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1 Introduction To Microelectronics |
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1 | (20) |
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1.1 Electronics versus Microelectronics |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Examples of Electronic Systems |
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2 | (6) |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2.3 Analog Versus Digital |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (12) |
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1.3.1 Analog and Digital Signals |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Basic Circuit Theorems |
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12 | (8) |
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20 | (1) |
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2 Basic Physics Of Semiconductors |
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21 | (38) |
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2.1 Semiconductor Materials and Their Properties |
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22 | (13) |
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2.1.1 Charge Carriers in Solids |
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22 | (3) |
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2.1.2 Modification of Carrier Densities |
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25 | (3) |
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2.1.3 Transport of Carriers |
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28 | (7) |
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35 | (18) |
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2.2.1 pn Junction in Equilibrium |
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36 | (5) |
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2.2.2 pn Junction Under Reverse Bias |
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41 | (4) |
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2.2.3 pn Junction Under Forward Bias |
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45 | (3) |
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2.2.4 I/V Characteristics |
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48 | (5) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Avalanche Breakdown |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (5) |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (1) |
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3 Diode Models And Circuits |
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59 | (63) |
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59 | (11) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (4) |
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3.1.3 Application Examples |
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65 | (5) |
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3.2 pn Junction as a Diode |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (5) |
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3.4 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Operation |
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77 | (9) |
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3.5 Applications of Diodes |
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86 | (26) |
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3.5.1 Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers |
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86 | (13) |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (4) |
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105 | (5) |
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3.5.5 Diodes as Level Shifters and Switches |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (10) |
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113 | (7) |
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120 | (2) |
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4 Physics Of Bipolar Transistors |
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122 | (48) |
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4.1 General Considerations |
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122 | (2) |
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4.2 Structure of Bipolar Transistor |
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124 | (1) |
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4.3 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Active Mode |
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125 | (8) |
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128 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Base and Emitter Currents |
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131 | (2) |
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4.4 Bipolar Transistor Models and Characteristics |
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133 | (17) |
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133 | (2) |
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4.4.2 I/V Characteristics |
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135 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Concept of Transconductance |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (5) |
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144 | (6) |
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4.5 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Saturation Mode |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (7) |
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4.6.1 Structure and Operation |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (10) |
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161 | (7) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (100) |
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5.1 General Considerations |
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170 | (7) |
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5.1.1 Input and Output Impedances |
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171 | (4) |
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175 | (1) |
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5.1.3 DC and Small-Signal Analysis |
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175 | (2) |
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5.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design |
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177 | (18) |
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178 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Resistive Divider Biasing |
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181 | (3) |
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5.2.3 Biasing with Emitter Degeneration |
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184 | (4) |
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188 | (3) |
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5.2.5 Biasing of PNP Transistors |
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191 | (4) |
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5.3 Bipolar Amplifier Topologies |
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195 | (52) |
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5.3.1 Common-Emitter Topology |
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196 | (27) |
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5.3.2 Common-Base Topology |
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223 | (16) |
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239 | (8) |
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5.4 Summary and Additional Examples |
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247 | (6) |
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253 | (17) |
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253 | (15) |
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268 | (2) |
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6 Physics Of MOS Transistors |
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270 | (39) |
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270 | (3) |
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273 | (20) |
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6.2.1 Qualitative Analysis |
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273 | (6) |
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6.2.2 Derivation of I-V Characteristics |
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279 | (9) |
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6.2.3 Channel-Length Modulation |
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288 | (2) |
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6.2.4 MOS Transconductance |
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290 | (2) |
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6.2.5 Velocity Saturation |
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292 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Other Second-Order Effects |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (3) |
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293 | (2) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (1) |
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6.6 Comparison of Bipolar and MOS Devices |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (10) |
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300 | (7) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (45) |
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7.1 General Considerations |
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309 | (5) |
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7.1.1 MOS Amplifier Topologies |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (4) |
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7.1.3 Realization of Current Sources |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (11) |
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314 | (3) |
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7.2.2 CS Stage with Current-Source Load |
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317 | (1) |
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7.2.3 CS Stage with Diode-Connected Load |
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318 | (2) |
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7.2.4 CS Stage with Degeneration |
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320 | (3) |
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7.2.5 CS Core with Biasing |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (6) |
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7.3.1 CG Stage with Biasing |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (5) |
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7.4.1 Source Follower Core |
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332 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Source Follower with Biasing |
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334 | (2) |
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7.5 Summary and Additional Examples |
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336 | (4) |
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340 | (14) |
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340 | (12) |
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352 | (2) |
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8 Operational Amplifier As A Black Box |
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354 | (41) |
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8.1 General Considerations |
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355 | (2) |
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8.2 Op-Amp-Based Circuits |
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357 | (13) |
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8.2.1 Noninverting Amplifier |
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357 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Inverting Amplifier |
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359 | (3) |
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8.2.3 Integrator and Differentiator |
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362 | (7) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (3) |
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8.3.1 Precision Rectifier |
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370 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Logarithmic Amplifier |
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371 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Square-Root Amplifier |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (12) |
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373 | (3) |
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376 | (3) |
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379 | (5) |
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8.4.4 Finite Input and Output Impedances |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (8) |
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388 | (6) |
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394 | (1) |
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9 Cascode Stages And Current Mirrors |
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395 | (42) |
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395 | (16) |
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9.1.1 Cascode as a Current Source |
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395 | (7) |
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9.1.2 Cascode as an Amplifier |
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402 | (9) |
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411 | (13) |
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411 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Bipolar Current Mirror |
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412 | (9) |
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421 | (3) |
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424 | (13) |
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425 | (10) |
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435 | (2) |
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10 Differential Amplifiers |
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437 | (65) |
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10.1 General Considerations |
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437 | (5) |
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437 | (2) |
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10.1.2 Differential Signals |
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439 | (3) |
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442 | (1) |
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10.2 Bipolar Differential Pair |
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442 | (16) |
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10.2.1 Qualitative Analysis |
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442 | (6) |
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10.2.2 Large-Signal Analysis |
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448 | (5) |
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10.2.3 Small-Signal Analysis |
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453 | (5) |
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10.3 MOS Differential Pair |
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458 | (13) |
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10.3.1 Qualitative Analysis |
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459 | (4) |
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10.3.2 Large-Signal Analysis |
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463 | (4) |
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10.3.3 Small-Signal Analysis |
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467 | (4) |
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10.4 Cascode Differential Amplifiers |
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471 | (4) |
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10.5 Common-Mode Rejection |
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475 | (4) |
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10.6 Differential Pair with Active Load |
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479 | (8) |
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10.6.1 Qualitative Analysis |
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480 | (2) |
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10.6.2 Quantitative Analysis |
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482 | (5) |
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487 | (15) |
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488 | (12) |
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500 | (2) |
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502 | (61) |
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11.1 Fundamental Concepts |
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502 | (15) |
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11.1.1 General Considerations |
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502 | (3) |
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11.1.2 Relationship Between Transfer Function and Frequency Response |
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505 | (3) |
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508 | (1) |
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11.1.4 Association of Poles with Nodes |
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509 | (2) |
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511 | (3) |
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11.1.6 General Frequency Response |
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514 | (3) |
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11.2 High-Frequency Models of Transistors |
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517 | (5) |
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11.2.1 High-Frequency Model of Bipolar Transistor |
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517 | (2) |
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11.2.2 High-Frequency Model of MOSFET |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (2) |
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522 | (1) |
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11.4 Frequency Response of CE and CS Stages |
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523 | (9) |
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11.4.1 Low-Frequency Response |
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523 | (1) |
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11.4.2 High-Frequency Response |
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524 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Use of Miller's Theorem |
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524 | (3) |
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527 | (3) |
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530 | (2) |
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11.5 Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages |
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532 | (3) |
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11.5.1 Low-Frequency Response |
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532 | (1) |
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11.5.2 High-Frequency Response |
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532 | (3) |
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11.6 Frequency Response of Followers |
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535 | (6) |
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11.6.1 Input and Output Impedances |
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538 | (3) |
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11.7 Frequency Response of Cascode Stage |
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541 | (5) |
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11.7.1 Input and Output Impedances |
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545 | (1) |
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11.8 Frequency Response of Differential Pairs |
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546 | (3) |
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11.8.1 Common-Mode Frequency Response |
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548 | (1) |
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549 | (4) |
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553 | (10) |
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554 | (8) |
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562 | (1) |
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563 | (78) |
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12.1 General Considerations |
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563 | (5) |
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566 | (2) |
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12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback |
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568 | (8) |
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12.2.1 Gain Desensitization |
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568 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Bandwidth Extension |
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569 | (2) |
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12.2.3 Modification of I/O Impedances |
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571 | (4) |
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12.2.4 Linearity Improvement |
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575 | (1) |
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576 | (3) |
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12.3.1 Simple Amplifier Models |
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576 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Examples of Amplifier Types |
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577 | (2) |
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12.4 Sense and Return Techniques |
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579 | (3) |
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12.5 Polarity of Feedback |
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582 | (2) |
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584 | (16) |
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12.6.1 Voltage-Voltage Feedback |
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585 | (4) |
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12.6.2 Voltage-Current Feedback |
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589 | (3) |
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12.6.3 Current-Voltage Feedback |
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592 | (5) |
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12.6.4 Current-Current Feedback |
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597 | (3) |
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12.7 Effect of Nonideal I/O Impedances |
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600 | (13) |
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12.7.1 Inclusion of I/O Effects |
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601 | (12) |
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12.8 Stability in Feedback Systems |
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613 | (14) |
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12.8.1 Review of Bode's Rules |
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614 | (1) |
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12.8.2 Problem of Instability |
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615 | (3) |
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12.8.3 Stability Condition |
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618 | (3) |
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621 | (2) |
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12.8.5 Frequency Compensation |
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623 | (3) |
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12.8.6 Miller Compensation |
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626 | (1) |
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627 | (14) |
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628 | (11) |
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639 | (2) |
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641 | (32) |
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13.1 General Considerations |
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641 | (3) |
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644 | (4) |
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648 | (9) |
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648 | (4) |
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13.3.2 Cross-Coupled Oscillator |
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652 | (2) |
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13.3.3 Colpitts Oscillator |
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654 | (3) |
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13.4 Phase Shift Oscillator |
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657 | (3) |
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13.5 Wien-Bridge Oscillator |
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660 | (1) |
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661 | (6) |
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661 | (2) |
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13.6.2 Negative-Resistance Circuit |
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663 | (1) |
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13.6.3 Crystal Oscillator Implementation |
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664 | (3) |
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667 | (6) |
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667 | (5) |
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672 | (1) |
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14 Output Stages And Power Amplifiers |
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673 | (34) |
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14.1 General Considerations |
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673 | (1) |
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14.2 Emitter Follower as Power Amplifier |
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674 | (3) |
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677 | (3) |
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14.4 Improved Push-Pull Stage |
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680 | (7) |
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14.4.1 Reduction of Crossover Distortion |
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680 | (4) |
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14.4.2 Addition of CE Stage |
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684 | (3) |
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14.5 Large-Signal Considerations |
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687 | (5) |
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687 | (1) |
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14.5.2 Omission of PNP Power Transistor |
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688 | (3) |
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14.5.3 High-Fidelity Design |
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691 | (1) |
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14.6 Short-Circuit Protection |
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692 | (1) |
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692 | (5) |
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14.7.1 Emitter Follower Power Rating |
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693 | (1) |
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14.7.2 Push-Pull Stage Power Rating |
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694 | (2) |
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696 | (1) |
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697 | (2) |
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14.8.1 Efficiency of Emitter Follower |
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697 | (1) |
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14.8.2 Efficiency of Push-Pull Stage |
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698 | (1) |
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14.9 Power Amplifier Classes |
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699 | (1) |
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700 | (7) |
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701 | (4) |
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705 | (2) |
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707 | (53) |
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15.1 General Considerations |
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707 | (10) |
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15.1.1 Filter Characteristics |
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708 | (1) |
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15.1.2 Classification of Filters |
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709 | (3) |
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15.1.3 Filter Transfer Function |
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712 | (4) |
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15.1.4 Problem of Sensitivity |
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716 | (1) |
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717 | (3) |
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15.3 Second-Order Filters |
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720 | (9) |
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720 | (4) |
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724 | (5) |
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729 | (14) |
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15.4.1 Sallen and Key Filter |
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729 | (6) |
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15.4.2 Integrator-Based Biquads |
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735 | (3) |
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15.4.3 Biquads Using Simulated Inductors |
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738 | (5) |
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15.5 Approximation of Filter Response |
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743 | (10) |
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15.5.1 Butterworth Response |
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744 | (4) |
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15.5.2 Chebyshev Response |
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748 | (5) |
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753 | (7) |
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754 | (4) |
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758 | (2) |
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760 | (41) |
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16.1 General Considerations |
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760 | (13) |
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16.1.1 Static Characterization of Gates |
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761 | (7) |
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16.1.2 Dynamic Characterization of Gates |
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768 | (3) |
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16.1.3 Power-Speed Trade-Off |
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771 | (2) |
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773 | (17) |
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773 | (2) |
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16.2.2 Voltage Transfer Characteristic |
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775 | (6) |
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16.2.3 Dynamic Characteristics |
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781 | (5) |
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786 | (4) |
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16.3 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates |
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790 | (4) |
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790 | (3) |
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793 | (1) |
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794 | (7) |
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795 | (5) |
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800 | (1) |
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801 | (72) |
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17.1 General Considerations |
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801 | (7) |
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17.1.1 Input and Output Impedances |
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802 | (4) |
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806 | (1) |
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17.1.3 DC and Small-Signal Analysis |
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807 | (1) |
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17.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design |
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808 | (10) |
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810 | (2) |
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17.2.2 Biasing with Source Degeneration |
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812 | (3) |
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815 | (1) |
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17.2.4 Biasing of PMOS Transistors |
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816 | (1) |
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17.2.5 Realization of Current Sources |
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817 | (1) |
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17.3 CMOS Amplifier Topologies |
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818 | (1) |
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17.4 Common-Source Topology |
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819 | (36) |
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17.4.1 CS Stage with Current-Source Load |
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824 | (1) |
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17.4.2 CS Stage with Diode-Connected Load |
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825 | (1) |
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17.4.3 CS Stage with Source Degeneration |
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826 | (12) |
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17.4.4 Common-Gate Topology |
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838 | (11) |
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849 | (6) |
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855 | (4) |
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859 | (14) |
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860 | (11) |
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871 | (2) |
Appendix A Introduction To Spice |
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873 | (20) |
Index |
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893 | |