Preface to the Fourth Edition |
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xxxiii | |
Preface to the Third Edition |
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xxxv | |
Preface to the Second Edition |
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xxxvii | |
Preface to the First Edition |
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xxxix | |
Authors |
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xli | |
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Part I Introduction to Microbes in Foods |
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1 | (42) |
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History and Development of Food Microbiology |
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3 | (8) |
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3 | (1) |
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Discovery of Microorganisms |
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3 | (1) |
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Where Are They Coining From? |
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3 | (1) |
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What Are Their Functions? |
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4 | (1) |
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Development of Early Food Microbiology (Before A.D. 1900) |
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4 | (2) |
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Food Microbiology: Current Status |
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6 | (1) |
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Food Fermentation/Probiotics |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Food Microbiology and Food Microbiologists |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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Characteristics of Predominant Microorganisms in Food |
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11 | (18) |
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11 | (1) |
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Classification of Microorganisms |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Morphology and Structure of Microorganisms in Foods |
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13 | (3) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Important Microorganisms in Food |
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16 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Foodborne Protozoan Parasites |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Important Bacterial Genera |
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18 | (6) |
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20 | (1) |
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Gram-Negative Facultative Anaerobes |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Gram-Positive, Endospore-Forming Rods |
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23 | (1) |
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Gram-Negative, Endospore-Forming Rods |
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23 | (1) |
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Gram-Positive, Nonsporulating Regular Rods |
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23 | (1) |
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Gram-Positive, Nonsporeforming Irregular Rods |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Important Bacterial Groups in Foods |
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24 | (3) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Sources of Microorganisms in Foods |
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29 | (6) |
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29 | (1) |
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Predominant Microorganisms in Different Sources |
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30 | (3) |
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Plants (Fruits and Vegetables) |
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30 | (1) |
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Animals, Birds, Fish, and Shellfish |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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Normal Microbiological Quality of Foods and Its Significance |
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35 | (8) |
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35 | (1) |
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Raw and Ready-to-Eat Meat Products |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Vegetables, Fruits, and Nuts |
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38 | (1) |
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Cereal, Starches, and Gums |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Sugars and Confectioneries |
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39 | (1) |
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Soft Drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Drinks, Juices, and Bottled Water |
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40 | (1) |
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Mayonnaise and Salad Dressings |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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Part II Microbial Growth Response in the Food Environment |
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43 | (38) |
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Microbial Growth Characteristics |
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45 | (8) |
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45 | (1) |
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Microbial Reproduction or Growth |
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45 | (4) |
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45 | (1) |
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Generation Time (or Doubling Time) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Nature of Microbial Growth in Food |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Growth in Succession or Diauxic Growth |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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Factors Influencing Microbial Growth in Food |
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53 | (10) |
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53 | (1) |
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Intrinsic Factors or Food Environment |
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53 | (3) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Minerals and Vitamins in Foods |
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55 | (1) |
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Growth Factors and Inhibitors in Food |
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56 | (1) |
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Water Activity and Growth |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Redox Potential, Oxygen, and Growth |
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58 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Redox Potential and Microbial Growth |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Microbial Growth and Viability |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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Microbial Metabolism of Food Components |
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63 | (10) |
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63 | (1) |
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Respiration and Fermentation During Growth |
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63 | (1) |
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Metabolism of Food Carbohydrates |
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64 | (1) |
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Degradation of Polysaccharides |
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65 | (3) |
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Degradation of Disaccharides |
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65 | (1) |
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Degradation of Monosaccharides |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Pentose Phosphoketolase Pathway |
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66 | (1) |
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Hexose Phosphoketolase Pathway |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Metabolism of Food Proteins |
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68 | (1) |
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Aerobic Respiration (Decay) |
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69 | (1) |
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Fermentation (Putrefaction) |
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69 | (1) |
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Metabolism of Food Lipids |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (3) |
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Microbial Sporulation and Germination |
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73 | (8) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (4) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Importance of Spores in Food |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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Part III Beneficial Uses of Microorganisms in Food |
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81 | (118) |
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Microbial Stress Response in the Food Environment |
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83 | (16) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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Definition and Observations |
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84 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Stress Adaptation |
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84 | (1) |
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Importance of Stress-Adapted Microorganisms in Food |
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85 | (1) |
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Pathogens and Spoilage Bacteria Surviving in Low-pH Foods |
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85 | (1) |
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Stress-Adapted Pathogens Surviving Stomach pH |
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86 | (1) |
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Enhancing Viability of Starter Cultures and Probiotic Bacteria |
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86 | (1) |
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Sublethal Stress and Injury |
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86 | (6) |
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Definition and Observations |
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86 | (2) |
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Manifestation of Bacterial Sublethal Injury |
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88 | (1) |
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Sites and Nature of Injury |
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89 | (1) |
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Repair of Reversible Injury |
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89 | (2) |
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Injury in Yeasts and Molds |
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91 | (1) |
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Importance of Sublethally Injured Microorganisms in Food |
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91 | (1) |
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Detection of Undesirable Microorganisms |
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91 | (1) |
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Enhancing Shelf Life of Foods |
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91 | (1) |
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Enhancing Viability of Starter Cultures |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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Definition and Terminologies |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Importance of VBNC Microorganisms in Food |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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Microorganisms Used in Food Fermentation |
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99 | (8) |
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99 | (1) |
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Microbiology of Fermented Foods |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (4) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Biochemistry of Some Beneficial Traits |
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107 | (10) |
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107 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of Transport of Nutrients |
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107 | (1) |
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Transport and Metabolism of Carbohydrates |
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108 | (5) |
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PEP-PTS System for Lactose Transport in Lactococcus lactis |
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108 | (1) |
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Permease System for Lactose in Lactobacillus acidophilus |
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109 | (1) |
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Carbohydrates Available Inside the Cells for Metabolism |
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109 | (1) |
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Homolactic Fermentation of Carbohydrates |
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109 | (2) |
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Heterolactic Fermentation of Carbohydrates |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Hexose Fermentation by Bifidobacterium |
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112 | (1) |
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Diacetyl Production from Citrate |
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113 | (1) |
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Propionic Acid Production by Propionibacterium |
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113 | (1) |
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Transport and Metabolism of Proteinaceous Compounds and Amino Acids |
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113 | (1) |
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Transport and Metabolism of Lipid Compounds |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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Genetics of Some Beneficial Traits |
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117 | (18) |
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117 | (1) |
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Plasmids and Plasmid-Linked Traits in Starter-Culture Bacteria |
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117 | (4) |
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Important Characteristics of Bacterial Plasmids |
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118 | (1) |
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Some Characteristics of Small (ca. 10 kb) and Large (over 10 to ca. 150 kb) Plasmids |
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118 | (1) |
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Presence of Plasmids in Some Starter-Culture Bacteria |
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118 | (1) |
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Phenotype Assignment to a Plasmid |
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119 | (1) |
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Plasmid-Linked Traits in Starter-Culture Bacteria |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Plasmid Mapping and Sequencing |
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121 | (1) |
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Gene Transfer Methods in Starter-Culture Bacteria |
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121 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (5) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Mixed Acid Fermentation by Lactococcus lactis |
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126 | (1) |
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L(+)-Lactic Acid Production |
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126 | (1) |
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Diacetyl Production by Lactococcus lactis |
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126 | (1) |
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Alanine Production from Carbohydrates |
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126 | (1) |
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Production of Mannitol and Other Polyols |
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126 | (1) |
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Production of Folic Acid and Riboflavin |
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127 | (1) |
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Enhancing Proteolysis by Cell Lysis |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Expression of Interleukin |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Production of Pediocin in Heterologous Hosts |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Production of Hybrid Prepediocin |
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128 | (1) |
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Amino Acid Variants of Pediocin |
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129 | (1) |
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Genome Mapping and Sequencing |
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129 | (3) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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Starter Cultures and Bacteriophages |
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135 | (8) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (3) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Inhibitors in Raw Materials |
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138 | (1) |
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Bacteriophages of Lactic Acid Bacteria |
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138 | (1) |
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Morphology and Characteristics |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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|
141 | (2) |
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Microbiology of Fermented Food Production |
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143 | (20) |
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143 | (1) |
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General Method of Production |
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143 | (2) |
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Raw (or Starting) Materials |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (10) |
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Milk Composition and Quality |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Microbiology of Cultured Buttermilk Fermentation |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Starter (Controlled Fermentation) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Microbiology of Yogurt Fermentation |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Starters (Controlled Fermentation) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Microbiology of Cottage Cheese |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Processing (from Skim Milk) |
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152 | (1) |
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Starters (Controlled Fermentation) |
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152 | (1) |
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Growth, Biochemistry, and Genetics |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Microbiology of Cheddar Cheese |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Starters (Controlled Fermentation) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Microbiology of Swiss Cheese |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Starters (Controlled Fermentation) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Microbiology of Blue Cheese |
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155 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Starters and Growth (Controlled Fermentation) |
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156 | (1) |
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Biochemistry, Genetics, and Problems |
|
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156 | (1) |
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Accelerated Cheese Ripening |
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156 | (1) |
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Curing at High Temperature |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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Microbiology of Semidry Sausages |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Starters (Controlled or Natural Fermentation) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Fermented Vegetable Products |
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|
159 | (1) |
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Microbiology of Sauerkraut |
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|
159 | (1) |
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|
159 | (1) |
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|
159 | (1) |
|
Starters (Natural) and Growth |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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|
160 | (1) |
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|
160 | (1) |
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|
161 | (2) |
|
Intestinal Beneficial Bacteria |
|
|
163 | (12) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Microbiology of the Human GI Tract |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Important Characteristics of Beneficial Bacteria |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics |
|
|
165 | (3) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
Reducing Serum Cholesterol Level |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Reducing Intestinal Disorders |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Modulating Immune Response |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Reducing Allergic Diseases |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Probiotics as Vaccine Carriers for Infectious Agent |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Sensitivity to Stomach Acids |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Viability and Injury of Cells |
|
|
169 | (1) |
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|
169 | (1) |
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|
169 | (1) |
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|
169 | (1) |
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|
170 | (1) |
|
Expertise in Research Areas |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Scientific Status Summary |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Genome Sequence of Probiotic Bacteria |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Food Biopreservatives of Microbial Origin |
|
|
175 | (14) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Viable Cells of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Preservatives |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Organic Acids, Diacetyl, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Reuterine as Food Preservatives |
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Food Preservatives |
|
|
178 | (7) |
|
Bacteriocin-Producing Strains |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Bacteriocins |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
Genetics and Gene Organization |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Production and Purification |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Yeast Metabolites as Preservatives |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
Food Ingredients and Enzymes of Microbial Origin |
|
|
189 | (10) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Microbial Proteins and Food Additives |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
Single-Cell Proteins (SCPs) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Nutraceuticals and Vitamins |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Flavor Compounds and Flavor Enhancers |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Microbial Enzymes in Food Processing |
|
|
192 | (4) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
a-Amylase, Glucoamylase, and Glucose Isomerase |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Cellulase, Hemicellulase, and Pectinase |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Enzyme Production by Recombinant DN A Technology |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Adsorption on a Solid Support |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Enzymes in Food Waste Treatment |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
Part IV Microbial Food Spoilage |
|
|
199 | (52) |
|
Important Factors in Microbial Food Spoilage |
|
|
201 | (8) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Significance of Microorganisms |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Predominant Microorganisms |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Some Important Food Spoilage Bacteria |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Some Important Psychrotrophic Aerobic Spoilage Bacteria |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Some Important Psychrotrophic Facultative Anaerobic Spoilage Bacteria |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Some Important Thermoduric Psychrotrophs |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Utilization of Food Nutrients |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Microbial Growth in Succession |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Spoilage of Specific Food Groups |
|
|
209 | (16) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Fresh and Ready-to-Eat Meat Products |
|
|
209 | (3) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Ready-to-Eat Meat Products |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Fish, Crustaceans, and Mollusks |
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Concentrated Liquid Products |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Soft Drinks, Fruit Juices and Preserves, and Vegetable Juices |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Cereals and Their Products |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Liquid Sweeteners and Confectioneries |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Mayonnaise, Salad Dressings, and Condiments |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Fermented Vegetable and Fruit Products |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
Thermophilic Sporeformers |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Thermophilic Anaerobe (TA) Spoilage |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Spoilage Due to Insufficient Heating |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Spoilage Due to Container Leakage |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (3) |
|
New Food Spoilage Bacteria in Refrigerated Foods |
|
|
225 | (14) |
|
Microorganisms that Grow in Refrigerated Foods (Psychrotrophs) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Popularity of Refrigerated Foods |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
Incidence of Spoilage of Vacuum-Packaged Refrigerated Food |
|
|
228 | (7) |
|
Spoilage of Unprocessed (Fresh) Beef by Clostridium Species |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Spoilage of Roasted Beef by Clostridium Species |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Spoilage of Pork Chops by Clostridium algidicarnis |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Spoilage of Tofu by Clostridium Species |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Spoilage of Unripened Soft Cheese by Leuconostoc Species |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Spoilage of Low-Heat-Processed Meat Products by Leuconostoc Species |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Ammonia Odor in Turkey Roll |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Yellow Discoloration of Luncheon Meat |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Gray Discoloration of Turkey Luncheon Meat |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Pink Discoloration of Sliced, Chopped, and Formed Roast Beef |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Gas Distension and Pink Discoloration of Sliced Turkey Rolls |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Gas Distension (Blowing) of Ground Beef Chubs |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Egg Odor in Refrigerated Fresh Chicken Meat Products |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Off-Odor in Frozen Chicken Meat Product |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Gas and Slime Development in Vacuum-Packaged Smoked Salmon Products |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (3) |
|
Food Spoilage by Microbial Enzymes |
|
|
239 | (6) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Characteristic of Heat-Stable Enzymes of Psychrotrophic Bacteria |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Spoilage of Foods with Heat-Stable Microbial Enzymes |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
Ultrahigh Temperature (UHT)-Treated Milk Products |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Spoilage of Foods by Microbial Enzymes at Low Temperature |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Indicators of Microbial Food Spoilage |
|
|
245 | (6) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Enumeration of Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Phase-Contrast Microscopy |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Assay of Heat-Stable Enzymes |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Heat-Stable Proteinases in Milk |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Heat-Stable Lipases in Milk |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (2) |
|
Part V Microbial Foodborne Diseases |
|
|
251 | (106) |
|
Important Facts in Foodborne Diseases |
|
|
253 | (16) |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Human Gastrointestinal Disorder |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
254 | (8) |
|
Investigation of a Foodborne Disease |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Foodborne Disease Outbreak |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Incidence of Foodborne Disease Outbreak |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Cost of Foodborne Diseases |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Predominant Etiological Agents |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Types of Microbial Foodborne Diseases |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Predominant Bacterial and Viral Pathogens Associated with Foodborne Diseases |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
Predominant Food Types Associated with Foodborne Diseases of Bacterial and Viral Origin |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Predominant Places of Food Consumption Associated with Confirmed Foodborne Disease Outbreaks of Bacterial and Viral Origin |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Predominant Contributing Factors Associated with Confirmed Foodborne Disease Outbreaks from Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Influence of Month (of the Year) to Number of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Caused by Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Influence of Location on Foodborne Diseases of Pathogenic Bacterial and Viral Origin |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Human Factors in Foodborne Disease Symptoms |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Acceptance Quality of Food Due to Growth of Pathogens |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Sequence of Events in a Foodborne Disease |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (4) |
|
Foodborne Disease Outbreaks During 1988 to 1992 |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
Estimated Foodborne Illnesses |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (2) |
|
|
269 | (14) |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Staphylococcal Intoxication |
|
|
269 | (5) |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Toxins and Toxin Production |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Prevention (Reduction) of the Disease |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (4) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Toxins and Toxin Production |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Analysis of a Foodborne Botulism Case |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (3) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
Toxins and Toxin Production |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Prevention of Mycotoxicosis |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
283 | (32) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Salmonellosis by Salmonella enterica |
|
|
283 | (5) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Current Nomenclature System |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Predominant Serotypes in Salmonellosis |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Listeriosis by Listeria monocytogenes |
|
|
288 | (6) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
Invasive Systemic Disease |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Pathogenic Escherichia coli |
|
|
294 | (4) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Gastroenteritis Due to EHEC |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) by Shigella Species |
|
|
298 | (3) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Campylobacteriosis by Campy lobacter Species |
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Pathogenic Factors and Toxins |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Yersiniosis by Yersinia entewcolitica |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Gastroenteritis by Vibrio Species |
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Gastroenteritis |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Toxins and Toxin Production |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Vibrio vulnificus Septicemia and Wound Infection |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Other Foodborne Infections |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
|
312 | (3) |
|
Foodborne Toxicoinfections |
|
|
315 | (12) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis |
|
|
315 | (3) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Toxins and Toxin Production |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Toxins and Toxin Production |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Toxins and Toxin Production |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Toxins and Toxin Production |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
Opportunistic Pathogens, Parasites, and Algal Toxins |
|
|
327 | (10) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Disease-Causing Potential |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Disease-Causing Potential |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Non-Escherichia coli Coliforms |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Toxigenic Psychrotrophic Bacillus Species |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Histamine (Scombroid) Poisoning |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
Trichinosis by Trichinella spiralis |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Anisakiasis by Anisakis simplex |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Taeniasis by Taenia Species |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Toxoplasmosis by Toxoplasma gondii |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Giardiasis by Giardia lamblia |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Cryptosporidiosis by Cryptosporidium parvum |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Cyclosporiasis by Cyclospora cayetanensis |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (3) |
|
New and Emerging Foodborne Pathogens |
|
|
337 | (12) |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
338 | (5) |
|
Better Knowledge of Pathogens |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Improvement in Regulatory Actions |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Changes in Lifestyle and Food Habits |
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
New Food-Processing Technology |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
Other Emerging Foodborne Pathogens of Concern |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (3) |
|
Indicators of Bacterial Pathogens |
|
|
349 | (8) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Criteria for Ideal Indicators |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Occurrence and Significance in Food |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Occurrence and Significance in Food |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Occurrence and Significance in Food |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Characteristics and Habitat |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Occurrence and Significance in Food |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
Part VI Control of Microorganisms in Foods |
|
|
357 | (76) |
|
Control of Access (Cleaning and Sanitation) |
|
|
359 | (8) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (5) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Quality of Water, Ice, Brine, and Curing Solution |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Cleaning of Processing Facilities |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Sanitation of Food-Processing Equipment |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Chlorine-Based Sanitizers |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Decontamination and Sanitization of Fruits and Vegetables |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Microbiological Standards, Specifications, and Guidelines |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
Control by Physical Removal |
|
|
367 | (4) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
|
371 | (8) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of Thermal Inactivation |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
Decimal Reduction Time (D Value) |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Thermal Death Time (TDT), Z Value, and F Value |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
Low-Heat Processing or Pasteurization |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
High-Heat-Processed Foods |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Control by Low Temperature |
|
|
379 | (6) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Cold Induced Inactivation |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Control by Reduced Water Activity |
|
|
385 | (6) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Intermediate Moisture Foods |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Control by Low pH and Organic Acids |
|
|
391 | (6) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
393 | (3) |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Parabens (Esters of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Control by Modified Atmosphere (or Reducing O--R Potential) |
|
|
397 | (6) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (3) |
|
Control by Antimicrobial Preservatives |
|
|
403 | (8) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Examples of Antimicrobial Preservatives |
|
|
404 | (5) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Sulfites (SO3) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Epoxides (Ethylene Oxide, Propylene Oxide) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Butylated Hydroxyanisol (BHA), Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT), and t-Butyl Hydroquinone (TBHQ) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Monolaurin (Glycerol Monolaurate) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Antibiotics (Tetracyclines, Natamycin, and Tylosin) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
|
411 | (6) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Irradiation (Radiation) and Radioactivity |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Use of Irradiation in Food |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Control by Novel Processing Technologies |
|
|
417 | (12) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Summary of Processing Methods |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
Microwave and Radio-Frequency Processing |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Ohmic and Inductive Heating |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Oscillating Magnetic Fields |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
High-Voltage Arc Discharge |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Hydrostatic Pressure Processing |
|
|
420 | (6) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Methods, Mechanisms of Microbial Inactivation, and Advantages |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Destruction of Microbial Cells |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Molds, Yeasts, Viruses, and Parasites |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Application in Food Processing |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
Control by a Combination of Methods (Hurdle Concept) |
|
|
429 | (4) |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Hydrostatic Pressure Processing (HPP) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Part VII Microbial Detection and Food Safety |
|
|
433 | (26) |
|
Conventional and Biosensor Based Detection Methods for Microorganisms in Food and Food Environment |
|
|
435 | (24) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Standard and Recommended Methods |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Sampling for Microbial Analysis |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Quantitative Methods for Microbial Enumeration in Foods |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Colony-Forming Units (CFU) in Nonselective Agar Media |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
CFU in Nonselective Differential Media |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
CFU in Selective Agar Media |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
CFU in Selective-Differential Agar Media |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Dilution to Extinction in Nonselective Broths |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Most Probable Number (MPN) in Selective Broth |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Enumeration of Injured Microbial Groups by Selective Media |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Dilution Scheme, Plating, Incubation, Selection of Plates for Counting CFU, and Reporting Results |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Qualitative Methods to Isolate Microorganisms in Foods |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Test for Bacterial Toxins in Foods |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Rapid Methods and Automation |
|
|
441 | (8) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Immunoassays for Rapid Detection of Pathogens |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Immunomagnetic Separation (IMS) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination (RPLA) Method |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELIS A) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Immunochromatographic Lateral Flow Assay |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Nucleic Acid-Based Methods |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Biosensors for Pathogen Detection |
|
|
449 | (5) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Electrochemical Immunosensor |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Piezoelectric (PZ) Biosensor |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Impedance-Based Biochip Sensor |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
Appendix A: Microbial Attachment to Food and Equipment Surfaces |
|
|
459 | (4) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
Appendix B: Predictive Modeling of Microbial Growth in Food |
|
|
463 | (4) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Accelerated Shelf Life Studies |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Sigmoidal Model (Gompertz: USDA Model) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
Appendix C: Regulatory Agencies Monitoring Microbiological Safety of Foods in the United States |
|
|
467 | (4) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
State and Local Government Agencies |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
Appendix D: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points |
|
|
471 | (4) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
HACCP Principle of the NACMCF |
|
|
471 | (3) |
|
Seven Principles of HACCP |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Brief Description of the Principles |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
Index |
|
475 | |