Preface |
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vii | |
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1 Introduction to Soil: Historical Overview, Soil Science Basics, and the Fitness of the Soil Environment |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 The Historical Background of Soil Ecology |
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2 | (4) |
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1.3 Water as a Constituent of Soil |
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6 | (3) |
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1.4 Elemental Constitution of Soil |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.8 Clay Mineral Structure |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (4) |
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1.10 Soils as Suppliers of Ecosystem Services |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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2 Primary Production Processes in Soils: Roots and Rhizosphere Associates |
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21 | (1) |
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2.2 The Primary Production Process |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (8) |
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2.4 Additional Sources of Primary Production |
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31 | (1) |
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2.5 Symbiotic Associates of Roots |
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31 | (1) |
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2.6 Mycorrhizal Structure and Function |
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32 | (5) |
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2.7 Ecosystem-Level Consequences of Ectomycorrhizal Function |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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2.9 Carbon Allocation in the Root/Rhizosphere |
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39 | (2) |
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2.10 Future Directions for Research on Roots and Mycorrhizal Function and Biodiversity |
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41 | (4) |
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45 | (2) |
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3 Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms---Microbes |
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47 | (1) |
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3.2 Compounds Being Decomposed |
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48 | (1) |
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3.3 Microbial Activities in Relation to Catabolism in Soil Systems |
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48 | (5) |
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3.4 Roles of Soil Protists in Soils |
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53 | (1) |
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3.5 Stocks of Carbon in Deep Soil, Faunal Influences |
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54 | (1) |
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3.6 Microbial Heterogeneity and Spatial Patterns in Soils |
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55 | (1) |
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3.7 Approaches for Estimating Microbial Numbers and Turnover |
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56 | (1) |
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3.8 Techniques for Measuring Microbial Communities |
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56 | (11) |
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3.9 Soil Sterilization and Partial Sterilization Techniques |
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67 | (1) |
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3.10 Conceptual Models of Microbes in Soil Systems |
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67 | (8) |
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75 | (2) |
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4 Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms---The Soil Fauna |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (6) |
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86 | (46) |
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132 | (36) |
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4.5 General Attributes of Fauna in Soil Systems |
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168 | (2) |
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4.6 Faunal Feedbacks on Microbial Community Composition and Diversity |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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5 Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling |
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173 | (1) |
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5.2 Integrating Variables |
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174 | (1) |
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5.3 Resource Quality, Climate, and Litter Breakdown |
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175 | (4) |
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5.4 Dynamics of Litter Breakdown |
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179 | (2) |
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5.5 Direct Measurement of Litter Breakdown |
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181 | (4) |
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5.6 Patterns of Mass Loss During Decomposition |
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185 | (3) |
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5.7 Effects of Fauna on Litter Breakdown Rates |
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188 | (1) |
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5.8 Nutrient Movement During Decomposition |
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189 | (9) |
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5.9 Nutrient Cycling Links in Soil Systems |
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198 | (1) |
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5.10 Role of Soil Fauna in Organic Matter Dynamics and Nutrient Turnover |
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199 | (4) |
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5.11 Global Change Experiments, Soil Fauna Effects on Decomposition |
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203 | (1) |
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5.12 Principal Characteristics of Soil Systems Governing SOM Dynamics |
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203 | (1) |
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5.13 Major Syntheses of Integrative Plant and Soil Functions |
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203 | (2) |
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5.14 Faunal Impacts in Applied Ecology---Agroecosystems |
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205 | (5) |
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5.15 Applied Ecology in Forested Ecosystems |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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6 Soil Food Webs: Detritivory and Microbivory in Soils |
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213 | (3) |
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6.2 Physiological Ecology of Soil Organisms |
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216 | (1) |
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6.3 Energy Available for Detrital Food Chains and Webs |
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217 | (6) |
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6.4 A Hierarchical Approach to Organisms in Soils |
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223 | (3) |
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6.5 Future Research Prospects |
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226 | (5) |
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231 | (2) |
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7 Soil Biodiversity and Linkages to Soil Processes |
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233 | (1) |
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7.2 Biodiversity in Soils and Its Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystem Function |
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233 | (10) |
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7.3 Heterogeneity of Carbon Substrates and Effects on Soil Biodiversity |
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243 | (1) |
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7.4 Impacts of Species Richness on Ecosystem Function |
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244 | (3) |
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7.5 Models, Microcosms, and Soil Biodiversity |
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247 | (2) |
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7.6 Experimental Additions and Deletions in Soil Biodiversity Studies |
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249 | (1) |
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7.7 Problems of Concern in Soil Biodiversity Studies |
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250 | (3) |
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7.8 Why Is Soil Diversity So High? |
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253 | (1) |
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7.9 Biogeographical Trends in Diversity of Soil Organisms |
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253 | (2) |
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8 Future Developments in Soil Ecology |
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255 | (1) |
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8.2 Roles of Soils in Carbon Sequestration |
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255 | (3) |
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8.3 Roles of Soils in the Global Carbon Cycle |
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258 | (4) |
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8.4 Problems in Modeling Soil Carbon Dynamics |
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262 | (4) |
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8.5 Biological Interactions in Soils and Global Change |
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266 | (3) |
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8.6 Ecology of Invasive Species in Soil Systems: An Increasing Problem in Soil Ecology |
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269 | (4) |
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8.7 Soils and "Gaia": Possible Mechanisms for Evolution of "the Fitness of the Soil Environment?" |
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273 | (3) |
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8.8 Importance of Natural History Collections to Informing Global Change Studies in the Future |
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276 | (1) |
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8.9 Soil Ecology in the Third Millennium |
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277 | (6) |
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9 Laboratory and Field Exercises in Soil Ecology |
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283 | (1) |
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9.2 Root-Related Exercises |
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283 | (4) |
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9.3 Process-Related Exercises |
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287 | (3) |
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9.4 Soil Microbe and Protozoan Exercises |
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290 | (6) |
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296 | (17) |
References |
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313 | (48) |
Index |
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361 | |