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General Principles of Musculoskeletal Imaging |
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1 | (38) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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What Is Musculoskeletal Imaging? |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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Turn-of-the-Century Sensationalism |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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From the 1990s to a New Century |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (4) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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Image Receptors: Different Ways to Capture the X-rays |
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8 | (2) |
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The Gold Standard: Film/Screen Radiography |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (6) |
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10 | (1) |
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Radiodensity as a Function of Composition: Anatomy in Four Shades of Gray |
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11 | (1) |
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Radiodensity as a Function of Thickness |
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12 | (1) |
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How Many Dimensions Can You See? |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (10) |
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16 | (1) |
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Anteroposterior, Lateral, and Oblique Projections |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (5) |
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The Routine Radiographic Examination |
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26 | (1) |
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The Radiologist as the Imaging Specialist |
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26 | (2) |
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Other Common Studies in Musculoskeletal Imaging |
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28 | (7) |
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Contrast-Enhanced Radiographs |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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Interventional Techniques |
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35 | (1) |
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Epidural Steroid Injections |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of the Spine |
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36 | (1) |
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Percutaneous Vertebroplasty |
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36 | (1) |
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Automated Percutaneous Lumbar Diskectomy |
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36 | (1) |
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Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Radiologic Evaluation, Search Patterns, and Diagnosis |
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39 | (42) |
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Where Does Radiologic Image Interpretation Begin? |
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39 | (1) |
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What Are The Pitfalls of Image Interpretation? |
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39 | (1) |
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What Can the Nonradiologist Offer to Image Interpretation? |
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39 | (1) |
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Search Pattern: The ABCs of Radiologic Analysis |
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40 | (11) |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (4) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (2) |
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Radiologic Diagnosis of Skeletal Pathology |
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51 | (6) |
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Categories of Skeletal Pathology |
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52 | (1) |
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Distribution of the Lesion |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (5) |
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Radiologic Characteristics of Common Pathologies |
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57 | (16) |
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Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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57 | (4) |
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Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (4) |
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Musculoskeletal Infections |
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68 | (3) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (5) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Radiologic Report Example |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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Radiologic Evaluation of Fracture |
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81 | (36) |
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Trauma, the Most Common Disorder |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Elements of Fracture Description |
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83 | (8) |
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Anatomic Site and Extent of the Fracture |
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84 | (1) |
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Type of Fracture: Complete or Incomplete |
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84 | (1) |
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Alignment of Fracture Fragments |
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84 | (2) |
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Direction of Fracture Lines |
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86 | (2) |
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Presence of Special Features |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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Fractures Due to Abnormal Stresses or Pathologic Processes |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (5) |
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91 | (1) |
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Difficulties in Assessment of Immature Bone |
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92 | (1) |
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Elements of Fracture Description |
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92 | (3) |
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95 | (1) |
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Reduction and Fixation of Fractures |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Surgically Compressed Bone Healing |
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98 | (1) |
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Radiologic Evaluation of Healing |
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98 | (1) |
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Time Frame for Fracture Healing |
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99 | (2) |
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Factors That Influence Rate of Fracture Healing |
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99 | (2) |
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Radiologic Examination Intervals During Fracture Healing |
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101 | (1) |
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Complications in Fracture Healing |
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101 | (5) |
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Complications at Fracture Site |
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101 | (2) |
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Late-Effect Complications of Fracture |
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103 | (1) |
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Associated Complications of Other Tissues |
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104 | (1) |
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Life-Threatening Complications |
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105 | (1) |
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Commonly Missed Fractures |
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106 | (3) |
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Clinical History, Evaluation, and Rule of Treatment |
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106 | (1) |
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How Often Are Fractures Missed? |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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Appendix: Fracture Eponyms |
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112 | (5) |
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Advanced Imaging: CT, MRI, and Ultrasound |
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117 | (24) |
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117 | (5) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Summary and Future Developments |
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122 | (1) |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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122 | (8) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (2) |
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Summary and Future Developments |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (4) |
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Creating the Ultrasound Image |
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133 | (1) |
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Viewing the Ultrasound Image |
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133 | (2) |
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Clinical Uses of Ultrasound |
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135 | (1) |
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Summary and Future Developments |
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136 | (1) |
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Comparison of Evaluative Properties of CT, MRI, and Ultrasound |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (3) |
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Radiologic Evaluation of the Cervical Spine |
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141 | (42) |
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141 | (6) |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation |
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147 | (11) |
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Practice Guidelines for Spine Radiography in Children and Adults |
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147 | (11) |
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Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations |
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158 | |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Cervical Spine |
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148 | (8) |
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Optional Projections for Radiologic Evaluation of the Cervical Spine |
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156 | (2) |
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Trauma at the Cervical Spine |
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158 | (10) |
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Radiology for Trauma of the Cervical Spine |
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158 | (1) |
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Potential Injury to Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves |
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158 | (3) |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (3) |
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166 | (1) |
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Intervertebral Disk Herniations |
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167 | (1) |
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Degenerative Changes in the Cervical Spine |
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168 | (3) |
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Degenerative Disk Disease |
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169 | (1) |
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Degenerative Joint disease |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Cervical Spine Spondylosis |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis |
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171 | (1) |
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Clinical Considerations of the Degenerative Spine |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (3) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (5) |
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180 | (3) |
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Radiologic Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint |
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183 | (26) |
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183 | (1) |
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The Causes of TMJ Disorders |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (3) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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The Role of Imaging in the Evaluation of the TMJ |
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187 | (9) |
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187 | (1) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint |
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188 | (6) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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MR Imaging of Disk Displacements |
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199 | (1) |
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Treatment of Disk Displacement |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Craniomandibular Anomalies |
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200 | (1) |
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The TMJ and the Cervical Spine |
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201 | (2) |
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Positional Faults of the Cervical Spine |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (3) |
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Thoracic Spine, Sternum, and Ribs |
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209 | (40) |
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209 | (4) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation |
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213 | (13) |
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Practice Guidelines for Spine Radiography in Children and Adults |
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213 | (1) |
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Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations |
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213 | (1) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Thoracic Spine |
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214 | (4) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Sternum |
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218 | (4) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Ribs |
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222 | (4) |
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Trauma at the Thoracic Spine |
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226 | (6) |
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Radiology for Trauma of the Thoracic Spine |
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226 | (1) |
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The Three-Column Concept of Spinal Stability |
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227 | (1) |
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One- or Two-Column Injuries |
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227 | (3) |
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Two- or Three-Column Injuries |
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230 | (2) |
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Fractures of the Bony Thorax |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (8) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (4) |
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Tuberculous Osteomyelitis (Pott's Disease) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Thoracic, Rib, and Sternal Anomalies |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (4) |
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247 | (2) |
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Lumbosacral Spine and Sacroiliac Joints |
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249 | (42) |
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249 | (6) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation |
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255 | (13) |
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Practice Guideline for Lumbar Spine Radiography in Children and Adults |
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255 | (1) |
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Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations |
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255 | (1) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Lumbar Spine |
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256 | (8) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Sacroiliac Joint |
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264 | (4) |
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Trauma at the Lumbar Spine |
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268 | (5) |
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Radiology for Trauma of the Lumbar Spine |
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268 | (1) |
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Fractures of the Upper Lumbar Spine |
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268 | (1) |
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Fractures of the Lower Lumbar Spine |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (3) |
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Degenerative Conditions at the Lumbar Spine |
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273 | (6) |
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Clinical Considerations of the Degenerative Spine |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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Intervertebral Disk Herniations |
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276 | (3) |
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Sacroiliac Joint Pathology |
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279 | (2) |
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279 | (1) |
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Degenerative Joint Disease |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (3) |
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281 | (1) |
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Aberrant Transitional Vertebrae |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (4) |
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290 | (1) |
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Radiologic Evaluation of the Pelvis and Hip |
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291 | (38) |
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291 | (3) |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation |
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294 | (8) |
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Practice Guidelines for Extremity Radiography in Children and Adults |
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294 | (1) |
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Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations |
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295 | (1) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Pelvis |
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296 | (2) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Hip and Proximal Femur |
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298 | (4) |
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Trauma at the Pelvis and Hip |
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302 | (9) |
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Radiology for Trauma of the Pelvis and Hip |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (3) |
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Fractures of the Acetabulum |
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306 | (2) |
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Fractures of the Proximal Femur |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (1) |
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Pathological Conditions at the Hip |
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311 | (10) |
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Degenerative Joint Disease of the Hip |
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311 | (2) |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hip |
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313 | (1) |
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Avascular Necrosis of the Proximal Femur |
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313 | (5) |
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Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis |
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318 | (1) |
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Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip |
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318 | (3) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (4) |
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327 | (2) |
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Radiologic Evaluation of the Knee |
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329 | (38) |
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329 | (4) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation |
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333 | (9) |
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Practice Guidelines for Knee Radiography in Children and Adults |
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333 | (1) |
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Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations |
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333 | (1) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Knee |
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334 | (8) |
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Additional Views Related to the Knee |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (11) |
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Imaging for Trauma of the Knee |
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343 | (1) |
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Fractures of the Distal Femur |
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343 | (1) |
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Fractures of the Proximal Tibia |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (1) |
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Subluxations and Dislocations of the Patella |
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346 | (1) |
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Fractures and Dislocations of the Proximal Fibula |
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347 | (1) |
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Fractures of the Articular Cartilage |
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348 | (1) |
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Soft-Tissue Injuries at the Knee |
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349 | (4) |
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Degenerative Joint Disease |
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353 | (7) |
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Radiologic Characteristics |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (3) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (4) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (44) |
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367 | (21) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (18) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation |
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388 | (1) |
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Practice Guidelines for Ankle and Foot Radiography in Children and Adults |
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388 | (1) |
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Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations |
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388 | |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Ankle |
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372 | (10) |
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Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Foot |
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382 | (6) |
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Trauma at the Ankle and Foot |
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388 | (10) |
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Radiology for Trauma of the Ankle and Foot |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (2) |
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390 | (4) |
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394 | (4) |
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398 | (4) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (5) |
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409 | (2) |
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Radiologic Evaluation of the Shoulder |
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411 | (36) |
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411 | (2) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
|
Routine Radiologic Evaluation |
|
|
413 | (13) |
|
Practice Guidelines for Shoulder Radiography in Children and Adults |
|
|
413 | (13) |
|
Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations |
|
|
426 | (12) |
|
Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Shoulder |
|
|
416 | (4) |
|
Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Acromioclavicular Joint |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Scapula |
|
|
422 | (4) |
|
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Radiology for Trauma of the Shoulder |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Fractures of the Proximal Humerus |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
Fractures of the Clavicle |
|
|
430 | (3) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Dislocations of the Glenohumeral Joint |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
Acromioclavicular Joint Separation |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Abnormal Conditions at the Shoulder |
|
|
438 | (3) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (4) |
|
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Radiologic Evaluation of the Elbow |
|
|
447 | (28) |
|
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Routine Radiologic Evaluation |
|
|
449 | (13) |
|
Practice Guidelines for Radiography of the Elbow in Children and Adults |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Elbow |
|
|
450 | (8) |
|
Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Forearm |
|
|
458 | (4) |
|
|
|
462 | (8) |
|
Radiology for Trauma of the Elbow |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Fractures of the Distal Humerus |
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
Fractures of the Radial Head |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Fractures of the Proximal Ulna |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Fractures of the Radial and Ulnar Shafts |
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
Dislocations of the Elbow |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (4) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Radiologic Evaluation of the Hand and Wrist |
|
|
475 | (56) |
|
|
|
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Joints and Ligaments of the Hand and Wrist |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Routine Radiologic Evaluation |
|
|
479 | (19) |
|
Practice Guidelines for Extremity Radiography in Children and Adults |
|
|
479 | (19) |
|
Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations |
|
|
498 | |
|
Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Hand |
|
|
480 | (6) |
|
Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Wrist |
|
|
486 | (6) |
|
|
|
492 | (6) |
|
Trauma at the Hand and Wrist |
|
|
498 | (11) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Radiology for Trauma of the Hand and Wrist |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (4) |
|
|
|
502 | (4) |
|
|
|
506 | (3) |
|
|
|
509 | (10) |
|
Imaging Techniques to Diagnose Instabilty |
|
|
509 | (4) |
|
Instability of the Distal Radioulnar Joint |
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
Classification of Carpal Instabilities |
|
|
515 | (4) |
|
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Pathology |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
Degenerative Joint Disease |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
|
|
525 | (5) |
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Integration of Imaging into Physical Therapy Practice |
|
|
531 | |
|
|
|
Changing Perspectives on Diagnostic Imaging in Physical Therapy Education |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
The Physical Therapist as a Primary Care Provider |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
The Physical Therapist as the Referral Source |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
The Physical Therapist as an Educated User of Diagnostic Imaging |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
The United States Military Health System |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Other Practice Environments |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Access to Imaging and Relationships with Physicians |
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
The Role of Imaging in the Diagnostic Process |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
When to Recommend Imaging |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
Clinical Decision Making and Clinical Decision Rules |
|
|
538 | (3) |
|
The Role of Imaging in Physical Therapy Intervention |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
What Do Physical Therapists Look For? |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Incorporating Imaging into Treatment Planning |
|
|
541 | |
|
Imaging Modalities and Physical Therapy Decision Making |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
What Does the Future Hold? |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
|
|
548 | |
