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Fundamentals of Wind Farm Aerodynamic Layout Design [Pehme köide]

Farschad Torabi (Assistant Professor, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran)

Formaat: Paperback / softback, 372 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 590 g, Approx. 150 illustrations; Illustrations
Sari: Wind Energy Engineering
Ilmumisaeg: 26-Jan-2022
Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
ISBN-10: 0128230169
ISBN-13: 9780128230169

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Formaat: Paperback / softback, 372 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 590 g, Approx. 150 illustrations; Illustrations
Sari: Wind Energy Engineering
Ilmumisaeg: 26-Jan-2022
Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
ISBN-10: 0128230169
ISBN-13: 9780128230169

Teised raamatud teemal:

Alternative & renewable energy sources & technology

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780128230169.html

Märksõnad:

Fundamentals of Wind Farm Aerodynamic Layout Design, Volume Four provides readers with effective wind farm design and layout guidance through algorithm optimization, going beyond other references and general approaches in literature. Focusing on interactions of wake models, designers can combine numerical schemes presented in this book which also considers wake models’ effects and problems on layout optimization in order to simulate and enhance wind farm designs. Covering the aerodynamic modeling and simulation of wind farms, the book's authors include experimental tests supporting modeling simulations and tutorials on the simulation of wind turbines.

In addition, the book includes a CFD technique designed to be more computationally efficient than currently available techniques, making this book ideal for industrial engineers in the wind industry who need to produce an accurate simulation within limited timeframes.

Features novel CFD modeling
Offers global case studies for turbine wind farm layouts
Includes tutorials on simulation of wind turbine using OpenFoam

Preface

xiii

1 Wind energy

1.1 History of wind turbines

(1)

1.2 Pros and cons of wind energy

(2)

1.3 Trend of wind energy in the world

(1)

1.4 Wind turbine types

(6)

1.4.1 Horizontal-axis wind turbine

(2)

1.4.2 Vertical-axis wind turbine

(4)

1.5 Wind turbine components

(12)

1.5.1 Blades, hub, and low-speed shaft

(2)

1.5.2 Generator

(1)

1.5.3 Gearbox and high-speed shaft

(1)

1.5.4 Tower

(1)

1.5.5 Yaw systems

(1)

1.5.6 Anemometer

(3)

1.5.7 Brakes

(1)

1.5.8 Fluctuation monitoring systems

(1)

1.5.9 Lubrication system

(1)

1.5.10 Foundation

(1)

1.5.11 Other components

(1)

1.6 Summary

(1)

1.7 Problems

(3)

References

(2)

2 Wind properties and power generation

2.1 Atmospheric properties

(10)

2.1.1 Global wind direction

(2)

2.1.2 Turbulence

(1)

2.1.3 Variation of wind with height

(7)

2.2 Statistical study of wind

(13)

2.2.1 Mean and variance

(3)

2.2.2 Probability

(5)

2.2.3 Wind rose chart

(2)

2.3 Wind power

(7)

2.3.1 Power of a wind element

(1)

2.3.2 Power of an ideal turbine, actuator disc model

(3)

2.3.3 Betz's limit

(2)

2.4 Efficiency of wind turbine components

(15)

2.4.1 Efficiency of blades or coefficient of performance

(2)

2.4.2 Efficiency of gearbox

(2)

2.4.3 Efficiency of generator

(1)

2.4.4 Overall efficiency

(10)

2.5 Yearly gained energy of a wind turbine

(2)

2.6 The capacity factor of a wind turbine

(1)

2.7 Summary

(1)

2.8 Problems

(4)

References

(3)

3 Basics of aerodynamics

3.1 Airfoils

(3)

3.1.1 NACA series

(1)

3.1.2 NREL

(1)

3.1.3 Other types

(1)

3.2 Aerodynamic forces on an airfoil

(6)

3.3 Aerodynamic forces on a blade

(2)

3.4 Generated vortex behind a wind turbine

(3)

3.5 Blade element method

(7)

3.6 Blades with different airfoils

(1)

3.7 Simulation of wind turbines

100

(7)

3.7.1 Stall-regulated wind turbines

100

(4)

3.7.2 Pitch-controlled wind turbines

104

(3)

3.8 Summary

107

(1)

3.9 Problems

107

(5)

References

109

(3)

4 Wind turbine wake and its role in farm design

4.1 Wake generation of a wind turbine

112

(4)

4.2 Conventional wake models

116

(25)

4.2.1 Jensen's model

116

(4)

4.2.2 Frandsen's model

120

(7)

4.2.3 Larsen model

127

(9)

4.2.4 Ghadirian model

136

(5)

4.3 Gained energy of a farm

141

(1)

4.4 Optimization

142

(2)

4.5 Summary

144

(1)

4.6 Problems

145

(6)

References

146

(5)

5 Analytical model based on similarity solution

5.1 Turbulent free-shear wake

151

(1)

5.2 Self-similarity method

151

(3)

5.3 Similarity solution for a single wind turbine

154

(7)

5.3.1 Initial wake profile just behind the wind turbine

154

(4)

5.3.2 Calculation of wake expansion radius and velocity deficit at axis line

158

(3)

5.4 Wake interaction

161

(3)

5.5 Simulation of a wind farm

164

(2)

5.5.1 Wind profile just behind a wind turbine

164

(1)

5.5.2 Wake profile at far distances behind the wind turbine

165

(1)

5.6 Simulation of wind farms

166

(10)

5.6.1 Four wind turbines in a row

166

(3)

5.6.2 A 4 × 4 wind farm

169

(7)

5.7 The gained energy of a wind farm

176

(6)

5.8 Summary

182

(1)

5.9 Problems

182

(6)

References

183

(5)

6 Numerical simulation of a wind turbine

6.1 Basic fluid dynamics concepts

188

(4)

6.1.1 Governing equations of fluid flow

189

(1)

6.1.2 Turbulence

190

(2)

6.1.3 Wake

192

(1)

6.2 Different types of modeling

192

(4)

6.2.1 Full rotor

193

(1)

6.2.2 Actuator line

194

(1)

6.2.3 Actuator disc

195

(1)

6.3 Development of actuator disc method using OpenFOAM

196

(5)

6.3.1 Geometry and mesh generation using BlockMesh

196

(2)

6.3.2 Source term definition

198

(1)

6.3.3 Turbulence modeling

199

(1)

6.3.4 Solver selection and settings

200

(1)

6.4 Modified actuator disc

201

(2)

6.4.1 Radial load distribution

201

(1)

6.4.2 Modified source term

202

(1)

6.5 Simulation example

203

(8)

6.5.1 Numerical model

203

(1)

6.5.2 Computational domain

204

(1)

6.5.3 Boundary conditions

204

(1)

6.5.4 Grid sensitivity

205

(1)

6.5.5 Results

206

(5)

6.6 Summary

211

(2)

6.7 Problems

213

(3)

References

213

(3)

7 Numerical simulation of a wind farm

7.1 Wind farm layout generation

216

(3)

7.1.1 Automatic layout generation

216

(2)

7.1.2 Upstream velocity

218

(1)

7.2 Simulation example: Horns Rev offshore wind farm

219

(7)

7.2.1 Numerical settings

220

(1)

7.2.2 Boundary conditions

220

(1)

7.2.3 Computational domain and mesh study

221

(1)

7.2.4 Results

222

(4)

7.3 Summary

226

(2)

7.4 Problems

228

(3)

References

228

(3)

8 Optimization for wind farm layout design

8.1 Optimization algorithms

231

(1)

8.2 Cost function and constraints

232

(4)

8.3 Coupling of optimization methods and wake models

236

(1)

8.4 Some worked examples

237

(8)

8.4.1 Optimization for a constant-direction wind

238

(3)

8.4.2 Optimization for a real case

241

(2)

8.4.3 Optimization of a 4 × 4 wind farm

243

(2)

8.5 Applying additional constraints

245

(3)

8.6 Summary

248

(1)

8.7 Problems

248

(7)

References

252

(3)

A Ancient Persian wind turbines

References

255

(3)

B Wind turbine airfoils

B.1 NACA families

258

(3)

B.2 FFA family

261

(1)

B.3 Riso family

262

(2)

B.4 DU family

264

(1)

B.5 FX family

265

(1)

B.6 NREL family

266

(1)

B.7 Summary

267

(2)

References

268

(1)

C Some wind turbine specifications

C.1 Enercon E-16

269

(1)

C.2 Enercon E-18

270

(1)

C.3 Nordtank NTK 150

271

(2)

C.4 Nordtank NTK 200

273

(1)

C.5 Vestas V27

273

(1)

C.6 Vestas V29

274

(1)

C.7 Micon M 530

275

(1)

C.8 Enercon E-30

276

(1)

C.9 Nordtank NTK 400

277

(1)

C.10 Vestas V39

278

(1)

C.11 Nordtank NTK 500/41

279

(2)

C.12 Vestas V44

281

(1)

C.13 Enercon E-40/6.44

282

(1)

C.14 Wincon W755/48

283

(1)

C.15 VergnetCEV HP 1000/62

284

(1)

C.16 Siemens SVVT-1.3-62

285

(1)

C.17 Vestas V80 2 MW

285

(1)

C.18 Vestas V90 2 MW

286

(1)

C.19 Eno Energy Eno 100

287

(1)

C.20 Siemens SWT-2.3-93 Offshore

288

(1)

C.21 Mapna MWT2.5-103-I

288

(2)

C.22 Siemens SWT-4.0-130

290

(1)

C.23 Siemens SWT-6.0-154

291

(1)

C.24 Aerodyn-8.0MW

291

(1)

C.25 AMSCwt10000dd SeaTitan

292

(1)

C.26 Summary

293

(2)

References

293

(2)

D Sample wind farms

D.1 A 4-in-a-row wind farm

295

(1)

D.2 A 4 × 4 wind farm

295

(1)

D.3 Horns Rev wind farm

296

(1)

D.4 Aghkand wind farm in Iran

297

(8)

References

299

(6)

E Optimization methods

Mehrzad Alizadeh

E.1 Crow search algorithm

305

(4)

E.2 Whale optimization algorithm

309

(4)

E.3 Teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm

313

(2)

E.4 Particle swarm optimization algorithm

315

(7)

E.5 Genetic algorithm

322

(4)

E.6 Summary

326

(1)

References

326

(1)

F Implementing optimization methods in C++

F.1 Genetic algorithm (GA)

327

(10)

F.2 Particle swarm optimization (PSO)

337

(12)

G Implementing blade element momentum method in C

Index

349

Farschad Torabi is an assistant professor at K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran. His research interests include renewable energies, batteries and electrochemical systems. His background is in mechanical engineering and his research agenda addresses numerical simulation, using a combination of computational fluid mechanics and analytical methods.

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