Authors |
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xiii | |
Chapter 1 Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
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1.1 Introduction and Summary |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Development of Optomechanics |
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1 | (1) |
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1.3 General Considerations |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
Chapter 2 Optomechanical Design Process |
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5 | (32) |
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2.1 Introduction and Summary |
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5 | (1) |
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2.2 Establishing the Requirements |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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2.4 Performance Specifications and Design Constraints |
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8 | (8) |
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16 | (4) |
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2.6 Design Analysis and Computer Modeling |
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20 | (7) |
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2.7 Error Budgets and Tolerances |
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27 | (8) |
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35 | (2) |
Chapter 3 Material Selection |
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37 | (26) |
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3.1 Introduction and Summary |
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37 | (1) |
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3.2 Optical Figures of Merit |
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37 | (4) |
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3.3 Structural Figures of Merit |
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41 | (5) |
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3.4 Thermal Figures of Merit |
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46 | (3) |
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3.5 Strength of Brittle Optical Materials |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (3) |
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3.9 Mirror Substrate Materials |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
Chapter 4 Window Design and Mounting |
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63 | (18) |
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4.1 Introduction and Summary |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (9) |
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4.2.1 Optical Performance of Windows |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (3) |
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4.2.3 Mounting Flat Windows |
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69 | (4) |
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73 | (6) |
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73 | (4) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
Chapter 5 Mounting Individual Lenses |
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81 | (62) |
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5.1 Introduction and Summary |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (9) |
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5.3 Lens Mass and Center of Gravity Location |
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90 | (9) |
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5.3.1 Estimating Lens Mass |
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90 | (6) |
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5.3.2 Lens Center of Gravity Location |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (15) |
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5.4.1 General Considerations |
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99 | (5) |
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5.4.2 Threaded Retaining Ring Mounting |
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104 | (4) |
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5.4.3 Continuous Flange Mounting |
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108 | (3) |
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5.4.4 Multiple Cantilever Spring Clip Mounting |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Self-Weight Deflection of Lenses |
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115 | (1) |
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5.6 Surface Contact Optomechanical Interfaces |
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116 | (8) |
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5.6.1 Sharp Corner Interface |
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116 | (2) |
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5.6.2 Tangential Interface |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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5.6.4 Spherical Interface |
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120 | (2) |
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5.6.5 Interfaces on Bevels |
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122 | (2) |
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5.6.6 Parametric Evaluation of Contact Stress |
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124 | (1) |
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5.7 Elastomeric Ring Mountings for Lenses |
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124 | (6) |
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5.8 Stress Effects at the Optomechanical Interface |
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130 | (2) |
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5.8.1 Compressive and Tensile Stresses in Optics |
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130 | (1) |
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5.8.2 Stress Birefringence |
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131 | (1) |
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5.9 Mounting Low-Precision Lenses |
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132 | (4) |
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5.9.1 Low-Precision Lens Mounts |
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132 | (1) |
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5.9.2 Spring-Loaded Mountings |
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132 | (1) |
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5.9.3 Burnished Cell Mountings |
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133 | (2) |
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5.9.4 Snap Ring Mountings |
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135 | (1) |
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5.10 Mounting Plastic Lenses |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
Chapter 6 Mounting Multiple Lenses |
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143 | (48) |
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143 | (1) |
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6.2 Lens Barrel Structural Design |
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143 | (2) |
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6.3 Multielement Spacing Considerations |
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145 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Lens Location Interfaces |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Calculating Spacing |
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149 | (1) |
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6.4 Effects of Temperature Changes |
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150 | (22) |
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6.4.1 Radial Effects of Temperature Changes |
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150 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Radial Clearance Change with Temperature |
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151 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Radial Thermal Stress in the Optic |
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151 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Thermal Change in Spacing |
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152 | (1) |
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6.4.5 Change in Axial Preload with Temperature |
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153 | (8) |
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6.4.6 Thermal Stress in Bonded Lenses |
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161 | (4) |
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6.4.7 Focus Shift with Temperature |
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165 | (7) |
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172 | (4) |
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176 | (7) |
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6.7 Plastic Lens Mounting |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (4) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
Chapter 7 Techniques for Mounting Prisms |
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191 | (34) |
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7.1 Introduction and Summary |
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191 | (1) |
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7.2 Kinematic, Semikinematic, and Nonkinematic Principles |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (6) |
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7.4 Mounting Prisms by Clamping |
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198 | (16) |
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7.4.1 Clamped Prism Mounts: Kinematic |
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198 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Clamped Prism Mounts: Semikinematic |
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199 | (11) |
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7.4.3 Clamped Prism Mounts: Nonkinematic |
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210 | (4) |
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7.5 Mounting Prisms by Adhesive Bonding |
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214 | (7) |
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7.5.1 General Considerations |
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214 | (3) |
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7.5.2 Typical Applications |
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217 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Double-Sided Prism Supports |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
Chapter 8 Factors Affecting Mirror Performance |
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225 | (44) |
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8.1 Introduction and Summary |
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225 | (1) |
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8.2 Tolerances, Error Budgets, and Superposition |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (14) |
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8.3.1 General Considerations |
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228 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Axial Gravity Deflection |
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231 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Optimum Axial Support Locations |
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232 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Factors Influencing Axial Self-Weight Deflection |
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233 | (5) |
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8.3.5 Small-Mirror Approximation |
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238 | (1) |
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8.3.6 Mirror Deformation from Mounting |
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238 | (4) |
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8.3.7 Scanning Mirror Deformation |
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242 | (1) |
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8.4 Dynamic Effects on Mirrors |
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242 | (7) |
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8.4.1 General Considerations |
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242 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Diaphragm Frequency of a Mirror |
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243 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Rigid-Body Frequencies of an Axisymmetric Mirror |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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8.4.5 Rigid-Body Response to Dynamic Excitation |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (8) |
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8.5.1 General Considerations |
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249 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Uniform Change in Temperature |
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249 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Temperature Gradients |
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249 | (4) |
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8.5.4 Anisotropy of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (3) |
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257 | (9) |
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266 | (3) |
Chapter 9 Design and Mounting of Small Mirrors |
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269 | (40) |
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9.1 Introduction and Summary |
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269 | (1) |
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9.2 General Considerations |
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269 | (15) |
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9.2.1 Defining Small Mirrors |
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269 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Mirror Applications |
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270 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Geometric Configurations |
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270 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Reflected Image Orientation |
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271 | (5) |
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9.2.5 Beam Prints on Optical Surfaces |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (4) |
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9.2.7 Ghost Image Formation by Second-Surface Mirrors |
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282 | (2) |
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9.3 Semikinematic Mountings for Small Mirrors |
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284 | (9) |
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9.4 Mounting Mirrors by Bonding |
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293 | (5) |
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9.4.1 Single and Multiple Bonds on Mirror Backs |
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293 | (3) |
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9.4.2 Annular Ring Mounts |
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296 | (2) |
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9.5 Flexure Mounts for Small Mirrors |
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298 | (7) |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
Chapter 10 Design and Mounting of Metallic Mirrors |
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309 | (48) |
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10.1 Introduction and Summary |
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309 | (1) |
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10.2 General Considerations of Metal Mirrors |
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309 | (5) |
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314 | (4) |
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318 | (7) |
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10.5 Mirrors Made from Other Metals |
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325 | (3) |
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10.5.1 General Considerations |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Molybdenum Mirrors |
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325 | (1) |
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10.5.4 Silicon Carbide Mirrors |
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326 | (2) |
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10.6 Plating of Metal Mirrors |
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328 | (3) |
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10.7 Single-Point Diamond Turning of Metal Mirrors |
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331 | (12) |
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10.8 Conventional Mountings for Metal Mirrors |
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343 | (1) |
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10.9 Integral Mountings for Metal Mirrors |
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343 | (5) |
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10.10 Interfacing Multiple SPDT Components to Facilitate Assembly and Alignment |
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348 | (6) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
Chapter 11 Kinematic Design and Applications of Flexures |
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357 | (60) |
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11.1 Introduction and Summary |
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357 | (1) |
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11.2 Controlling Degrees of Freedom |
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358 | (21) |
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11.2.1 Beauty of Static Determined Designs |
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358 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Controlling One DOF |
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358 | (2) |
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11.2.3 Controlling Two DOFs |
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360 | (2) |
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11.2.4 Controlling Three DOFs |
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362 | (5) |
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11.2.5 Controlling Four DOFs |
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367 | (4) |
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11.2.6 Controlling Five DOFs |
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371 | (3) |
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11.2.7 Controlling Six DOFs |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (2) |
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11.2.9 Quasi-Static DOF Constraints |
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378 | (1) |
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11.3 Structural Elements Used to Control DOFs |
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379 | (19) |
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379 | (7) |
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11.3.1.1 Stiffness Properties |
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379 | (2) |
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11.3.1.2 Reduced Buckling |
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381 | (1) |
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11.3.1.3 Improving the Tension-to-Bending Stiffness Ratio |
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382 | (4) |
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11.3.2 Leaf Spring (Three DOFs) |
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386 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Constricted Leaf Spring (Two DOFs) |
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387 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Elastic Hinge (One DOF) |
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388 | (1) |
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11.3.5 Approximated Elastic Hinges (Two DOFs or Five DOFs) |
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389 | (3) |
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11.3.6 Folded Leaf Spring (One DOF) |
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392 | (2) |
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11.3.7 Contact Stresses with Various Interface Geometries |
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394 | (4) |
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11.3.7.1 Sphere-on-a-Flat Plate |
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394 | (1) |
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11.3.7.2 Sphere in a V-Groove |
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395 | (1) |
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11.3.7.3 Sphere in a Cone |
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396 | (2) |
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11.4 Mounting and Constraining DOFs of Optomechanical Components |
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398 | (12) |
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11.4.1 Mounting Optomechanical Components |
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398 | (3) |
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399 | (1) |
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11.4.1.2 Mounting Transmitting or Reflecting Optics |
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399 | (1) |
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11.4.1.3 Thermal Stresses due to Temperature Changes |
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399 | (1) |
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11.4.1.4 Thermal Isolation |
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399 | (1) |
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11.4.1.5 Quantity or One-Off Production |
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400 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Alternate Mounting Methods |
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401 | (9) |
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11.4.2.1 Three Leaf Springs |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (6) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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11.5 Alignment of Optics by Controlling the DOFs |
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410 | (3) |
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410 | (2) |
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11.5.2 Alignment Stability |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
Appendix 1: Optical Glasses |
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417 | (8) |
Appendix 2: Selected Alkali Infrared Materials |
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425 | (4) |
Appendix 3: Selected Infrared-Transmitting Glasses |
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429 | (4) |
Appendix 4: Selected Semiconductor Infrared Materials |
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433 | (2) |
Appendix 5: Selected Chalcogenide Infrared Materials |
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435 | (2) |
Appendix 6: Nonmetallic Mirror Substrate Materials |
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437 | (2) |
Appendix 7: Metallic Mirror Substrate Materials |
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439 | (4) |
Index |
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443 | |