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PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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1 | (60) |
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Chapter 1 Principles Of Signaling And Organization |
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3 | (20) |
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Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits |
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4 | (1) |
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Complex Neuronal Circuitry in Relation to Higher Functions |
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4 | (1) |
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Organization of the Vertebrate Retina |
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5 | (4) |
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Shapes and Connections of Neurons |
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5 | (1) |
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Cell Body, Axons, and Dendrites |
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6 | (1) |
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Techniques for Identifying Neurons and Tracing Their Connections |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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Grouping of Cells According to Function |
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9 | (1) |
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Complexity of Connections |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (9) |
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Universality of Electrical Signals |
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10 | (1) |
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Techniques for Recording Electrical Signals with Electrodes |
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10 | (1) |
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Techniques for Imaging and Stimulating Neuronal Activity |
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11 | (2) |
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Spread of Local Graded Potentials and Passive Electrical Properties of Neurons |
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13 | (1) |
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Spread of Potential Changes in Photoreceptors and Bipolar Cells |
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13 | (1) |
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Properties of Action Potentials |
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14 | (1) |
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Propagation of Action Potentials along Nerve Fibers |
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14 | (1) |
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Action Potentials as the Neural Code |
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15 | (1) |
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Synapses: The Sites for Cell-to-Cell Communication |
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15 | (1) |
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Chemically Mediated Synaptic Transmission |
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16 | (1) |
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Excitation and Inhibition |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Modulation of Synaptic Efficacy |
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18 | (1) |
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Extrasynaptic Communication by Release of Transmitters |
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18 | (1) |
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Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurons |
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18 | (1) |
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Signals for Development of the Nervous System |
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19 | (2) |
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Regeneration of the Nervous System after Injury |
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21 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Signaling In The Visual System |
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23 | (20) |
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Pathways in the Visual System |
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24 | (2) |
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Convergence and Divergence of Connections |
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25 | (1) |
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Receptive Fields of Ganglion and Geniculate Cells |
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26 | (17) |
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Concept of the Receptive Field |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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Lateral Geniculate Cell Receptive Field Organization |
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28 | (1) |
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Sizes of Receptive Fields |
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28 | (1) |
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Classification of Ganglion and Geniculate Cells |
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29 | (1) |
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What Information Do Ganglion and Geniculate Cells Convey? |
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29 | (1) |
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Complexity of the Information Conveyed by Action Potentials |
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29 | (1) |
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Cortical Receptive Fields |
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30 | (1) |
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Responses of Simple Cells |
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30 | (1) |
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BOX 2.1 Strategies for Exploring the Cortex |
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31 | (3) |
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Synthesis of the Simple Receptive Field |
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34 | (2) |
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Responses of Complex Cells |
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36 | (2) |
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Synthesis of the Complex Receptive Field |
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38 | (1) |
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Receptive Fields: Units for Form Perception |
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39 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Functional Architecture Of The Visual Cortex |
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43 | (18) |
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From Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to Visual Cortex |
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44 | (3) |
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Segregation of Retinal Inputs to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus |
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44 | (1) |
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Cytoarchitecture of the Visual Cortex |
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44 | (1) |
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Inputs, Outputs, and Layering of Cortex |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (3) |
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Demonstration of Ocular Dominance Columns by Imaging |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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Connections of Magnocellular and Parvocellular Pathways between V1 and V2 |
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52 | (1) |
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Relations between Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns |
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53 | (4) |
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Horizontal Intracortical Connections |
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54 | (1) |
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Construction of a Single, Unified Visual Field from Inputs Arising in Two Eyes |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Association Areas of Visual Cortex |
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57 | (4) |
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PART II ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NEURONS AND GLIA |
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61 | (126) |
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Chapter 4 Ion Channels And Signaling |
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63 | (14) |
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Properties of Ion Channels |
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64 | (3) |
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64 | (1) |
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What Does an Ion Channel Look Like? |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Measurement of Single-Channel Currents |
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67 | (10) |
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Intracellular Recording with Microelectrodes |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Conductance and Permeability |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Nonlinear Current-Voltage Relations |
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73 | (1) |
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Ion Permeation through Channels |
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74 | (1) |
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BOX 4.1 Measuring Channel Conductance |
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74 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Structure Of Ion Channels |
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77 | (26) |
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Ligand-Activated Channels |
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78 | (3) |
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The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor |
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78 | (1) |
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Amino Acid Sequence of AChR Subunits |
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79 | (1) |
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Higher Order Chemical Structure |
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80 | (1) |
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Other Nicotinic ACh Receptors |
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80 | (1) |
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BOX 5.1 Classification of Amino Acids |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (5) |
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Receptor Structure and Function |
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82 | (1) |
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Structure of the Pore Lining |
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82 | (1) |
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High-Resolution Imaging of the nAChR |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Ion Selectivity and Conductance |
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85 | (1) |
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Voltage-Activated Channels |
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86 | (6) |
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The Voltage-Activated Sodium Channel |
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86 | (1) |
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Amino Acid Sequence and Tertiary Structure of the Sodium Channel |
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87 | (1) |
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Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels |
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87 | (2) |
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Voltage-Activated Potassium Channels |
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89 | (1) |
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Pore Formation in Voltage-Activated Channels |
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89 | (1) |
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High-Resolution Imaging of Voltage-Activated Channels |
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89 | (1) |
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Selectivity and Conductance |
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90 | (2) |
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Gating of Voltage-Activated Channels |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (6) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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Channels Activated by Cyclic Nucleotides |
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95 | (1) |
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Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels |
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95 | (1) |
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Voltage-Sensitive Chloride Channels |
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96 | (1) |
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Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Transient Receptor Potential Channels |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Ionic Basis Of The Resting Potential |
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103 | (14) |
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104 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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The Effect of Extracellular Potassium and Chloride on Membrane Potential |
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106 | (1) |
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Membrane Potentials in Squid Axons |
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107 | (2) |
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The Effect of Sodium Permeability |
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108 | (1) |
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The Constant Field Equation |
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109 | (1) |
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The Resting Membrane Potential |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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An Electrical Model of the Membrane |
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111 | (1) |
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Predicted Values of Membrane Potential |
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112 | (5) |
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Contribution of the Sodium-Potassium Pump to the Membrane Potential |
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112 | (1) |
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What Ion Channels Are Associated with the Resting Potential? |
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113 | (1) |
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Changes in Membrane Potential |
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114 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Ionic Basis Of The Action Potential |
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117 | (18) |
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Voltage Clamp Experiments |
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118 | (5) |
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BOX 7.1 The Voltage Clamp |
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119 | (1) |
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Capacitative and Leak Currents |
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119 | (1) |
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Ion Currents Carried by Sodium and Potassium |
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120 | (1) |
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Selective Poisons for Sodium and Potassium Channels |
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120 | (1) |
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Dependence of Ion Currents on Membrane Potential |
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120 | (1) |
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Inactivation of the Sodium Current |
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121 | (1) |
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Sodium and Potassium Conductances as Functions of Potential |
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122 | (1) |
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Quantitative Description of Sodium and Potassium Conductances |
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123 | (3) |
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Reconstruction of the Action Potential |
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124 | (1) |
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Threshold and Refractory Period |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Activation and Inactivation |
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127 | (1) |
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Activation and Inactivation of Single Channels |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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The Role of Calcium in Excitation |
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131 | (4) |
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Calcium Action Potentials |
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131 | (1) |
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Calcium Ions and Excitability |
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132 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Electrical Signaling In Neurons |
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135 | (14) |
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Specific Electrical Properties of Cell Membranes |
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137 | (1) |
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Flow of Current in a Nerve Fiber |
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137 | (3) |
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BOX 8.1 Relation between Cable Constants and Specific Membrane Properties |
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139 | (1) |
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Action Potential Propagation |
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140 | (3) |
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Myelinated Nerves and Saltatory Conduction |
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141 | (1) |
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Distribution of Channels in Myelinated Fibers |
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141 | (1) |
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BOX 8.2 Classification of Vertebrate Nerve Fibers |
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142 | (1) |
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Geometry and Conduction Block |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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Pathways for Current Flow between Cells |
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145 | (4) |
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Chapter 9 Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes |
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149 | (16) |
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The Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump |
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150 | (3) |
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Biochemical Properties of Sodium-Potassium ATPase |
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150 | (1) |
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Experimental Evidence That the Pump Is Electrogenic |
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151 | (1) |
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Mechanism of Ion Translocation |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Endoplasmic and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase |
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153 | (1) |
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Plasma Cell Membrane Calcium ATPase |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Reversal of Sodium-Calcium Exchange |
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155 | (1) |
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Sodium-Calcium Exchange in Retinal Rods |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Inward Chloride Transport |
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156 | (1) |
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Outward Potassium--Chloride Cotransport |
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157 | (1) |
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Chloride-Bicarbonate Exchange |
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157 | (1) |
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Transport of Neurotransmitters |
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157 | (3) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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Molecular Structure of Transporters |
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160 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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Sodium--Calcium Exchangers |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Transport Molecules for Neurotransmitters |
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162 | (1) |
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Significance of Transport Mechanisms |
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162 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Properties And Functions Of Neuroglial Cells |
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165 | (22) |
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166 | (1) |
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Appearance and Classification of Glial Cells |
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166 | (2) |
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Structural Relations between Neurons, Glia, and Capillaries |
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168 | (1) |
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Physiological Properties of Neuroglial Cell Membranes |
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169 | (2) |
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Ion Channels, Pumps, and Receptors in Glial Cell Membranes |
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170 | (1) |
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Coupling between Glial Cells |
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170 | (1) |
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Coupling between Glia and Neurons |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (4) |
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Generalities of Glial Cells in Development and Repair |
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171 | (1) |
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Myelin and the Role of Glia in Axonal Conduction |
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171 | (4) |
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Effects of Neuronal Activity on Glial Cells |
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175 | (7) |
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Potassium Accumulation in Extracellular Space |
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175 | (1) |
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Potassium and Calcium Movement through Glial Cells |
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176 | (2) |
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Glial Cells and Neurotransmitters |
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178 | (1) |
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Release of Transmitters by Glial Cells |
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178 | (1) |
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Immediate Effects of Glial Cells on Synaptic Transmission |
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179 | (1) |
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Transfer of Metabolites from Glial Cells to Neurons |
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179 | (1) |
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Microglial Cells in CNS Repair |
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180 | (2) |
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Responses of Microglial Cells to Electrical Activity |
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182 | (1) |
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Microglia and Immune Responses of the CNS |
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182 | (5) |
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BOX 10.1 The Blood-Brain Barrier |
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183 | (4) |
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PART III INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION |
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187 | (228) |
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Chapter 11 Mechanisms Of Direct Synaptic Transmission |
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189 | (28) |
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190 | (1) |
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Chemical Synaptic Transmission |
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190 | (16) |
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BOX 11.1 Electrical or Chemical Transmission? |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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BOX 11.2 Drugs and Toxins Acting at the Neuromuscular Junction |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Mapping the Region of the Muscle Fiber Receptive to ACh |
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196 | (2) |
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Morphological Demonstration of the Distribution of ACh Receptors |
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198 | (1) |
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Measurement of Ion Currents Produced by ACh |
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199 | (1) |
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Significance of the Reversal Potential |
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200 | (1) |
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Relative Contributions of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium to the End Plate Potential |
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200 | (1) |
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Resting Membrane Conductance and Synaptic Potential Amplitude |
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201 | (1) |
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BOX 11.4 Electrical Model of the Motor End Plate |
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201 | (1) |
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Kinetics of Currents through Single ACh Receptor Channels |
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202 | (1) |
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Excitatory Synaptic Potentials in the CNS |
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203 | (3) |
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Direct Chemical Synaptic Inhibition |
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206 | (4) |
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Reversal of Inhibitory Potentials |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (2) |
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Transmitter Receptor Localization |
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210 | (2) |
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Electrical Synaptic Transmission |
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212 | (5) |
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Identification and Characterization of Electrical Synapses |
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212 | (2) |
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Comparison of Electrical and Chemical Transmission |
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214 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Indirect Mechanisms Of Synaptic Transmission |
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217 | (30) |
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Direct versus Indirect Transmission |
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218 | (1) |
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G Protein-coupled Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins |
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219 | (3) |
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Structure of G Protein-Coupled Receptors |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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BOX 12.1 Receptors, G Proteins, and Effectors: Convergence and Divergence in G Protein Signaling |
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220 | (1) |
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BOX 12.2 Identifying Responses Mediated by G Proteins |
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221 | (1) |
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Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Receptor-Activated G Proteins: Direct Actions |
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222 | (4) |
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G Protein Activation of Potassium Channels |
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222 | (2) |
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G Protein Inhibition of Calcium Channels Involved in Transmitter Release |
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224 | (2) |
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G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second-Messenger Systems |
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226 | (9) |
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Adrenergic Receptors Activate Calcium Channels via a G Protein---The Adenylate cyclase Pathway |
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227 | (2) |
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BOX 12.3 Cyclic AMP as a Second Messenger |
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229 | (1) |
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BOX 12.4 The Phosphoinositide Cycle |
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230 | (2) |
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G Protein Activation of Phospholipase C |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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G Protein Activation of Phospholipase A2 |
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234 | (1) |
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Convergence and Divergence of Signals Generated by Indirectly Coupled Receptors |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Retrograde Signaling via Endocannabinoids |
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235 | (3) |
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BOX 12.5 Formation and Metabolism of Endocannabinoids |
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236 | (2) |
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Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide |
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238 | (1) |
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Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger |
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239 | (4) |
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241 | (1) |
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BOX 12.6 Measuring Intracellular Calcium |
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242 | (1) |
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Prolonged Time Course of Indirect Transmitter Action |
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243 | (4) |
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Chapter 13 Release Of Neurotransmitters At Synapses |
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247 | (32) |
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Characteristics of Transmitter Release |
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248 | (6) |
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Axon Terminal Depolarization and Release |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Evidence That Calcium Is Required for Release |
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250 | (1) |
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Measurement of Calcium Entry into Presynaptic Nerve Terminals |
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250 | (2) |
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Localization of Calcium Entry Sites |
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252 | (1) |
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Transmitter Release by Intracellular Concentration Jumps |
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253 | (1) |
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Other Factors Regulating Transmitter Release |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (6) |
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Spontaneous Release of Multimolecular Quanta |
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254 | (1) |
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Fluctuations in the End Plate Potential |
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255 | (1) |
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Statistical Analysis of the End Plate Potential |
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256 | (1) |
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BOX 13.1 Statistical Fluctuation in Quantal Release |
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256 | (2) |
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Quantum Content at Neuronal Synapse |
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258 | (1) |
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Number of Molecules in a Quantum |
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258 | (1) |
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Number of Channels Activated by a Quantum |
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259 | (1) |
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Changes in Mean Quantal Size at the Neuromuscular Junction |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Vesicles and Transmitter Release |
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260 | (19) |
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Ultrastructure of Nerve Terminals |
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261 | (1) |
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Morphological Evidence for Exocytosis |
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262 | (1) |
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Release of Vesicle Contents by Exocytosis |
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263 | (1) |
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Monitoring Exocytosis and Endocytosis in Living Cells |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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High-Resolution Structure of Synaptic Vesicle Attachments |
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267 | (2) |
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Transmitter Release without Full Vesicle Fusion |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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Reuptake of Synaptic Vesicles |
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271 | (1) |
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Vesicle Recycling Pathways |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (7) |
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Chapter 14 Neurotransmitters In The Central Nervous System |
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279 | (28) |
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Chemical Transmission in the CNS |
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280 | (1) |
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Mapping Neurotransmitter Pathways |
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280 | (5) |
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BOX 14.1 The Discovery of Central Transmitters: I. The Amino Acids |
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281 | (2) |
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BOX 14.2 The Discovery of Central Transmitters: II. Neuropeptides |
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283 | (1) |
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Visualizing Transmitter-Specific Neurons in Living Brain Tissue |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (15) |
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285 | (1) |
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GABA (γ-Aminobutyric Acid) and Glycine |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (4) |
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292 | (6) |
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
|
|
300 | (7) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
Vasopressin and Oxytocin: The Social Brain |
|
|
304 | (3) |
|
Chapter 15 Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, And Inactivation |
|
|
307 | (20) |
|
Neurotransmitter Synthesis |
|
|
308 | (8) |
|
Synthesis of Acetylcholine |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
Synthesis of Dopamine and Norepinephrine |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
Synthesis of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, Serotonin) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Transmitter Synthesis |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Synthesis of Neuropeptides |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
Storage of Transmitters in Vesicles |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
Co-Storage and Co-Release |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
318 | (4) |
|
Rate and Direction of Axonal Transport |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Microtubules and Fast Transport |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of Slow Axonal Transport |
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
Removal of Transmitters from the Synaptic Cleft |
|
|
322 | (5) |
|
Removal of ACh by Acetylcholinesterase |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Removal of ATP by Hydrolysis |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Removal of Transmitters by Uptake |
|
|
323 | (4) |
|
Chapter 16 Synaptic Plasticity |
|
|
327 | (20) |
|
Short-Term Changes in Signaling |
|
|
328 | (5) |
|
Facilitation and Depression of Transmitter Release |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Post-Tetanic Potentiation and Augmentation |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms Underlying Short-Term Synaptic Changes |
|
|
330 | (3) |
|
Long-Term Changes in Signaling |
|
|
333 | (14) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Associative LTP in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
Mechanisms Underlying the Induction and Expression of LTP |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms Underlying LTD |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Plasticity at Inhibitory Synapses |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Significance of Changes in Synaptic Efficacy |
|
|
344 | (3) |
|
Chapter 17 The Molecular And Cellular Biology Of Synaptic Plasticity |
|
|
347 | (40) |
|
Structural Plasticity: In Vivo Studies on Spine Dynamics |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
Synaptic Protein Turnover and the Transition from Short- to Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Signaling from Synapses to the Nucleus Activates de Novo Transcription |
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
Early Genomic Targets of Synaptic Activity |
|
|
353 | (4) |
|
Neuroepigenetics: Stabilizing Activity-Dependent Transcriptional Changes |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Early Evidence for Decentralized Protein Synthesis in Neurons |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
mRNA Targeting to Dendrites and Axons |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
Postsynaptic Protein Synthesis and Synaptic Plasticity |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
Presynaptic Protein Synthesis and Synaptic Plasticity |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
Biochemical Mechanisms of Translational Control in Long-Lasting Synaptic Plasticity |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Degradation of Synaptic Proteins |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
MicroRNAs and Synaptic Plasticity |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Synaptic Tagging and Capture |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
The Identity of the Synaptic Tag |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
The Cellular Basis of Memory |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Genetically Tagged Active Neurons |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Necessity and Sufficiency of Memory Trace Cells |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
Learning and Memory by Ensembles of Potentiated Synapses |
|
|
381 | (6) |
|
Chapter 18 Mechanisms Of Extrasynaptic Communications |
|
|
387 | (28) |
|
Meaning of Extrasynaptic Communication for the Nervous System |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Tuning of Aggression in Lobsters |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Early Evidence for Extrasynaptic Release of Transmitters |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms for Extrasynaptic Exocytosis |
|
|
390 | (3) |
|
Peptide Release from Magnocellular Hypothalamic Neurons |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Regional Regulation of Peptide Release |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Mechanism for Somatic Exocytosis of Serotonin in Leech Retzius Neurons |
|
|
393 | (11) |
|
Timing of Behavioral Responses to Extrasynaptic Exocytosis |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Ultrastructure of Somatic Release Sites |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Frequency-Dependence of Somatic Exocytosis |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Calcium Signaling in Response to Electrical Stimulation |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Calcium Channels Activated by Electrical Stimulation |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Amplification of the Fast Calcium Transient |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Dynamics of Somatic Exocytosis |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Vesicle Transport to the Plasma Membrane |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Calcium-Dependent ATP Synthesis Fuels the Vesicle Transport |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
A Serotonin- and Calcium-Dependent Feedback Loop Sustains Somatic Exocytosis |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Proteins Involved in Vesicle Fusion |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
BOX 18.1 Intercellular Communication Mediated by Endosomes and Microvesicles |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
Coexisting Forms of Extrasynaptic Communication |
|
|
404 | (3) |
|
Exocytosis from Axonal Varicosities |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Somatic versus Synaptic Release |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
Modulation of Visual Sensitivity and Blood Flow in the Retina |
|
|
407 | (4) |
|
Dopamine Release in the Retina |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Somatic Exocytosis of Dopamine |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Modulation of Light Adaptation by Dopamine |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
ATP and Glia as Mediators of Neurovascular Coupling |
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Source of Volume Transmission |
|
|
411 | (4) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Exchange and Flow of Signaling Molecules between the CNS and CSF |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Uptake of Peptides by Neuronal Structures |
|
|
413 | (2) |
|
PART IV INTEGRATIVE MECHANISMS |
|
|
415 | (48) |
|
Chapter 19 Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
417 | (20) |
|
Functions under Involuntary Control |
|
|
418 | (5) |
|
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
Transmission in Autonomic Ganglia |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
M-Currents in Autonomic Ganglia |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Transmitter Release by Postganglionic Axons |
|
|
423 | (14) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
BOX 19.1 The Path to Understanding Sympathetic Mechanisms |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Sensory Inputs to the Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
The Enteric Nervous System |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Autonomic Functions by the Hypothalamus |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
Hypothalamic Neurons That Release Hormones |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Distribution and Numbers of GnRH Cells |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (3) |
|
|
|
433 | (4) |
|
Chapter 20 Walking, Flying, And Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms Of Sensorimotor Behavior In Invertebrates |
|
|
437 | (26) |
|
From Behavior to Neurons and Vice Versa |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Navigation by Ants and Bees |
|
|
438 | (9) |
|
The Desert Ant's Pathway Home |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
Polarized Light Detection by the Ant's Eye |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Strategies for Finding the Nest |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Additional Mechanisms for Navigation by Ants |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Polarized Light and Twisted Photoreceptors |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Neural Mechanisms for Navigation |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
Deciding between Opposite, Incompatible Behaviors: Neuronal Circuits in the Crayfish |
|
|
447 | (3) |
|
Analysis at the Level of Individual Neurons: The CNS of the Leech |
|
|
450 | (11) |
|
Leech Ganglia: Semiautonomous Mini-Brains |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Sensory Cells in Leech Ganglia |
|
|
451 | (4) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Connections of Sensory and Motor Cells |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
Behavioral Changes in Response to Experience |
|
|
458 | (2) |
|
Circuits Responsible for the Production of Rhythmical Swimming |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Why Should One Work on Invertebrate Nervous Systems? |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
|
463 | (152) |
|
Chapter 21 Sensory Transduction |
|
|
465 | (22) |
|
Stimulus Coding by Mechanoreceptors |
|
|
466 | (6) |
|
|
|
66 | (401) |
|
Encoding Stimulus Parameters by Stretch Receptors |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
The Crayfish Stretch Receptor |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
Responses to Static and Dynamic Muscle Stretch |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Adaptation in Mechanoreceptors |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Adaptation in the Pacinian Corpuscle |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Transduction by Mechanosensory Cells |
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
Mechanosensitive Hair Cells of the Vertebrate Ear |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Structure of Hair Cell Receptors |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Transduction by Hair Bundle Deflection |
|
|
474 | (3) |
|
Tip Links and Gating Springs |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Transduction Channels in Hair Cells |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (4) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels in Olfactory Receptors |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Coupling the Receptor to Ion Channels |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Taste (Gustation) |
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Temperture and Pain Sensation |
|
|
483 | (4) |
|
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Signaling of Pain and Itch |
|
|
484 | (3) |
|
Chapter 22 Transduction And Transmission In The Retina |
|
|
487 | (26) |
|
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
Anatomical Pathways in the Visual System |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Layering of Cells in the Retina |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Phototransduction in Retinal Rods and Cones |
|
|
490 | (4) |
|
Arrangement and Morphology of Photoreceptors |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Mosaics of Color Photoreceptors |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Electrical Responses of Vertebrate Photoreceptors to Light |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Absorption of Light by Visual Pigments |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Molecular Physiology of Rhodopsin |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (7) |
|
Properties of the Photoreceptor Channels |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Molecular Structure of Cyclic GMP-Gated Channels |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
BOX 22.1 Adaptation of Photoreceptors |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Amplification through the cGMP Cascade |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Responses to Single Quanta of Light |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Integration of Visual Inputs |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
Receptive Fields of Retinal Neurons |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
Receptive Fields of Color Perception |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Synaptic Organization of the Retina |
|
|
504 | (4) |
|
Bipolar, Horizontal, and Amacrine Cells |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission in the Retina |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Receptive Field Organization of Bipolar Cells |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Responses of Cone Bipolar Cells |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Color Vision Combining Rods and Cones |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Horizontal Cells and Surround Inhibition |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Significance of Receptive Field Organization of Bipolar Cells |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Receptive Fields and Projections of Ganglion Cells |
|
|
508 | (5) |
|
Synaptic Inputs to Ganglion Cells Responsible for Receptive Field Organization |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Amacrine Cell Control of Ganglion Cell Responses |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
What Information Do Ganglion Cells Convey? |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Intrinsic Responses to Light in Ganglion Cells |
|
|
510 | (3) |
|
Chapter 23 Touch, Pain, And Texture Sensation |
|
|
513 | (22) |
|
|
|
514 | (8) |
|
|
|
514 | (3) |
|
Anatomy of Receptor Neurons |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Sensations Evoked by Afferent Signals |
|
|
517 | (2) |
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Pain Perception and Its Modulation |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats and Mice |
|
|
522 | (6) |
|
The Whiskers of Mice and Rats |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Topographic Map of the Whiskers and Columnar Organization |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Map Development and Plasticity |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
BOX 23.1 Variation across Species in Cortical Maps |
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
Texture Sensation through the Whiskers: Peripheral Mechanisms |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Texture Sensation through the Whiskers: Cortical Mechanisms |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Primates |
|
|
528 | (7) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
Topographic Map of the Skin and Columnar Organization |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
Texture Sensation through the Fingertip: Peripheral Mechanisms |
|
|
528 | (3) |
|
Texture Sensation through the Fingertip: Cortical Mechanisms |
|
|
531 | (4) |
|
Chapter 24 Auditory And Vestibular Sensation |
|
|
535 | (22) |
|
|
|
537 | (13) |
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Frequency Selectivity: Mechanical Tuning |
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
Electromotility of Mammalian Cochlear Hair Cells |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
Efferent Inhibition of the Cochlea |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
Frequency Selectivity in Non-mammalian Vertebrates: Electrical Tuning of Hair Cells |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Hair Cell Potassium Channels and Electrical Tuning |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Synaptic Transmission from Hair Cells to Afferent Fibers |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Stimulus Coding by Primary Afferent Neurons |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
The Brainstem and Thalamus |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
|
|
550 | (5) |
|
Vestibular Hair Cells and Neurons |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
The Adequate Stimulus for the Saccule and Utricle |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
The Adequate Stimulus for the Semicircular Canals |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Higher-Order Vestibular Function |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Sensory Receptor Properties across Modalities |
|
|
555 | (2) |
|
Chapter 25 Constructing Perception |
|
|
557 | (26) |
|
What Is the Function of Cortical Processing? |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Tactile Working Memory Task and Its Representation in Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
|
|
559 | (4) |
|
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Neuronal Representation of Vibration Sensations in Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
Replacement of Vibrations by Artificial Stimuli |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
Transformation from Sensation to Action |
|
|
563 | (4) |
|
Activity in SI across Successive Stages of the Task |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Activity in Regions beyond SI |
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
Neurons Associated with Decision Making |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Visual Object Perception in Primates |
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
Object Perception and the Ventral Visual Pathway |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Deficits in Object Perception |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Images That Activate Neurons in the Ventral Stream |
|
|
569 | (4) |
|
Discovery of Responses to Complex Stimuli in Monkeys |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
The Special Case of Faces |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
BOX 25.1 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Perceptual Invariance and Neuronal Response Invariance |
|
|
570 | (3) |
|
Dorsal Intracortical Visual Pathways and Motion Detection |
|
|
573 | (4) |
|
Transformation from Elements to Percepts |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Combinig Sensory Modalities |
|
|
579 | (4) |
|
Accessing Knowledge by Vision and Touch |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Convergence of Sensory Pathways in Association Cortex |
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
Chapter 26 Initiation And Control Of Coordinated Muscular Movements |
|
|
583 | (32) |
|
|
|
585 | (3) |
|
Sensory Information Influencing Muscle Contraction |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Excitation and Inhibition of Motoneurons |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
The Size Principle and Graded Contractions |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
|
588 | (2) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Motor Control of Muscle Spindles |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
Generation of Coordinated Movements |
|
|
592 | (6) |
|
Neural Control of Respiration |
|
|
592 | (3) |
|
Neural Control of Locomotion |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
Sensory Feedback and Central Pattern Generator Programs |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Organization of Descending Motor Control |
|
|
598 | (3) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
Supraspinal Control of Motoneurons |
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Motor Cortex and the Execution of Voluntary Movement |
|
|
601 | (4) |
|
Cellular Activity and Movement |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Higher Control of Movement |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Cortical Cell Activity Related to Direction of Arm Movements |
|
|
603 | (2) |
|
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Sensory--Motor Interaction |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
The Cerebellum and Basil Ganglia |
|
|
605 | (7) |
|
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
Connections of the Cerebellum |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Synaptic Organization of the Cerebellar Cortex |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Functions of the Cerebellum |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Diseases of the Basal Ganglia |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Interactions between the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (3) |
|
PART VI DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM |
|
|
615 | (120) |
|
Chapter 27 Development Of The Nervous System |
|
|
617 | (50) |
|
Development: General Considerations |
|
|
618 | (2) |
|
BOX 27.1 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Early Morphogenesis of the Nervous System |
|
|
620 | (5) |
|
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
Proneural Genes and Lateral Inhibition |
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
Transforming the Neural Plate into a Closed Tube |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Patterning along the Anteroposterior and Dorsoventral Axes |
|
|
625 | (5) |
|
Anteroposterior Patterning and Segmentation in the Hindbrain |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Dorsoventral Patterning in the Spinal Cord |
|
|
627 | (3) |
|
Development of Cerebral Cortex |
|
|
630 | (10) |
|
Radial Glia: Transport Highways and Neural Stem Cells |
|
|
630 | (4) |
|
Cerebral Cortex Histogenesis: Assembling the Cortex |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Regional Specification of the Cortex |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Radial and Tangential Migration |
|
|
636 | (2) |
|
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
The Evidence for Adult Neurogenesis in the Human Brain |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Neurogenesis versus Gliogenesis |
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
Determination of Neuronal Phenotype |
|
|
642 | (5) |
|
Lineage of Neural Crest Cells |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
Control of Neurotransmitter Choice in the Peripheral Nervous System |
|
|
643 | (3) |
|
Changes in Receptors during Development |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Migration of Neural Crest Cells |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Axon Outgrowth and Growth Cone Navigation |
|
|
647 | (5) |
|
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Growth Cone Guidance Mechanisms |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Navigation via Guidepost Cells and Intermediate Targets |
|
|
649 | (2) |
|
Growth Cone Navigation and Axonal Protein Synthesis |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Growth Factors and Survival of Neurons |
|
|
652 | (3) |
|
Cell Death in the Developing Nervous System |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Nerve Growth Factor and Neurotrophins |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
BOX 27.2 The Discovery of the Nerve Growth Factor |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
|
|
655 | (4) |
|
Establishment of the Retinotectal Map |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Pruning and the Removal of Polyneuronal Innervation |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Neuronal Activity and Synapse Elimination |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
What Makes Us Human: The Development of the Human Brain |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
General Considerations of Neural Specificity and Development |
|
|
659 | (8) |
|
BOX 27.3 3D Brain Organoids: A Brain in a Dish? |
|
|
660 | (7) |
|
Chapter 28 Critical Periods In Sensory Systems |
|
|
667 | (32) |
|
The Visual System in Newborn Monkeys and Kittens |
|
|
668 | (4) |
|
Receptive Fields and Response Properties of Cortical Cells in Newborn Animals |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
Ocular Dominance Columns in Newborn Monkeys and Kittens |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
Initial Development of Ocular Dominance Columns |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
Effects of Abnormal Visual Experience in Early Life |
|
|
672 | (5) |
|
Blindness after Lid Closure |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Responses of Cortical Cells after Monocular Deprivation |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Relative Importance of Diffuse Light and Form for Maintaining Normal Responses |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Morphological Changes in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus after Visual Deprivation |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Morphological Changes in the Cortex after Visual Deprivation |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Critical Period for Susceptibility to Lid Closure |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
Recovery during the Critical Period |
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
Requirements for Maintenance of Functioning Connections in the Visual System |
|
|
677 | (7) |
|
Binocular Lid Closure and the Role of Competition |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Effects of Strabismus (Squint) |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Changes in Orientation Preference |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Segregation of Visual Inputs without Competition |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Effects of Impulse Activity on the Developing Visual System |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Synchronized Spontaneous Activity in the Absence of Inputs during Development |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
Triggers and Brakes Regulate the Critical Period in the Visual System |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Neurotrophins Regulate Visual Cortical Plasticity |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
The Maturation of Inhibitory Circuits Controls the Time Course of the Critical Periods |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Reopening the Critical Period and Promoting Adult Ocular Dominance Plasticity |
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
Critical Periods in Somatosensory and Olfactory Systems |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Sensory Deprivation and Critical Periods in the Auditory System |
|
|
685 | (3) |
|
BOX 28.1 The Cochlear Implant |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Critical Periods in the Auditory System of Barn Owls |
|
|
688 | (5) |
|
Effects of Enriched Sensory Experience in Early Life |
|
|
691 | (2) |
|
Common Molecular Pathways Controlling Critical Periods in Different Systems |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
Critical Periods in Humans, and Clinical Consequences |
|
|
693 | (6) |
|
Chapter 29 Regeneration And Repair Of Synaptic Connections After Injury |
|
|
699 | (36) |
|
Regeneration in the Peripheral Nervous System |
|
|
700 | (2) |
|
Wallerian Degeneration and Removal of Debris |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
Retrograde Trans-Synaptic Effects of Axotomy |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Effects of Denervation on Postsynaptic Cells |
|
|
702 | (8) |
|
The Denervated Muscle Membrane |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Appearance of New ACh Receptors after Denervation or Prolonged Inactivity of Muscle |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Synthesis and Degradation of Receptors in Denervated Muscle |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
Role of Muscle Inactivity in Denervation Supersensitivity |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Role of Calcium in Development of Supersensitivity in Denervated Muscle |
|
|
705 | (2) |
|
Supersensitivity of Peripheral Nerve Cells after Removal of Synaptic Inputs |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
Susceptibility of Normal and Denervated Muscles to New Innervation |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Role of Schwann Cells and Microglia in Axon Outgrowth after Injury |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Denervation-Induced Axonal Sprouting |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Appropriate and Inappropriate Reinnervation |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Basal Lamina, Agrin, and the Formation of Synaptic Specializations |
|
|
710 | (5) |
|
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
The Role of Agrin in Synapse Formation |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of Action of Agrin |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Regeneration in the Mammalian CNS |
|
|
715 | (13) |
|
Glial Cells and CNS Regeneration |
|
|
715 | (2) |
|
Peripheral Nerve Bridges, Cell Transplants, and Regeneration |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Formation of Synapses by Axons Regenerating in the Mammalian CNS |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Regeneration in Immature versus Adult Mammalian CNS |
|
|
719 | (2) |
|
How Function Could Be Restored: Repair Strategies |
|
|
721 | (2) |
|
Neuronal and Stem Cell Transplants: The Neuronal Relay Strategy |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
BOX 29.1 Neuroprosthethic Approaches to Treating Spinal Cord Injury |
|
|
724 | (4) |
|
In Vivo Direct Reprogrammin of Astrocytes to Neurons for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
Prospects for Developing Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Humans |
|
|
729 | (6) |
|
|
|
735 | (10) |
|
Chapter 30 Open Questions |
|
|
737 | (8) |
|
Object Recognition and Memory Formation |
|
|
738 | (2) |
|
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Development and Regeneration |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Genetic Approaches to Understanding the Nervous System |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
Sensory and Motor Integration |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Input from Clinical Neurology to Studies of the Brain |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Input from Basic Neuroscience to Neurology |
|
|
744 | (1) |
| Conclusions |
|
745 | |
| Appendix A Current Flow in Electrical Circuits |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix B Metabolic Pathways for the Synthesis and Inactivation of Low-Molecular-Weight Transmitters |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix C Structures and Pathways of the Brain |
|
1 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
1 | (1) |
| Bibliography |
|
1 | (1) |
| Index |
|
1 | |
