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Fundamentals of Optomechanics [Kõva köide]

(Raytheon Systems, Tucson, Arizona, USA), (Norwalk, Connecticut, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 448 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 952 g, 43 Tables, black and white; 331 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Optical Sciences and Applications of Light
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Feb-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498770746
  • ISBN-13: 9781498770743
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 448 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 952 g, 43 Tables, black and white; 331 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Optical Sciences and Applications of Light
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Feb-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498770746
  • ISBN-13: 9781498770743
Teised raamatud teemal:
When Galileo designed the tube of his first telescope, optomechanics was born. Concerned with the shape and position of surfaces in an optical system, optomechanics is a subfield of physics that is arguably as old as optics. However, while universities offer courses on the subject, there is a scarcity in textbook selections that skillfully and properly convey optomechanical fundamentals to aspiring engineers. Complemented by tutorial examples and exercises, this textbook rectifies this issue by providing instructors and departments with a better choice for transmitting to students the basic principles of optomechanics and allowing them to comfortably gain familiarity with the fields content. Practicing optical engineers who engage in self-study and wish to enhance the extent of their knowledge will also find benefit from the vast experience of the authors. The book begins with a discussion of materials based on optomechanical figures of merit and features chapters on windows, prisms, and lenses. The authors also cover topics related to design parameter, mounting small mirrors, metal mirrors with a discussion of infrared applications, and kinematic design. Overall, Fundamentals of Optomechanics outfits students and practitioners with a stellar foundation for exploring the design and support of optical system surfaces under a wide variety of conditions.











Provides the fundamentals of optomechanics





Presents self-contained, student-friendly prose, written by top scientists in the field





Discusses materials, windows, individual lenses and multiple lenses





Includes design, mounting, and performance of mirrors





Includes homework problems and a solutions manual for adopting professors

Arvustused

"This book addresses a pressing need for tools to teach optomechanical engineering at the University level. It also serves as a valuable reference work for practicing engineers. Organized into chapters on each of the engineer's tasks, from system-level assessments to component mounting, it flows logically through the mechanical design process. it is a rich introduction to the art of optomechanical design." Alson E. Hatheway Incorporated, Pasadena, California, USA

"This book was written by the two most renowned specialists in optomechanics. The text is skillfully written to be understood easily while covering all the most important aspect of the optomechanical field. The material presented in the book is backed up with tutorial examples and exercises, thus distinguishing itself from other reference books in optomechanics intended to be used by practicing engineers. This textbook is an exceptional legacy of the fathers of optomechanics for the new generation of optomechanical engineers." Frédéric Lamontagne, INO, Quebec City, Canada

"Its a terrific introduction into the field of optomechanical engineering that will allow novices and experienced engineers the prerequisite background and understanding of the highly integrated and complex engineering that is required to design and build a high precision optical system." Keith B. Doyle, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States

"Yoder and Vukobratovich do an exceptional job of creating content that is introductory at heart, but thorough enough to be useful and practical in application. It is unusual to get an engineering perspective woven into theory but they skillfully include both. Optomechanics is such a critical cross-discipline field for optics and it is unfortunately woefully underserved by the talent pipeline. An introductory text like this would be well-served to be on shelves of both optical and mechanical engineers in order to address the gap between the two disciplines." Katie Schwertz, Edmund Optics, Tucson, Arizona, USA

"The book would be ideal as a textbook for graduate students with some knowledge of both optics and mechanical engineering, or for practitioners in the field."

--Bogdan Hoanca, a professor of management information systems at the University of Alaska Anchorage, USA

Authors xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(4)
1.1 Introduction and Summary
1(1)
1.2 Development of Optomechanics
1(1)
1.3 General Considerations
2(1)
1.4 Prerequisites
3(1)
References
3(2)
Chapter 2 Optomechanical Design Process 5(32)
David M. Stubbs
Kevin A. Sawyer
David Aikens
2.1 Introduction and Summary
5(1)
2.2 Establishing the Requirements
6(1)
2.3 Conceptualization
6(2)
2.4 Performance Specifications and Design Constraints
8(8)
2.5 Preliminary Design
16(4)
2.6 Design Analysis and Computer Modeling
20(7)
2.7 Error Budgets and Tolerances
27(8)
References
35(2)
Chapter 3 Material Selection 37(26)
3.1 Introduction and Summary
37(1)
3.2 Optical Figures of Merit
37(4)
3.3 Structural Figures of Merit
41(5)
3.4 Thermal Figures of Merit
46(3)
3.5 Strength of Brittle Optical Materials
49(3)
3.6 Optical Glass
52(1)
3.7 Optical Plastics
53(1)
3.8 Infrared Materials
53(3)
3.9 Mirror Substrate Materials
56(2)
3.10 Material Cost
58(1)
Problems
59(2)
References
61(1)
Further Reading
61(2)
Chapter 4 Window Design and Mounting 63(18)
4.1 Introduction and Summary
63(1)
4.2 Window Design
64(9)
4.2.1 Optical Performance of Windows
64(2)
4.2.2 Window Strength
66(3)
4.2.3 Mounting Flat Windows
69(4)
4.3 Domes
73(6)
4.3.1 Dome Strength
73(4)
4.3.2 Dome Mounting
77(2)
Problems
79(1)
References
80(1)
Further Reading
80(1)
Chapter 5 Mounting Individual Lenses 81(62)
5.1 Introduction and Summary
81(1)
5.2 Centering Optics
81(9)
5.3 Lens Mass and Center of Gravity Location
90(9)
5.3.1 Estimating Lens Mass
90(6)
5.3.2 Lens Center of Gravity Location
96(3)
5.4 Lens Axial Preload
99(15)
5.4.1 General Considerations
99(5)
5.4.2 Threaded Retaining Ring Mounting
104(4)
5.4.3 Continuous Flange Mounting
108(3)
5.4.4 Multiple Cantilever Spring Clip Mounting
111(3)
5.5 Lens Bending
114(2)
5.5.1 Bending Stress
114(1)
5.5.2 Self-Weight Deflection of Lenses
115(1)
5.6 Surface Contact Optomechanical Interfaces
116(8)
5.6.1 Sharp Corner Interface
116(2)
5.6.2 Tangential Interface
118(2)
5.6.3 Toroidal Interface
120(1)
5.6.4 Spherical Interface
120(2)
5.6.5 Interfaces on Bevels
122(2)
5.6.6 Parametric Evaluation of Contact Stress
124(1)
5.7 Elastomeric Ring Mountings for Lenses
124(6)
5.8 Stress Effects at the Optomechanical Interface
130(2)
5.8.1 Compressive and Tensile Stresses in Optics
130(1)
5.8.2 Stress Birefringence
131(1)
5.9 Mounting Low-Precision Lenses
132(4)
5.9.1 Low-Precision Lens Mounts
132(1)
5.9.2 Spring-Loaded Mountings
132(1)
5.9.3 Burnished Cell Mountings
133(2)
5.9.4 Snap Ring Mountings
135(1)
5.10 Mounting Plastic Lenses
136(3)
Problems
139(3)
References
142(1)
Further Reading
142(1)
Chapter 6 Mounting Multiple Lenses 143(48)
6.1 Introduction
143(1)
6.2 Lens Barrel Structural Design
143(2)
6.3 Multielement Spacing Considerations
145(5)
6.3.1 Lens Location Interfaces
145(3)
6.3.2 Self-Centering
148(1)
6.3.3 Calculating Spacing
149(1)
6.4 Effects of Temperature Changes
150(22)
6.4.1 Radial Effects of Temperature Changes
150(1)
6.4.2 Radial Clearance Change with Temperature
151(1)
6.4.3 Radial Thermal Stress in the Optic
151(1)
6.4.4 Thermal Change in Spacing
152(1)
6.4.5 Change in Axial Preload with Temperature
153(8)
6.4.6 Thermal Stress in Bonded Lenses
161(4)
6.4.7 Focus Shift with Temperature
165(7)
6.5 Lathe Assembly
172(4)
6.6 Subcell Assembly
176(7)
6.7 Plastic Lens Mounting
183(3)
Problems
186(4)
References
190(1)
Further Reading
190(1)
Chapter 7 Techniques for Mounting Prisms 191(34)
7.1 Introduction and Summary
191(1)
7.2 Kinematic, Semikinematic, and Nonkinematic Principles
191(1)
7.3 Prism Mass
192(6)
7.4 Mounting Prisms by Clamping
198(16)
7.4.1 Clamped Prism Mounts: Kinematic
198(1)
7.4.2 Clamped Prism Mounts: Semikinematic
199(11)
7.4.3 Clamped Prism Mounts: Nonkinematic
210(4)
7.5 Mounting Prisms by Adhesive Bonding
214(7)
7.5.1 General Considerations
214(3)
7.5.2 Typical Applications
217(1)
7.5.3 Double-Sided Prism Supports
218(3)
Problems
221(2)
References
223(1)
Further Reading
224(1)
Chapter 8 Factors Affecting Mirror Performance 225(44)
8.1 Introduction and Summary
225(1)
8.2 Tolerances, Error Budgets, and Superposition
225(3)
8.3 Gravity Deflections
228(14)
8.3.1 General Considerations
228(3)
8.3.2 Axial Gravity Deflection
231(1)
8.3.3 Optimum Axial Support Locations
232(1)
8.3.4 Factors Influencing Axial Self-Weight Deflection
233(5)
8.3.5 Small-Mirror Approximation
238(1)
8.3.6 Mirror Deformation from Mounting
238(4)
8.3.7 Scanning Mirror Deformation
242(1)
8.4 Dynamic Effects on Mirrors
242(7)
8.4.1 General Considerations
242(1)
8.4.2 Diaphragm Frequency of a Mirror
243(1)
8.4.3 Rigid-Body Frequencies of an Axisymmetric Mirror
244(2)
8.4.4 Damping
246(1)
8.4.5 Rigid-Body Response to Dynamic Excitation
247(2)
8.5 Thermal Effects
249(8)
8.5.1 General Considerations
249(1)
8.5.2 Uniform Change in Temperature
249(1)
8.5.3 Temperature Gradients
249(4)
8.5.4 Anisotropy of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
253(1)
8.5.5 Thermal Inertia
254(3)
Problems
257(9)
References
266(3)
Chapter 9 Design and Mounting of Small Mirrors 269(40)
9.1 Introduction and Summary
269(1)
9.2 General Considerations
269(15)
9.2.1 Defining Small Mirrors
269(1)
9.2.2 Mirror Applications
270(1)
9.2.3 Geometric Configurations
270(1)
9.2.4 Reflected Image Orientation
271(5)
9.2.5 Beam Prints on Optical Surfaces
276(2)
9.2.6 Mirror Coatings
278(4)
9.2.7 Ghost Image Formation by Second-Surface Mirrors
282(2)
9.3 Semikinematic Mountings for Small Mirrors
284(9)
9.4 Mounting Mirrors by Bonding
293(5)
9.4.1 Single and Multiple Bonds on Mirror Backs
293(3)
9.4.2 Annular Ring Mounts
296(2)
9.5 Flexure Mounts for Small Mirrors
298(7)
Problems
305(2)
References
307(1)
Further Reading
307(2)
Chapter 10 Design and Mounting of Metallic Mirrors 309(48)
10.1 Introduction and Summary
309(1)
10.2 General Considerations of Metal Mirrors
309(5)
10.3 Aluminum Mirrors
314(4)
10.4 Beryllium Mirrors
318(7)
10.5 Mirrors Made from Other Metals
325(3)
10.5.1 General Considerations
325(1)
10.5.2 Copper Mirrors
325(1)
10.5.3 Molybdenum Mirrors
325(1)
10.5.4 Silicon Carbide Mirrors
326(2)
10.6 Plating of Metal Mirrors
328(3)
10.7 Single-Point Diamond Turning of Metal Mirrors
331(12)
10.8 Conventional Mountings for Metal Mirrors
343(1)
10.9 Integral Mountings for Metal Mirrors
343(5)
10.10 Interfacing Multiple SPDT Components to Facilitate Assembly and Alignment
348(6)
Problems
354(1)
References
355(1)
Further Reading
356(1)
Chapter 11 Kinematic Design and Applications of Flexures 357(60)
Jan Nijenhuis
11.1 Introduction and Summary
357(1)
11.2 Controlling Degrees of Freedom
358(21)
11.2.1 Beauty of Static Determined Designs
358(1)
11.2.2 Controlling One DOF
358(2)
11.2.3 Controlling Two DOFs
360(2)
11.2.4 Controlling Three DOFs
362(5)
11.2.5 Controlling Four DOFs
367(4)
11.2.6 Controlling Five DOFs
371(3)
11.2.7 Controlling Six DOFs
374(2)
11.2.8 Internal DOFs
376(2)
11.2.9 Quasi-Static DOF Constraints
378(1)
11.3 Structural Elements Used to Control DOFs
379(19)
11.3.1 Strut (One DOF)
379(7)
11.3.1.1 Stiffness Properties
379(2)
11.3.1.2 Reduced Buckling
381(1)
11.3.1.3 Improving the Tension-to-Bending Stiffness Ratio
382(4)
11.3.2 Leaf Spring (Three DOFs)
386(1)
11.3.3 Constricted Leaf Spring (Two DOFs)
387(1)
11.3.4 Elastic Hinge (One DOF)
388(1)
11.3.5 Approximated Elastic Hinges (Two DOFs or Five DOFs)
389(3)
11.3.6 Folded Leaf Spring (One DOF)
392(2)
11.3.7 Contact Stresses with Various Interface Geometries
394(4)
11.3.7.1 Sphere-on-a-Flat Plate
394(1)
11.3.7.2 Sphere in a V-Groove
395(1)
11.3.7.3 Sphere in a Cone
396(2)
11.4 Mounting and Constraining DOFs of Optomechanical Components
398(12)
11.4.1 Mounting Optomechanical Components
398(3)
11.4.1.1 Component Shape
399(1)
11.4.1.2 Mounting Transmitting or Reflecting Optics
399(1)
11.4.1.3 Thermal Stresses due to Temperature Changes
399(1)
11.4.1.4 Thermal Isolation
399(1)
11.4.1.5 Quantity or One-Off Production
400(1)
11.4.2 Alternate Mounting Methods
401(9)
11.4.2.1 Three Leaf Springs
401(1)
11.4.2.2 Kinematic Mount
402(6)
11.4.2.3 Kelvin Clamp
408(1)
11.4.2.4 Six Struts
409(1)
11.5 Alignment of Optics by Controlling the DOFs
410(3)
11.5.1 Alignment
410(2)
11.5.2 Alignment Stability
412(1)
Problems
413(1)
Acknowledgment
414(1)
References
415(1)
Further Reading
415(2)
Appendix 1: Optical Glasses 417(8)
Appendix 2: Selected Alkali Infrared Materials 425(4)
Appendix 3: Selected Infrared-Transmitting Glasses 429(4)
Appendix 4: Selected Semiconductor Infrared Materials 433(2)
Appendix 5: Selected Chalcogenide Infrared Materials 435(2)
Appendix 6: Nonmetallic Mirror Substrate Materials 437(2)
Appendix 7: Metallic Mirror Substrate Materials 439(4)
Index 443
Paul Yoder (BS physics, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, 1947, and MS physics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 1950) learned optical design and opto-mechanical engineering at the U.S. Armys Frankford Arsenal (19511961). He then applied those skills at Perkin-Elmer Corporation (19611986) and served the optical community as a consultant in optical and opto-mechanical engineering (19862006). A fellow of the OSA and SPIE, Yoder has authored numerous chapters on opto-mechanics, published more than 60 papers, been awarded 14 U.S. and several foreign patents, and taught more than 75 short courses for SPIE, U.S. government agencies, and industry.



Daniel Vukobratovich is senior principal multidisciplinary engineer at Raytheon Systems, Tucson, Arizona, and adjunct professor at the University of Arizona. He has authored more than 50 papers, taught short courses in opto-mechanics in 12 different countries, and consulted for more than 40 companies. A SPIE fellow, he is a founding member of the opto-mechanics working group. He holds international patents and received an IR-100 award for work on metal matrix composite optical materials. He led development on a series of ultra-lightweight telescopes using new materials, and worked on space telescope systems for STS-95, Mars Observer, Mars Global Surveyor, and FUSE.