4.4.6 Lithology evaluation
138(1)
4.5 Economic feasibility of LFG to Energy project
139(14)
4.5.1 Capital and O&M cost
143(3)
4.5.2 Energy sales revenue
146(2)
4.5.3 Economic feasibility
148(1)
4.5.4 Comparison of economically feasible options
149(1)
4.5.5 Project financing options
149(1)
4.5.6 Perspective of lenders/investors
149(2)
4.5.7 Financing approaches
151(1)
4.5.8 Evaluation of costs and benefits
151(1)
4.5.9 Conclusions
152(1)
References
152(1)
5 Landfill gas treatment technologies
153(56)
5.1 Inroduction
153(1)
5.2 Passive venting of LFG
153(2)
5.3 LFG combustion mechanism
155(2)
5.4 LFG flaring system
157(11)
5.4.1 Design of a flaring system
157(2)
5.4.2 Types of flaring system
159(4)
5.4.3 Description of LFG Flaring System
163(5)
5.4.4 Comparison of open and enclosed flares
168(1)
5.5 Case studies on LFG flaring systems
168(7)
5.5.1 Aleksandrovsk, Lugansk oblast, Ukraine
168(4)
5.5.2 Gorai landfill, Mumbai
172(2)
5.5.3 San Pedro, Manila
174(1)
5.6 LFG cleaning and upgradation
175(4)
5.7 Types of LFG treatment technologies
179(1)
5.8 Water scrubbing using DMT technology
179(3)
5.9 Water Scrubber using GmBH technology
182(1)
5.10 Water Scrubbing using ISET technology
182(1)
5.11 Physical Absorption using ISET technology
183(1)
5.12 Pressure Swing Adsorption using DMT technology
184(2)
5.13 Pressure Swing Adsorption using ISET technology
186(1)
5.14 Pressure Swing Adsorption using GmBH technology
187(1)
5.15 Chemical absorption of CO2
188(1)
5.16 Chemical absorption using DMT technology
189(1)
5.17 Chemical absorption using ISET technology
190(1)
5.18 Chemical absorption using GmBH technology
191(1)
5.19 Membrane separation Natcogroup technology
192(2)
5.20 Membrane separation ISET technology
194(2)
5.21 Cryogenic separation
196(1)
5.22 Cryogenic condensation technology
197(1)
5.23 Mixed Refrigerant liquefaction technology
198(1)
5.24 SAGTM technology
199(2)
5.25 SWOP™ technology
201(1)
5.26 ISET technology
202(1)
5.27 Comparison of different LFG treatment and upgrading technologies
203(2)
5.27.1 Impact on the environment
205(1)
5.27.2 Ease of operation
205(1)
5.28 Conclusion
205(4)
References
206(3)
6 Landfill gas utilization technologies
209(36)
6.1 Introduction
209(1)
6.2 LFG to energy technologies
210(1)
6.3 Microturbines
211(3)
6.4 Reciprocating internal-combustion engines
214(2)
6.5 Stirling cycle engines
216(2)
6.6 Steam turbines
218(1)
6.7 Direct use
219(2)
6.8 Alternative fuels
221(11)
6.8.1 High Btu LFG
221(1)
6.8.2 LFG to Compressed Natural Gas
221(2)
6.8.3 LFG to Liquefied Natural Gas
223(6)
6.8.4 Application of LFG as a vehicle fuel
229(2)
6.8.5 LFG/LNG issues
231(1)
6.9 Power generation using LFG-driven engines
232(6)
6.9.1 Design considerations
233(1)
6.9.2 LFG power potential
234(1)
6.9.3 Electricity generation using internal combustion engines
235(1)
6.9.4 Electricity generation using large turbines
236(1)
6.9.5 Electricity generation using microturbines
237(1)
6.9.6 Organic rankine cycle power plant
237(1)
6.10 Boilers
238(4)
6.10.1 LFG utilization for boilers
238(2)
6.10.2 Design modifications
240(2)
6.11 Fuel cells
242(3)
References
243(2)
7 Remediation of landfill sites
245(40)
7.1 Introduction
245(1)
7.2 Planning for landfill remediation
245(1)
7.3 Multiple uses of landfills
246(1)
7.4 Recovery of landfills for higher land uses
247(1)
7.5 Procedure for remediation of landfill sites with low LFG potential
247(6)
7.5.1 Site characterization study
250(1)
7.5.2 Potential economic benefits
251(1)
7.5.3 Investigate Regulatory requirements
251(1)
7.5.4 Health and safety plan
252(1)
7.5.5 Project costs
252(1)
7.6 Recovering land through waste mining and processing
253(6)
7.6.1 Landfill mining process
254(1)
7.6.2 Excavation and separation
254(1)
7.6.3 Processing for reclamation of recyclable material
255(1)
7.6.4 Material recovery
255(1)
7.6.5 Composition of waste
256(1)
7.6.6 Waste recovery efficiency
256(1)
7.6.7 Potential for energy recovery
257(1)
7.6.8 Benefits of landfill mining
257(1)
7.6.9 Limitations of landfill mining
257(1)
7.6.10 Economic aspects of landfill mining
258(1)
7.6.11 Cost and benefits of landfill mining
259(1)
7.7 Landfill mining case study
259(11)
7.7.1 Closing the circle project
261(1)
7.7.2 Characterisation of landfilled waste
261(2)
7.7.3 Material Recovery
263(1)
7.7.4 Energy recuperation
264(2)
7.7.5 Recovery of natural land
266(2)
7.7.6 Carbon footprint
268(2)
7.8 Identification and control of landfill fires
270(8)
7.8.1 Characterization of landfill fire
272(1)
7.8.2 Immediate actions
272(2)
7.8.3 Extinguishment methods
274(1)
7.8.4 Monitoring and management
275(1)
7.8.5 Fire prevention and control plan
276(2)
7.9 Operation and maintenance of landfill site
278(7)
7.9.1 LFG monitoring system
280(1)
7.9.2 LFG wellfield, conveyance, and condensate systems
281(1)
7.9.3 LFG blower systems
282(1)
7.9.4 LFG flare system
283(1)
7.9.5 LFG energy recovery systems
284(1)
References
284(1)
8 Landfill gas case studies
285(32)
8.1 Introduction
285(1)
8.2 Suzhou Qizi Mountain LFG to energy project, China
286(1)
8.3 Targu Mures, LFG to energy project, Romania
286(1)
8.4 Wingmoor, LFG to energy project, UK
287(1)
8.5 McKinney LFG to energy project, Texas, USA
287(1)
8.6 Lubna, Sosnowiec and Legajny LFG to energy project, Poland
288(1)
8.7 Palembang LFG to energy project, Indonesia
288(1)
8.8 Monterey Regional Waste Management District LFG to energy project, Marina, CA
288(1)
8.9 La Pradera LFG to energy project, Colombia
289(1)
8.10 Bandeirantes LFG to energy project, Brazil
289(1)
8.11 Dunsink LFG to energy project, North Dublin
290(1)
8.12 LFG to energy project, Niagara
290(1)
8.13 McRobies Gully LFG to energy project, Tasmania
290(1)
8.14 City of Bergen LFG to energy project, Norway
291(1)
8.15 NovaGerar LFG to energy project, Brazil
292(1)
8.16 Ethekwini LFG to energy project, Durban
293(1)
8.17 Horotiu, Hamilton LFG to energy project, New Zealand
293(1)
8.18 Arthurstown LFG to energy project, Ireland
294(1)
8.19 Ano Liossia LFG to energy project, Greece
294(1)
8.20 Puente Hills LFG to energy project, California
295(1)
8.21 Greater Sudbury and Halton Region, LFG to energy project, Canada
295(1)
8.22 Chelyabinsk LFG to energy project, Russia
296(1)
8.23 Torun LFG to energy project, Poland
296(1)
8.24 Kristianstad LFG to energy project, Sweden
297(1)
8.25 Belrose LFG to energy project, Australia
298(1)
8.26 Zambiza LFG to energy project, Ecuador
298(1)
8.27 Vlierzele LFG to energy project, Belgium
299(1)
8.28 Antioch LFG to energy project, Illinois
300(1)
8.29 Chengdu City LFG to energy project, China
301(1)
8.30 Gaoantun LFG to energy project, China
302(2)
8.31 Mentougou LFG to energy project, China
304(1)
8.32 Gorai LFG to energy project, India
305(1)
8.33 Khmelnitsky LFG to energy project, Ukraine
306(2)
8.34 Belo Horizonte LFG to energy project, Brazil
308(1)
8.35 Olavarria LFG to energy project, Argentina
309(1)
8.36 Okhla LFG to energy pilot project, India
309(5)
8.37 Pre-feasibility studies for LFG recovery in Columbia
314(1)
8.38 LFG energy project in Russian Federation
314(1)
8.39 Pre-feasibility studies in the Republic of Korea
314(1)
8.40 Conclusion
314(3)
References
315(2)
9 Challenges in utilization of LFG in developing countries
317(16)
9.1 Introduction
317(1)
9.2 Barriers in LFG to energy project development
318(3)
9.2.1 Technological intricacies
319(1)
9.2.2 Economic limitations
320(1)
9.2.3 Awareness of regulators and policy makers
320(1)
9.2.4 Power system interconnection
321(1)
9.2.5 National policy framework
321(1)
9.3 Action plan for LFG management
321(5)
9.3.1 Legislation, regulation and standard development
321(1)
9.3.2 Economic incentives
322(1)
9.3.3 Education and awareness
323(1)
9.3.4 Information dissemination and training
323(1)
9.3.5 Institutional strengthening
324(1)
9.3.6 Demonstration activities
324(1)
9.3.7 Financial mechanism
325(1)
9.4 Framework for implementation of action plan
326(4)
9.5 Conclusions
330(3)
References
330(3)
Appendix A Format for monitoring of LFG 333(8)
Appendix B Format for conducting waste audit at a landfill site 341(8)
Appendix C Format for waste characterization 349(2)
Appendix D Useful websites 351(2)
Appendix E Glossary of terms in landfill gas management 353(16)
Appendix F List of abbreviations 369(2)
Appendix G Template for country-specific LFG action plan 371(4)
Appendix H LFG calculation worksheet 375(4)
Appendix I List of LFG to PNG/CNG Technology Providers 379(2)
Subject index 381
Vasudevan Rajaram, Faisal Zia Siddiqui, M. Emran Khan