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Fundamental Food Microbiology, Fourth Edition 4th New edition [Kõva köide]

(University of Wyoming, Plymouth, USA), (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 536 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1134 g, 56 Tables, black and white; 64 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Oct-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849375290
  • ISBN-13: 9780849375293
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 536 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1134 g, 56 Tables, black and white; 64 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Oct-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849375290
  • ISBN-13: 9780849375293
Teised raamatud teemal:
Maintaining the high standard set by the previous bestselling editions, Fundamental Food Microbiology, Fourth Edition presents the most up-to-date information in this rapidly growing and highly dynamic field. Revised and expanded to reflect recent advances, this edition broadens coverage of foodborne diseases to include many new and emerging pathogens, as well as descriptions of the mechanism of pathogenesis. An entirely new chapter on detection methods appears with evaluations of advanced rapid detection techniques using biosensors and nanotechnology. With the inclusion of many more easy-to-follow figures and illustrations, this text provides a comprehensive introductory source for undergraduates, as well as a valuable reference for graduate level and working professionals in food microbiology or food safety. Each chapter within the texts seven sections contains an introduction as well as a conclusion, references, and questions. Beginning with the history and development of the field, Part I discusses the characteristics and sources of predominant food microorgasnisms and their significance. Part II introduces microbial foodborne diseases, their growth and influencing factors, metabolism, and sporulation. The third Part explains the beneficial uses of microorganisms in starter cultures, biopreservation, bioprocessing, and probiotics.

Part IV deals with food spoilage and methods of detection, followed by a discussion in Part V of foodborne pathogens associated with intoxication, infections, and toxicoinfections. Part VI reviews control methods with chapters on control of microbial access and removal by heat, organic acids, physical means, and combinations of methods. The final section is an in-depth look at advanced and traditional methods of microbial detection and food safety. Four appendices provide additional details on food equipment and surfaces, predictive modeling, regulatory agencies, and hazard analysis critical control points.
Preface to the Fourth Edition xxxiii
Preface to the Third Edition xxxv
Preface to the Second Edition xxxvii
Preface to the First Edition xxxix
Authors xli
Part I Introduction to Microbes in Foods
1(42)
History and Development of Food Microbiology
3(8)
Introduction
3(1)
Discovery of Microorganisms
3(1)
Where Are They Coining From?
3(1)
What Are Their Functions?
4(1)
Development of Early Food Microbiology (Before A.D. 1900)
4(2)
Food Microbiology: Current Status
6(1)
Food Fermentation/Probiotics
6(1)
Food Spoilage
7(1)
Foodborne Diseases
7(1)
Miscellaneous
7(1)
Food Microbiology and Food Microbiologists
7(1)
Conclusion
8(1)
References
8(1)
Questions
9(2)
Characteristics of Predominant Microorganisms in Food
11(18)
Introduction
11(1)
Classification of Microorganisms
11(1)
Nomenclature
12(1)
Morphology and Structure of Microorganisms in Foods
13(3)
Yeasts and Molds
13(2)
Bacterial Cells
15(1)
Viruses
15(1)
Important Microorganisms in Food
16(2)
Important Mold Genera
16(1)
Important Yeast Genera
17(1)
Foodborne Protozoan Parasites
18(1)
Important Viruses
18(1)
Important Bacterial Genera
18(6)
Gram-Negative Aerobes
20(1)
Gram-Negative Facultative Anaerobes
21(1)
Rickettsias
22(1)
Gram-Positive Cocci
22(1)
Gram-Positive, Endospore-Forming Rods
23(1)
Gram-Negative, Endospore-Forming Rods
23(1)
Gram-Positive, Nonsporulating Regular Rods
23(1)
Gram-Positive, Nonsporeforming Irregular Rods
24(1)
Some New Genera
24(1)
Important Bacterial Groups in Foods
24(3)
Lactic Acid Bacteria
25(1)
Acetic Acid Bacteria
25(1)
Propionic Acid Bacteria
25(1)
Butyric Acid Bacteria
25(1)
Proteolytic Bacteria
25(1)
Lipolytic Bacteria
25(1)
Saccharolytic Bacteria
25(1)
Thermophilic Bacteria
25(1)
Psychrotrophic Bacteria
25(1)
Thermoduric Bacteria
26(1)
Halotolerant Bacteria
26(1)
Aciduric Bacteria
26(1)
Osmophilic Bacteria
26(1)
Gas-Producing Bacteria
26(1)
Slime Producers
26(1)
Spore Formers
26(1)
Aerobes
26(1)
Anaerobes
26(1)
Facultative Anaerobes
27(1)
Coliforms
27(1)
Fecal Coliforms
27(1)
Enteric Pathogens
27(1)
Conclusion
27(1)
References
27(1)
Questions
28(1)
Sources of Microorganisms in Foods
29(6)
Introduction
29(1)
Predominant Microorganisms in Different Sources
30(3)
Plants (Fruits and Vegetables)
30(1)
Animals, Birds, Fish, and Shellfish
30(1)
Air
31(1)
Soil
31(1)
Sewage
31(1)
Water
32(1)
Humans
32(1)
Food Ingredients
32(1)
Equipment
32(1)
Miscellaneous
33(1)
Conclusion
33(1)
References
33(1)
Questions
33(2)
Normal Microbiological Quality of Foods and Its Significance
35(8)
Introduction
35(1)
Raw and Ready-to-Eat Meat Products
35(1)
Raw and Pasteurized Milk
36(1)
Shell Egg and Liquid Egg
37(1)
Fish and Shellfish
37(1)
Vegetables, Fruits, and Nuts
38(1)
Cereal, Starches, and Gums
39(1)
Canned Foods
39(1)
Sugars and Confectioneries
39(1)
Soft Drinks, Fruit and Vegetable Drinks, Juices, and Bottled Water
40(1)
Mayonnaise and Salad Dressings
40(1)
Spices and Condiments
40(1)
Conclusion
41(1)
References
41(1)
Questions
41(2)
Part II Microbial Growth Response in the Food Environment
43(38)
Microbial Growth Characteristics
45(8)
Introduction
45(1)
Microbial Reproduction or Growth
45(4)
Binary Fission
45(1)
Generation Time (or Doubling Time)
46(1)
Specific Growth Rate
47(1)
Optimum Growth
47(1)
Growth Curve
48(1)
Nature of Microbial Growth in Food
49(1)
Mixed Population
49(1)
Sequence of Growth
49(1)
Growth in Succession or Diauxic Growth
49(1)
Symbiotic Growth
50(1)
Synergistic Growth
50(1)
Antagonistic Growth
50(1)
Conclusion
50(1)
References
51(1)
Questions
51(2)
Factors Influencing Microbial Growth in Food
53(10)
Introduction
53(1)
Intrinsic Factors or Food Environment
53(3)
Nutrients and Growth
53(1)
Carbohydrates in Foods
54(1)
Proteins in Foods
54(1)
Lipids in Foods
55(1)
Minerals and Vitamins in Foods
55(1)
Growth Factors and Inhibitors in Food
56(1)
Water Activity and Growth
56(1)
Principle
56(1)
Aw of Food
56(1)
Aw and Microbial Growth
56(1)
pH and Growth
57(1)
Principle
57(1)
pH of Food
58(1)
pH and Microbial Growth
58(1)
Redox Potential, Oxygen, and Growth
58(2)
Principle
58(1)
Redox Potential in Food
59(1)
Redox Potential and Microbial Growth
59(1)
Extrinsic Factors
60(1)
Temperature and Growth
60(1)
Principle
60(1)
Food and Temperature
60(1)
Microbial Growth and Viability
60(1)
Conclusion
61(1)
References
61(1)
Questions
61(2)
Microbial Metabolism of Food Components
63(10)
Introduction
63(1)
Respiration and Fermentation During Growth
63(1)
Metabolism of Food Carbohydrates
64(1)
Degradation of Polysaccharides
65(3)
Degradation of Disaccharides
65(1)
Degradation of Monosaccharides
65(1)
Fermentation
65(1)
EMP Pathway
65(1)
HMP Pathway
66(1)
ED Pathway
66(1)
Pentose Phosphoketolase Pathway
66(1)
Hexose Phosphoketolase Pathway
67(1)
Some Specific Pathways
67(1)
Anaerobic Respiration
67(1)
Aerobic Respiration
68(1)
Synthesis of Polymers
68(1)
Metabolism of Food Proteins
68(1)
Aerobic Respiration (Decay)
69(1)
Fermentation (Putrefaction)
69(1)
Metabolism of Food Lipids
69(1)
Conclusion
70(1)
References
70(1)
Questions
70(3)
Microbial Sporulation and Germination
73(8)
Introduction
73(1)
Mold Spores
73(1)
Yeast Spores
73(1)
Bacterial Spores
73(4)
Sporulation
73(3)
Dormancy
76(1)
Activation
76(1)
Germination
76(1)
Outgrowth
77(1)
Importance of Spores in Food
77(1)
Conclusion
78(1)
References
79(1)
Questions
79(2)
Part III Beneficial Uses of Microorganisms in Food
81(118)
Microbial Stress Response in the Food Environment
83(16)
Introduction
83(1)
Stress Adaptation
84(2)
Definition and Observations
84(1)
Mechanisms of Stress Adaptation
84(1)
Importance of Stress-Adapted Microorganisms in Food
85(1)
Pathogens and Spoilage Bacteria Surviving in Low-pH Foods
85(1)
Stress-Adapted Pathogens Surviving Stomach pH
86(1)
Enhancing Viability of Starter Cultures and Probiotic Bacteria
86(1)
Sublethal Stress and Injury
86(6)
Definition and Observations
86(2)
Manifestation of Bacterial Sublethal Injury
88(1)
Sites and Nature of Injury
89(1)
Repair of Reversible Injury
89(2)
Injury in Yeasts and Molds
91(1)
Importance of Sublethally Injured Microorganisms in Food
91(1)
Detection of Undesirable Microorganisms
91(1)
Enhancing Shelf Life of Foods
91(1)
Enhancing Viability of Starter Cultures
91(1)
Viable-but-Nonculturable
92(2)
Definition and Terminologies
92(1)
Proponent Views
92(1)
Opponent Views
93(1)
Current Views
94(1)
Importance of VBNC Microorganisms in Food
94(1)
Conclusion
94(1)
References
95(1)
Questions
96(3)
Microorganisms Used in Food Fermentation
99(8)
Introduction
99(1)
Microbiology of Fermented Foods
99(1)
Lactic Starter Cultures
100(4)
Lactococcus
100(1)
Streptococcus
100(1)
Leuconostoc
101(1)
Pediococcus
102(1)
Lactobacillus
102(1)
Oenococcus
103(1)
Other Starter Cultures
104(1)
Bifidobacterium
104(1)
Propionibacterium
104(1)
Brevibacterium
104(1)
Acetobacter
104(1)
Yeasts and Molds
105(1)
Yeasts
105(1)
Molds
105(1)
Conclusion
106(1)
References
106(1)
Questions
106(1)
Biochemistry of Some Beneficial Traits
107(10)
Introduction
107(1)
Mechanisms of Transport of Nutrients
107(1)
Transport and Metabolism of Carbohydrates
108(5)
PEP-PTS System for Lactose Transport in Lactococcus lactis
108(1)
Permease System for Lactose in Lactobacillus acidophilus
109(1)
Carbohydrates Available Inside the Cells for Metabolism
109(1)
Homolactic Fermentation of Carbohydrates
109(2)
Heterolactic Fermentation of Carbohydrates
111(1)
Metabolism of Pentoses
112(1)
Hexose Fermentation by Bifidobacterium
112(1)
Diacetyl Production from Citrate
113(1)
Propionic Acid Production by Propionibacterium
113(1)
Transport and Metabolism of Proteinaceous Compounds and Amino Acids
113(1)
Transport and Metabolism of Lipid Compounds
114(1)
Conclusion
114(1)
References
114(1)
Questions
115(2)
Genetics of Some Beneficial Traits
117(18)
Introduction
117(1)
Plasmids and Plasmid-Linked Traits in Starter-Culture Bacteria
117(4)
Important Characteristics of Bacterial Plasmids
118(1)
Some Characteristics of Small (ca. 10 kb) and Large (over 10 to ca. 150 kb) Plasmids
118(1)
Presence of Plasmids in Some Starter-Culture Bacteria
118(1)
Phenotype Assignment to a Plasmid
119(1)
Plasmid-Linked Traits in Starter-Culture Bacteria
119(1)
Cryptic Plasmids
120(1)
Plasmid Replication
121(1)
Plasmid Mapping and Sequencing
121(1)
Gene Transfer Methods in Starter-Culture Bacteria
121(3)
Transduction
122(1)
Conjugation
122(1)
Transformation
123(1)
Protoplast Fusion
123(1)
Electrotransformation
123(1)
Conjugative Transposons
123(1)
Gene Cloning
124(5)
Cloning Vectors
124(1)
Metabolic Engineering
125(1)
Mixed Acid Fermentation by Lactococcus lactis
126(1)
L(+)-Lactic Acid Production
126(1)
Diacetyl Production by Lactococcus lactis
126(1)
Alanine Production from Carbohydrates
126(1)
Production of Mannitol and Other Polyols
126(1)
Production of Folic Acid and Riboflavin
127(1)
Enhancing Proteolysis by Cell Lysis
127(1)
Protein Targeting
127(1)
Expression of Interleukin
127(1)
Drug-Delivery System
128(1)
Production of Pediocin in Heterologous Hosts
128(1)
Protein Engineering
128(1)
Production of Hybrid Prepediocin
128(1)
Amino Acid Variants of Pediocin
129(1)
Genome Mapping and Sequencing
129(3)
Lactic Acid Bacteria
129(2)
Bacteriophages
131(1)
The Lac and Las Genes
131(1)
Conclusion
132(1)
References
132(1)
Questions
133(2)
Starter Cultures and Bacteriophages
135(8)
Introduction
135(1)
History
135(1)
Concentrated Cultures
136(1)
Starter-Culture Problems
137(3)
Strain Antagonism
137(1)
Loss of a Desired Trait
138(1)
Cell Death and Injury
138(1)
Inhibitors in Raw Materials
138(1)
Bacteriophages of Lactic Acid Bacteria
138(1)
Morphology and Characteristics
138(1)
Life Cycle
139(1)
Host Specificity
140(1)
Control Methods
140(1)
Yeast and Mold Cultures
140(1)
Conclusion
140(1)
References
141(1)
Questions
141(2)
Microbiology of Fermented Food Production
143(20)
Introduction
143(1)
General Method of Production
143(2)
Raw (or Starting) Materials
144(1)
Microorganisms Used
144(1)
Fermentation Process
144(1)
Natural Fermentation
144(1)
Back Slopping
144(1)
Controlled Fermentation
145(1)
Fermented Dairy Products
145(10)
Milk Composition and Quality
145(1)
Fermented Milk Products
146(1)
Microbiology of Cultured Buttermilk Fermentation
146(1)
Product Characteristics
146(1)
Processing
147(1)
Starter (Controlled Fermentation)
147(1)
Growth
147(1)
Biochemistry
147(1)
Genetics
147(1)
Microbial Problems
148(1)
Microbiology of Yogurt Fermentation
148(1)
Characteristics
148(1)
Processing
148(1)
Starters (Controlled Fermentation)
148(1)
Growth
149(1)
Biochemistry
149(1)
Genetics
150(1)
Microbial Problems
151(1)
Cheeses
151(1)
Unripened Cheese
151(1)
Ripened Cheese
151(1)
Microbiology of Cottage Cheese
152(1)
Characteristics
152(1)
Processing (from Skim Milk)
152(1)
Starters (Controlled Fermentation)
152(1)
Growth, Biochemistry, and Genetics
152(1)
Microbial Problems
152(1)
Microbiology of Cheddar Cheese
153(1)
Characteristics
153(1)
Processing
153(1)
Starters (Controlled Fermentation)
153(1)
Growth
153(1)
Biochemistry
153(1)
Genetics
154(1)
Microbial Problems
154(1)
Microbiology of Swiss Cheese
154(1)
Characteristics
154(1)
Processing
154(1)
Starters (Controlled Fermentation)
155(1)
Growth
155(1)
Biochemistry
155(1)
Genetics
155(1)
Microbial Problems
155(1)
Microbiology of Blue Cheese
155(2)
Characteristics
155(1)
Processing
156(1)
Starters and Growth (Controlled Fermentation)
156(1)
Biochemistry, Genetics, and Problems
156(1)
Accelerated Cheese Ripening
156(1)
Curing at High Temperature
156(1)
Addition of Enzymes
156(1)
Slurry Method
157(1)
Novel Methods
157(1)
Fermented Meat Products
157(2)
Types
157(1)
Microbiology of Semidry Sausages
157(1)
Characteristics
157(1)
Processing
157(1)
Starters (Controlled or Natural Fermentation)
158(1)
Growth
158(1)
Biochemistry
158(1)
Genetics
158(1)
Microbial Problems
159(1)
Fermented Vegetable Products
159(1)
Microbiology of Sauerkraut
159(1)
Characteristics
159(1)
Processing
159(1)
Starters (Natural) and Growth
159(1)
Biochemistry
160(1)
Genetics
160(1)
Microbial Problems
160(1)
Conclusion
160(1)
References
160(1)
Questions
161(2)
Intestinal Beneficial Bacteria
163(12)
Introduction
163(1)
Microbiology of the Human GI Tract
163(1)
Important Characteristics of Beneficial Bacteria
164(1)
Beneficial Effects of Probiotics
165(3)
Lactose Hydrolysis
165(1)
Reducing Serum Cholesterol Level
166(1)
Reducing Colon Cancer
166(1)
Reducing Intestinal Disorders
166(1)
Modulating Immune Response
167(1)
Reducing Allergic Diseases
167(1)
Probiotics as Vaccine Carriers for Infectious Agent
167(1)
Miscellaneous Benefits
168(1)
Some Aspects to Consider
168(2)
Strain Variation
168(1)
Sensitivity to Stomach Acids
169(1)
Viability and Injury of Cells
169(1)
Dose Level and Duration
169(1)
Induced Lactase Trait
169(1)
Antibacterial Substances
169(1)
True Species and Strains
170(1)
Expertise in Research Areas
170(1)
Current Developments
170(3)
Standard of Identity
170(1)
Scientific Status Summary
170(1)
Pathogenic Nature
171(1)
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics
171(1)
Probiotics
171(1)
Prebiotics
172(1)
Synbiotics
172(1)
Biogenics
172(1)
Genome Sequence of Probiotic Bacteria
173(1)
Conclusion
173(1)
References
173(1)
Questions
174(1)
Food Biopreservatives of Microbial Origin
175(14)
Introduction
175(1)
Viable Cells of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Preservatives
175(1)
Organic Acids, Diacetyl, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Reuterine as Food Preservatives
176(2)
Organic Acids
176(1)
Diacetyl
177(1)
Hydrogen Peroxide
177(1)
Reuterine
177(1)
Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Food Preservatives
178(7)
Bacteriocin-Producing Strains
178(1)
Characteristics of Bacteriocins
179(3)
Genetics and Gene Organization
182(1)
Mode of Action
183(1)
Production and Purification
184(1)
Applications
184(1)
Yeast Metabolites as Preservatives
185(1)
Conclusion
185(1)
References
186(1)
Questions
186(3)
Food Ingredients and Enzymes of Microbial Origin
189(10)
Introduction
189(1)
Microbial Proteins and Food Additives
189(3)
Single-Cell Proteins (SCPs)
189(1)
Amino Acids
190(1)
Nutraceuticals and Vitamins
190(1)
Flavor Compounds and Flavor Enhancers
190(1)
Colors
191(1)
Exopolysaccharides (EPS)
191(1)
Organic Acids
191(1)
Preservatives
192(1)
Microbial Enzymes in Food Processing
192(4)
Enzymes Used
193(1)
a-Amylase, Glucoamylase, and Glucose Isomerase
193(1)
Catalase
193(1)
Cellulase, Hemicellulase, and Pectinase
193(1)
Invertase
193(1)
Lactase
193(1)
Upases
193(1)
Proteases
193(1)
Enzyme Production by Recombinant DN A Technology
193(1)
Immobilized Enzymes
194(1)
Adsorption on a Solid Support
194(1)
Covalent Bonding
194(1)
Entrapping
194(1)
Crosslinking
195(1)
Thermostable Enzymes
195(1)
Enzymes in Food Waste Treatment
196(1)
Conclusion
196(1)
References
196(1)
Questions
197(2)
Part IV Microbial Food Spoilage
199(52)
Important Factors in Microbial Food Spoilage
201(8)
Introduction
201(1)
Sequence of Events
201(1)
Significance of Microorganisms
201(2)
Microbial Types
201(1)
Microbial Numbers
202(1)
Predominant Microorganisms
203(1)
Some Important Food Spoilage Bacteria
203(2)
Psychrotrophic Bacteria
203(1)
Some Important Psychrotrophic Aerobic Spoilage Bacteria
204(1)
Some Important Psychrotrophic Facultative Anaerobic Spoilage Bacteria
204(1)
Some Important Thermoduric Psychrotrophs
204(1)
Thermophilic Bacteria
204(1)
Aciduric Bacteria
204(1)
Significance of Foods
205(2)
FoodTypes
205(1)
Food Nutrients
205(1)
Utilization of Food Nutrients
206(1)
Microbial Growth in Succession
207(1)
Conclusion
207(1)
References
207(1)
Questions
208(1)
Spoilage of Specific Food Groups
209(16)
Introduction
209(1)
Fresh and Ready-to-Eat Meat Products
209(3)
Raw Meat
209(1)
Ready-to-Eat Meat Products
210(2)
Eggs and Egg Products
212(1)
Shell Eggs
212(1)
Egg Products
212(1)
Fish, Crustaceans, and Mollusks
212(2)
Fish
212(1)
Crustaceans
213(1)
Mollusks
213(1)
Milk and Milk Products
214(1)
Raw Milk
214(1)
Pasteurized Milk
214(1)
Concentrated Liquid Products
215(1)
Butter
215(1)
Vegetables and Fruits
215(1)
Vegetables
215(1)
Fruits
216(1)
Soft Drinks, Fruit Juices and Preserves, and Vegetable Juices
216(1)
Cereals and Their Products
217(1)
Grains and Seeds
217(1)
Refrigerated Dough
217(1)
Breads
217(1)
Pastas
217(1)
Pastries
218(1)
Liquid Sweeteners and Confectioneries
218(1)
Mayonnaise, Salad Dressings, and Condiments
218(1)
Fermented Foods
218(2)
Fermented Meat Products
219(1)
Fermented Dairy Products
219(1)
Fermented Vegetable and Fruit Products
220(1)
Fermented Beverages
220(1)
Canned Foods
220(2)
Thermophilic Sporeformers
221(1)
Flat Sour Spoilage
221(1)
Thermophilic Anaerobe (TA) Spoilage
221(1)
Sulfide Stinker Spoilage
221(1)
Spoilage Due to Insufficient Heating
221(1)
Spoilage Due to Container Leakage
222(1)
Conclusion
222(1)
References
222(1)
Questions
222(3)
New Food Spoilage Bacteria in Refrigerated Foods
225(14)
Microorganisms that Grow in Refrigerated Foods (Psychrotrophs)
225(1)
Popularity of Refrigerated Foods
226(1)
Microbiological Problems
226(2)
Incidence of Spoilage of Vacuum-Packaged Refrigerated Food
228(7)
Spoilage of Unprocessed (Fresh) Beef by Clostridium Species
228(1)
Spoilage of Roasted Beef by Clostridium Species
229(1)
Spoilage of Pork Chops by Clostridium algidicarnis
230(1)
Spoilage of Tofu by Clostridium Species
230(1)
Spoilage of Unripened Soft Cheese by Leuconostoc Species
230(1)
Spoilage of Low-Heat-Processed Meat Products by Leuconostoc Species
230(1)
Ammonia Odor in Turkey Roll
231(1)
Yellow Discoloration of Luncheon Meat
231(1)
Gray Discoloration of Turkey Luncheon Meat
231(1)
Pink Discoloration of Sliced, Chopped, and Formed Roast Beef
231(1)
Gas Distension and Pink Discoloration of Sliced Turkey Rolls
232(1)
Gas Distension (Blowing) of Ground Beef Chubs
233(1)
Egg Odor in Refrigerated Fresh Chicken Meat Products
233(1)
Off-Odor in Frozen Chicken Meat Product
234(1)
Gas and Slime Development in Vacuum-Packaged Smoked Salmon Products
234(1)
Conclusion
235(1)
References
236(1)
Questions
236(3)
Food Spoilage by Microbial Enzymes
239(6)
Introduction
239(1)
Characteristic of Heat-Stable Enzymes of Psychrotrophic Bacteria
240(1)
Spoilage of Foods with Heat-Stable Microbial Enzymes
241(1)
Pasteurized Milk
241(1)
Ultrahigh Temperature (UHT)-Treated Milk Products
241(1)
Cheeses
242(1)
Cultured Dairy Products
242(1)
Cream and Butter
242(1)
Milk Powder
242(1)
Spoilage of Foods by Microbial Enzymes at Low Temperature
242(1)
Conclusion
243(1)
References
243(1)
Questions
244(1)
Indicators of Microbial Food Spoilage
245(6)
Introduction
245(1)
Microbiological Criteria
246(1)
Enumeration of Colony-Forming Units (CFUs)
246(1)
Phase-Contrast Microscopy
247(1)
Chemical Criteria
247(1)
Assay of Heat-Stable Enzymes
248(1)
Heat-Stable Proteinases in Milk
248(1)
Heat-Stable Lipases in Milk
248(1)
Conclusion
249(1)
References
249(1)
Questions
249(2)
Part V Microbial Foodborne Diseases
251(106)
Important Facts in Foodborne Diseases
253(16)
Introduction
253(1)
Human Gastrointestinal Disorder
253(1)
Epidemiological Aspects
254(8)
Investigation of a Foodborne Disease
254(1)
Foodborne Disease Outbreak
254(1)
Incidence of Foodborne Disease Outbreak
254(1)
Cost of Foodborne Diseases
254(1)
Predominant Etiological Agents
255(1)
Types of Microbial Foodborne Diseases
255(1)
Intoxication
256(1)
Infection
256(1)
Toxicoinfection
256(1)
Predominant Bacterial and Viral Pathogens Associated with Foodborne Diseases
256(2)
Predominant Food Types Associated with Foodborne Diseases of Bacterial and Viral Origin
258(1)
Predominant Places of Food Consumption Associated with Confirmed Foodborne Disease Outbreaks of Bacterial and Viral Origin
259(1)
Predominant Contributing Factors Associated with Confirmed Foodborne Disease Outbreaks from Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses
260(1)
Influence of Month (of the Year) to Number of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Caused by Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses
260(1)
Influence of Location on Foodborne Diseases of Pathogenic Bacterial and Viral Origin
261(1)
Human Factors in Foodborne Disease Symptoms
261(1)
Acceptance Quality of Food Due to Growth of Pathogens
262(1)
Sequence of Events in a Foodborne Disease
262(1)
Current Trends
262(4)
Foodborne Disease Outbreaks During 1988 to 1992
263(1)
FoodNet
263(2)
Estimated Foodborne Illnesses
265(1)
Conclusion
266(1)
References
267(1)
Questions
267(2)
Foodborne Intoxications
269(14)
Introduction
269(1)
Staphylococcal Intoxication
269(5)
Importance
269(1)
Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus
269(1)
Organisms
269(1)
Growth
270(1)
Habitat
270(1)
Toxins and Toxin Production
270(1)
Disease and Symptoms
271(1)
Food Association
271(1)
Prevention (Reduction) of the Disease
272(1)
Identification Methods
273(1)
Analysis of an Outbreak
273(1)
Botulism
274(4)
Importance
274(1)
Characteristics
274(1)
Organisms
274(1)
Growth
274(1)
Habitat
274(1)
Toxins and Toxin Production
275(1)
Disease and Symptoms
275(1)
Foodborne Botulism
276(1)
Infant Botulism
276(1)
Hidden Botulism
276(1)
Wound Botulism
276(1)
Inadvertent Botulism
276(1)
Food Association
276(1)
Prevention of Botulism
277(1)
Identification Methods
278(1)
Analysis of a Foodborne Botulism Case
278(1)
Mycotoxicosis
278(3)
Importance
278(1)
Characteristics
278(1)
Organisms
278(1)
Growth
279(1)
Habitat
279(1)
Toxins and Toxin Production
279(1)
Food Association
280(1)
Prevention of Mycotoxicosis
280(1)
Detection Methods
281(1)
Conclusion
281(1)
References
281(1)
Questions
282(1)
Foodborne Infections
283(32)
Introduction
283(1)
Salmonellosis by Salmonella enterica
283(5)
Importance
283(1)
Current Nomenclature System
284(1)
Predominant Serotypes in Salmonellosis
284(1)
Characteristics
285(1)
Habitat
285(1)
Disease and Symptoms
286(1)
Food Association
287(1)
Prevention and Control
288(1)
Detection Method
288(1)
A Case Study
288(1)
Listeriosis by Listeria monocytogenes
288(6)
Importance
288(1)
Classification
289(1)
Characteristics
290(1)
Habitat
290(1)
Virulence Factors
290(1)
Disease and Symptoms
291(1)
Febrile Gastroenteritis
291(1)
Invasive Systemic Disease
291(2)
Food Association
293(1)
Prevention and Control
293(1)
Detection Method
294(1)
A Case Study
294(1)
Pathogenic Escherichia coli
294(4)
Importance
294(1)
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)
295(1)
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)
296(1)
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)
296(1)
Disease and Symptoms
296(1)
Food Association
296(1)
Prevention
297(1)
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)
297(1)
Gastroenteritis Due to EHEC
297(1)
Characteristics
297(1)
Toxins
297(1)
Disease and Symptoms
297(1)
Food Association
298(1)
Prevention
298(1)
Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) by Shigella Species
298(3)
Importance
298(1)
Characteristics
299(1)
Habitat
299(1)
Toxins
299(1)
Disease and Symptoms
299(1)
Food Association
300(1)
Prevention
300(1)
Campylobacteriosis by Campy lobacter Species
301(2)
Importance
301(1)
Characteristics
301(1)
Habitat
301(1)
Pathogenic Factors and Toxins
301(1)
Disease and Symptoms
302(1)
Food Association
302(1)
Prevention
303(1)
Yersiniosis by Yersinia entewcolitica
303(1)
Importance
303(1)
Characteristics
303(1)
Habitat
303(1)
Virulence Factors
304(1)
Disease and Symptoms
304(1)
Food Association
304(1)
Prevention
304(1)
Gastroenteritis by Vibrio Species
304(2)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Gastroenteritis
305(1)
Importance
305(1)
Characteristics
305(1)
Habitat
305(1)
Toxins and Toxin Production
305(1)
Disease and Symptoms
305(1)
Food Association
306(1)
Prevention
306(1)
Vibrio vulnificus Septicemia and Wound Infection
306(1)
Enteric Viruses
306(2)
Importance
306(1)
Characteristics
307(1)
Habitat
307(1)
Disease and Symptoms
307(1)
Food Association
307(1)
Prevention
308(1)
Detection Method
308(1)
Other Foodborne Infections
308(2)
Brucellosis
308(1)
Streptococcal Infection
309(1)
Q Fever
309(1)
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
309(1)
Conclusion
310(1)
References
310(2)
Questions
312(3)
Foodborne Toxicoinfections
315(12)
Introduction
315(1)
Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis
315(3)
Importance
315(1)
Characteristics
315(1)
Habitat
316(1)
Toxins and Toxin Production
316(1)
Disease and Symptoms
316(1)
Food Association
316(1)
Prevention
317(1)
Detection Method
317(1)
Analysis of an Outbreak
317(1)
Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis
318(2)
Importance
318(1)
Characteristics
318(1)
Habitat
318(1)
Toxins and Toxin Production
318(1)
Disease and Symptoms
318(1)
Food Association
319(1)
Prevention
319(1)
Detection Method
320(1)
Cholera
320(3)
Importance
320(1)
Characteristics
320(1)
Habitat
321(1)
Toxins and Toxin Production
321(1)
Disease and Symptoms
321(1)
Food Association
321(1)
Prevention
322(1)
Detection Method
322(1)
Analysis of an Outbreak
322(1)
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
323(1)
Importance
323(1)
Characteristics
323(1)
Habitat
323(1)
Toxins and Toxin Production
323(1)
Disease and Symptoms
324(1)
Food Association
324(1)
Prevention
324(1)
Detection Methods
324(1)
Conclusion
324(1)
References
325(1)
Questions
325(2)
Opportunistic Pathogens, Parasites, and Algal Toxins
327(10)
Introduction
327(1)
Opportunistic Pathogens
327(2)
Aeromonas hydrophila
327(1)
Characteristics
327(1)
Food Association
327(1)
Disease-Causing Potential
327(1)
Plesiomonas shigelloides
328(1)
Characteristics
328(1)
Food Association
328(1)
Disease-Causing Potential
328(1)
Non-Escherichia coli Coliforms
328(1)
Toxigenic Psychrotrophic Bacillus Species
329(1)
Biogenic Amines
329(1)
Histamine (Scombroid) Poisoning
329(1)
Algal Toxins
330(1)
Ciguatera Poisoning
330(1)
Shellfish Poisoning
331(1)
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
331(1)
Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning
331(1)
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning
331(1)
Parasites
331(2)
Trichinosis by Trichinella spiralis
331(1)
Anisakiasis by Anisakis simplex
332(1)
Taeniasis by Taenia Species
332(1)
Toxoplasmosis by Toxoplasma gondii
332(1)
Giardiasis by Giardia lamblia
332(1)
Cryptosporidiosis by Cryptosporidium parvum
333(1)
Cyclosporiasis by Cyclospora cayetanensis
333(1)
Conclusion
333(1)
References
333(1)
Questions
334(3)
New and Emerging Foodborne Pathogens
337(12)
Introduction
337(1)
Associated Factors
338(5)
Better Knowledge of Pathogens
338(1)
Improvement in Regulatory Actions
339(1)
Changes in Lifestyle and Food Habits
340(2)
New Food-Processing Technology
342(1)
Miscellaneous Factors
343(2)
Other Emerging Foodborne Pathogens of Concern
345(1)
Conclusion
345(1)
References
346(1)
Questions
346(3)
Indicators of Bacterial Pathogens
349(8)
Introduction
349(1)
Criteria for Ideal Indicators
349(1)
Coliform Group
350(3)
Conforms
350(1)
Organisms and Sources
351(1)
Occurrence and Significance in Food
351(1)
Fecal Coliforms
351(1)
Organisms and Sources
351(1)
Occurrence and Significance in Food
351(1)
Escherichia coli
352(1)
Organisms and Sources
352(1)
Occurrence and Significance in Food
352(1)
Enterobacteriaceae Group
353(1)
Entewcoccus Group
354(1)
Characteristics and Habitat
354(1)
Occurrence and Significance in Food
354(1)
Conclusion
354(1)
References
354(1)
Questions
355(2)
Part VI Control of Microorganisms in Foods
357(76)
Control of Access (Cleaning and Sanitation)
359(8)
Introduction
359(1)
Objectives of Sanitation
359(1)
Factors to Consider
360(5)
Plant Design
360(1)
Quality of Water, Ice, Brine, and Curing Solution
360(1)
Quality of Air
360(1)
Training of Personnel
360(1)
Equipment
361(1)
Cleaning of Processing Facilities
361(1)
Sanitation of Food-Processing Equipment
361(1)
Chlorine-Based Sanitizers
362(1)
Iodophores
362(1)
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
363(1)
H2O2
363(1)
Decontamination and Sanitization of Fruits and Vegetables
363(1)
Microbiological Standards, Specifications, and Guidelines
364(1)
Conclusion
365(1)
References
365(1)
Questions
365(2)
Control by Physical Removal
367(4)
Introduction
367(1)
Physical Methods
367(1)
Centrifiigation
367(1)
Filtration
367(1)
Trimming
367(1)
Washing
368(1)
Conclusion
368(1)
References
368(1)
Questions
369(2)
Control by Heat
371(8)
Introduction
371(1)
Objectives
371(1)
Mechanism of Thermal Inactivation
372(1)
Influencing Factors
372(1)
Nature of Food
372(1)
Nature of Microorganisms
373(1)
Nature of Process
373(1)
Mathematical Expressions
373(2)
Decimal Reduction Time (D Value)
374(1)
Thermal Death Time (TDT), Z Value, and F Value
375(1)
Methods
375(3)
Low-Heat Processing or Pasteurization
376(1)
High-Heat-Processed Foods
377(1)
Microwave Heating
377(1)
Conclusion
378(1)
References
378(1)
Questions
378(1)
Control by Low Temperature
379(6)
Introduction
379(1)
Objectives
380(1)
Mechanisms of Cold Induced Inactivation
380(1)
Influencing Factors
381(1)
Nature of Process
381(1)
Nature of Food
382(1)
Nature of Microorganisms
382(1)
Methods
382(1)
Ice Chilling
382(1)
Refrigeration
383(1)
Freezing
383(1)
Conclusion
383(1)
References
384(1)
Questions
384(1)
Control by Reduced Water Activity
385(6)
Introduction
385(1)
Objectives
385(1)
Mechanism of Action
385(1)
Influencing Factors
386(2)
Nature of Process
386(1)
Nature of Foods
386(1)
Nature of Microorganisms
387(1)
Methods
388(2)
Natural Dehydration
388(1)
Mechanical Drying
388(1)
Freeze-Drying
389(1)
Foam Drying
389(1)
Smoking
389(1)
Intermediate Moisture Foods
389(1)
Conclusion
390(1)
References
390(1)
Questions
390(1)
Control by Low pH and Organic Acids
391(6)
Introduction
391(1)
Objectives
391(1)
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action
391(1)
Influencing Factors
392(1)
Nature of Acids
392(1)
Nature of Foods
393(1)
Nature of Microorganisms
393(1)
Acids Used
393(3)
Acetic Acid
393(1)
Propionic Acid
394(1)
Lactic Acid
394(1)
Citric Acid
395(1)
Sorbic Acid
395(1)
Benzoic Acid
395(1)
Parabens (Esters of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid)
395(1)
Conclusion
396(1)
References
396(1)
Questions
396(1)
Control by Modified Atmosphere (or Reducing O--R Potential)
397(6)
Introduction
397(1)
Objectives
398(1)
Mechanism of Action
398(1)
Influencing Factors
398(1)
Nature of Process
398(1)
Nature of Foods
399(1)
Nature of Microorganisms
399(1)
Methods
399(1)
Vacuum Packaging
399(1)
Gas Flushing
400(1)
Conclusion
400(1)
References
400(1)
Questions
400(3)
Control by Antimicrobial Preservatives
403(8)
Introduction
403(1)
Objectives
404(1)
Influencing Factors
404(1)
Examples of Antimicrobial Preservatives
404(5)
Nitrates and Nitrites
405(1)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Sulfites (SO3)
405(1)
H2O2
406(1)
Epoxides (Ethylene Oxide, Propylene Oxide)
406(1)
Acids
406(1)
Parabens
406(1)
Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria
406(1)
Diacetyl
406(1)
CO2
406(1)
Butylated Hydroxyanisol (BHA), Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT), and t-Butyl Hydroquinone (TBHQ)
407(1)
Chitosan
407(1)
Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)
407(1)
Lysozyme
407(1)
Monolaurin (Glycerol Monolaurate)
407(1)
Antibiotics (Tetracyclines, Natamycin, and Tylosin)
408(1)
Wood Smoke
408(1)
Spices
408(1)
Conclusion
409(1)
References
409(1)
Questions
409(2)
Control by Irradiation
411(6)
Introduction
411(1)
Irradiation (Radiation) and Radioactivity
411(1)
Use of Irradiation in Food
411(1)
Objectives
412(1)
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action
412(1)
Influencing Factors
413(1)
Nature of Process
413(1)
Nature of Foods
413(1)
Nature of Microorganisms
413(1)
Methods
414(1)
Doses
414(1)
Specific Terms
414(1)
Radurization
414(1)
Radicidation
414(1)
Radappertization
414(1)
Current Recommendations
415(1)
UV Radiation
415(1)
Conclusion
415(1)
References
416(1)
Questions
416(1)
Control by Novel Processing Technologies
417(12)
Introduction
417(1)
Summary of Processing Methods
417(2)
Microwave and Radio-Frequency Processing
417(1)
Ohmic and Inductive Heating
418(1)
Pulsed Electric Fields
418(1)
High-Pressure Processing
418(1)
Pulsed Light Technology
418(1)
Oscillating Magnetic Fields
419(1)
Ultrasound
419(1)
High-Voltage Arc Discharge
419(1)
Pulsed x-Rays
419(1)
Pulsed Electric Field
419(1)
Hydrostatic Pressure Processing
420(6)
History
420(1)
Methods, Mechanisms of Microbial Inactivation, and Advantages
421(1)
Destruction of Microbial Cells
422(1)
Bacterial Cells
422(1)
Bacterial Endospores
423(1)
Molds, Yeasts, Viruses, and Parasites
423(1)
Application in Food Processing
424(2)
Conclusion
426(1)
References
426(1)
Questions
427(2)
Control by a Combination of Methods (Hurdle Concept)
429(4)
Introduction
429(1)
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action
429(1)
Current Status
430(2)
Low-Heat Processing
430(1)
Low Storage Temperature
431(1)
Low pH
431(1)
Low Aw
431(1)
Modified Atmosphere
431(1)
Preservatives
431(1)
Hydrostatic Pressure Processing (HPP)
431(1)
Conclusion
432(1)
References
432(1)
Questions
432(1)
Part VII Microbial Detection and Food Safety
433(26)
Conventional and Biosensor Based Detection Methods for Microorganisms in Food and Food Environment
435(24)
Introduction
435(1)
Methods Used
436(1)
Standard and Recommended Methods
436(1)
Sampling for Microbial Analysis
437(1)
Sample and Sampling Plan
437(1)
Sampling Procedure
437(1)
Quantitative Methods for Microbial Enumeration in Foods
438(2)
Direct Enumeration
438(1)
Microscopic Counts
438(1)
Colony-Forming Units (CFU) in Nonselective Agar Media
438(1)
CFU in Nonselective Differential Media
438(1)
CFU in Selective Agar Media
439(1)
CFU in Selective-Differential Agar Media
439(1)
Indirect Estimation
439(1)
Dilution to Extinction in Nonselective Broths
439(1)
Most Probable Number (MPN) in Selective Broth
439(1)
Dye Reduction Test
440(1)
Enumeration of Injured Microbial Groups by Selective Media
440(1)
Dilution Scheme, Plating, Incubation, Selection of Plates for Counting CFU, and Reporting Results
440(1)
Qualitative Methods to Isolate Microorganisms in Foods
440(1)
Isolation of Pathogens
440(1)
Test for Bacterial Toxins in Foods
441(1)
Rapid Methods and Automation
441(8)
Metabolic Fingerprinting
442(1)
Immunoassays for Rapid Detection of Pathogens
442(1)
Immunomagnetic Separation (IMS)
443(1)
Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination (RPLA) Method
444(1)
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELIS A)
444(1)
Immunofluorescence Assay
445(1)
Immunochromatographic Lateral Flow Assay
445(1)
Flow Cytometry
445(1)
Bioluminescence Methods
446(1)
Nucleic Acid-Based Methods
446(1)
Hybridization Method
446(1)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
447(2)
DNA Fingerprinting
449(1)
Pathogenicity Assay
449(1)
Biosensors for Pathogen Detection
449(5)
Fiber Optic Biosensor
450(1)
Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor
451(1)
Electrochemical Immunosensor
452(1)
Piezoelectric (PZ) Biosensor
452(1)
Impedance-Based Biochip Sensor
452(1)
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
453(1)
Light Scattering
453(1)
Cell-Based Sensor
453(1)
Conclusion
454(1)
References
455(2)
Questions
457(2)
Appendix A: Microbial Attachment to Food and Equipment Surfaces
459(4)
Importance
459(1)
Mechanisms of Attachment
460(1)
Influencing Factors
460(1)
Control Measures
461(1)
References
461(2)
Appendix B: Predictive Modeling of Microbial Growth in Food
463(4)
Importance
463(1)
Traditional Methods
463(1)
Challenge Studies
463(1)
Storage Studies
464(1)
Accelerated Shelf Life Studies
464(1)
Predictive Microbiology
464(1)
Square Root Model
464(1)
Sigmoidal Model (Gompertz: USDA Model)
465(1)
Conclusion
465(1)
References
465(2)
Appendix C: Regulatory Agencies Monitoring Microbiological Safety of Foods in the United States
467(4)
Food Safety Regulations
467(1)
The Agencies
468(1)
Federal Agencies
468(1)
State and Local Government Agencies
469(1)
International Agencies
469(1)
References
469(2)
Appendix D: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
471(4)
Introduction
471(1)
HACCP Principle of the NACMCF
471(3)
Seven Principles of HACCP
472(1)
Brief Description of the Principles
472(1)
Principle 1
472(1)
Principle 2
473(1)
Principle 3
473(1)
Principle 4
473(1)
Principle 5
473(1)
Principle 6
473(1)
Principle 7
473(1)
Conclusion
474(1)
References
474(1)
Index 475