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Genetic Improvement of Farmed Animals [Pehme köide]

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(Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), UK and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya), (International Livestock Research In), (Royal Veterinary College, UK), (University of Edinburgh, UK), (University of Edinburgh, UK)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 496 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 246x189x26 mm, kaal: 1400 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: CABI Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1789241715
  • ISBN-13: 9781789241716
Teised raamatud teemal:
Genetic Improvement of Farmed AnimalsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 496 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 246x189x26 mm, kaal: 1400 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: CABI Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1789241715
  • ISBN-13: 9781789241716
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781789241716.html
Märksõnad:
This text provides a thorough grounding in the basic sciences underpinning current farmed animal breeding practice. It relates science to practical application in all the major farmed animal species: cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs and fish.

Comprehensive, yet concise and approachable, Genetic Improvement of Farmed Animals provides a thorough grounding in the basic sciences underpinning current farmed animal breeding practice. Relating science to practical application, it covers all the major farmed animal species: cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs and fish. The book:
  • Provides a comprehensive coverage from genetics, analysis and strategies for improvement to response to selection, new technologies and predicting breeding values;
  • Uses examples in temperate and tropical systems, sustainability and biodiversity to turn theory into practical applications;
  • Outlines current practice and future directions to leave readers completely up to date.
Based on the previous bestseller, Genetic Improvement of Cattle and Sheep, this book has been completely revised, expanded and redesigned to be an essential textbook for undergraduate, masters and early postgraduate level students in agriculture, animal and veterinary science.

Muu info

Suitable for students in agriculture, animal and veterinary sciences.
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 The origins and roles of today's livestock breeds
1(10)
Natural Selection and Evolution
1(1)
Domestication
1(2)
Livestock Breeds and Their Origins
3(4)
The Roles of Livestock
7(2)
Summary
9(2)
2 Genes, Genetic Codes and Genetic Variation
11(48)
Introduction
11(1)
Chromosomes and Genes
11(2)
The Structure and Function of Genes
13(1)
DNA and genetic codes
13(4)
Loci and alleles
17(1)
Transfer of genetic codes during cell division
18(1)
Mitosis
18(1)
Meiosis
19(2)
Mutation
21(1)
Tracking genes across generations
21(1)
Genes, Genotypes and Phenotypes
22(2)
Predicting the outcome of matings among different genotypes
24(2)
Genotype and gene (or allele) frequencies
26(1)
Sources of genetic variation between animals
27(2)
Types of Gene Action
29(1)
Additive and non-additive gene action
29(1)
Co-dominance, no dominance or additive gene action
29(2)
Complete dominance
31(2)
Partial dominance
33(1)
Overdominance
33(1)
Other types of gene action and inheritance
33(1)
Sex-linked genes
33(1)
Sex-limited gene action
34(1)
Sex-influenced gene action
34(1)
Genomic imprinting
34(1)
Pleiotropy
35(1)
Epistasis
35(1)
Incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity
36(1)
Cytoplasmic or mitochondrial inheritance
37(1)
Names and abbreviations of genes
37(1)
The Nature of Traits of Interest in Farmed Animals
38(1)
Qualitative and quantitative traits
38(1)
Genetic and environmental influences
38(1)
Traits affected by single genes
39(1)
Traits affected by many genes
40(4)
Measuring Variation in Performance
44(4)
Measuring Associations Between Traits and Between Animals
48(3)
Phenotypic, Genetic and Environmental Associations
51(3)
Summary
54(5)
3 Strategies for Genetic Improvement
59(38)
Introduction
59(1)
The Structure of Livestock Breeding Industries
60(4)
Selection Between Breeds or Breed Types
64(5)
Selection Within Breeds or Breed Types
69(1)
Requirements for within-breed selection
70(2)
Factors affecting rates of improvement
72(1)
Selection for more than one trait
73(3)
Crossbreeding
76(1)
Reasons for crossing
76(5)
Types of heterosis
81(1)
Systems of crossing
82(5)
Conservation of Genetic Resources
87(1)
Why conserve rare breeds?
88(1)
Which breeds should be conserved?
89(1)
Methods of conservation
90(2)
Summary
92(5)
4 What Affects Response to Selection Within Breeds?
97(31)
Introduction
97(1)
Factors Affecting Rates of Genetic Gain
98(1)
Selection differential
98(1)
Heritability
98(2)
Generation interval
100(1)
A more useful formula for predicting response
101(4)
The link between selection intensity and generation interval
105(2)
Using information from relatives
107(2)
Accuracy of selection
109(1)
Additive genetic standard deviation
110(2)
A practical example
112(1)
Using repeated records of performance
113(2)
Predicting correlated responses to selection
115(1)
Limitations of these predictions
116(1)
Reduction in variation following selection
116(1)
Selection limits
117(1)
Variation in response
117(1)
Controlling Inbreeding
117(6)
Summary
123(2)
Appendix
125(1)
References
125(3)
5 Tools and Technologies in Animal Breeding
128(50)
Introduction
128(1)
Reproductive Technologies
129(1)
Artificial insemination
130(1)
Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer
130(2)
In vitro production of embryos
132(1)
Semen and embryo sexing
133(2)
Embryo cloning
135(2)
Surrogate sire technology
137(1)
Value of reproductive technologies in genetic improvement
137(1)
Molecular Genetic Tools
138(1)
Linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes
139(1)
Laboratory methodology
139(5)
Genome mapping
144(1)
Whole genome sequencing methods
145(1)
Sequence databases
146(1)
Current status of livestock genomes
147(2)
Genome annotation
149(1)
Use of molecular markers in selection
150(1)
Choice of markers
150(2)
Establishing a link between a marker and a trait of interest
152(1)
An example of marker assisted introgression
152(2)
An example of marker assisted selection
154(1)
Genome-wide association studies
155(1)
Signatures of selection
156(1)
Genomic selection
157(1)
Genotype imputation
158(1)
Genetic engineering
159(2)
Genome editing
161(2)
Modern Data Capture Tools
163(1)
Milk mid-infrared spectral data
163(1)
Sensors for health, reproduction and live weight traits
164(1)
Automated systems for measuring feed intake
164(1)
In vivo prediction of carcass traits
165(1)
Video image analysis/computer vision to measure weight, conformation and carcass traits
166(1)
Measuring greenhouse gas emissions
167(1)
Use of mobile apps to capture phenotypic data
167(1)
Summary
168(10)
6 Analysing Genetic Variation in Farm Animals
178(15)
Introduction
178(1)
Estimating Heritability
178(1)
Additive variance
178(1)
Observational and causal variances
179(1)
Sire-based methods
180(1)
Animal model
181(1)
Alternative models
182(1)
Additional causal components of variance
183(1)
Estimating Non-Additive Parameters, Correlations and Genotype-by-Environment Interactions
184(1)
Non-additive components of variance
184(1)
Genetic correlations
184(1)
Genotype-by-environment interactions
185(1)
Random regression
186(1)
Software solutions
187(1)
Molecular Genetics and Trait Variation
187(1)
Calculating inbreeding using SNP markers
188(1)
Summary
189(4)
7 Predicting Breeding Values
193(41)
Introduction
193(1)
Performance Data and Pedigrees
193(1)
Management of Candidates for Selection
194(1)
Adjusting Records of Performance
195(1)
Additive correction factors
195(1)
Multiplicative correction factors
195(1)
Standardising to adjust records
196(1)
Principles of Breeding Values and Indexes
196(1)
Clues to an animal's breeding value
196(1)
Calculating PBVs
197(1)
Using the animal's own performance
197(1)
Using information from relatives
197(4)
Selection Indexes
201(1)
Combining information from relatives on a single trait
201(1)
Combing information on different traits
201(3)
A practical example
204(1)
Predicting Breeding Values Using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction
205(1)
How BLUP works
206(3)
BLUP models
209(1)
Direct and maternal genetic effects
210(2)
Single and multi-trait BLUP
212(1)
Random regression models
212(2)
Social interaction model
214(1)
Estimates of Heritabilities and Correlations for PBV Calculations
214(1)
Genomic Prediction of Breeding Values
214(2)
Models for genomic prediction and selection
216(1)
GBLUP
216(1)
SNP-BLUP
216(1)
Single step procedure
217(1)
Benefits of BLUP
217(1)
Using Economic Values with BLUP
218(1)
Scale of Presentation of Genetic Merit
219(1)
Accuracies and Reliabilities
220(4)
Publishing Results
224(1)
Genetic bases
224(1)
International Evaluations and Conversions
224(1)
International evaluations
225(1)
International conversions
226(1)
Summary
227(7)
8 Dairy Cattle Breeding
234(58)
Introduction
234(1)
Breeding Goals
234(5)
Breeds and Crosses Used in Dairying
239(4)
Selection Within Breeds
243(1)
Systems of testing
243(1)
Progeny testing schemes
243(1)
How progeny testing works
244(3)
Pathways of genetic improvement with progeny testing
247(1)
Pros and cons of progeny testing
248(1)
Genomic selection
249(2)
Relationship between genomic breeding values of young bulls and their subsequent progeny test results
251(1)
Nucleus breeding schemes
252(1)
Theoretical benefits
252(1)
Nucleus schemes in the genomic era
253(1)
Traits recorded
253(1)
Milk recording
253(3)
Type traits
256(3)
Claw disease traits
259(1)
Reproduction, health and workability
260(3)
Feed intake, feed efficiency, live weight and body condition
263(2)
Climate change mitigation and adaptation traits
265(1)
Methane emissions
265(1)
Milk urea nitrogen
265(1)
Heat tolerance
266(1)
Methods and results of genetic evaluation
266(1)
Milk production traits
266(3)
Other traits
269(3)
Indexes of overall economic merit
272(3)
Evidence of genetic improvement and its value
275(2)
Genotype-by-environment interactions
277(5)
Practical Guidelines on Selection
282(1)
Summary
283(9)
9 Beef Cattle Breeding
292(27)
Introduction
292(1)
Breeding Goals
292(3)
Beef breeding goals in dairy and dual-purpose breeds
295(1)
Terminal sires for use in dairy herds and specialised beef herds
295(2)
Breeding replacement females for specialized beef herds
297(1)
Smallholder and pastoral systems in lower income countries
298(1)
Breeds and Crosses Used in Beef Production
299(2)
Selection within breeds
301(1)
Systems of testing
301(1)
Performance testing
301(1)
Progeny testing
302(1)
Other breeding schemes
303(1)
Traits recorded
304(3)
Methods and results of genetic evaluation
307(1)
Overview
307(1)
Evaluations across herds, breeds and countries
308(1)
Indexes of overall economic merit
309(1)
Evidence of genetic improvement and its value
310(1)
Estimates of genetic change
310(1)
Value of genetic improvement
311(1)
Genotype x Environment Interactions
312(1)
Practical Guidelines on Selection
312(1)
Selection between breeds or crosses
313(1)
Selection of bulls (or semen) for use in a purebred herd
313(1)
Selection of replacement females in a purebred herd
313(1)
Selection of replacement bulls and cows for a commercial herd
313(1)
Summary
314(5)
10 Sheep and Goat Breeding
319(47)
Introduction
319(1)
Breeding goals
320(1)
Meat production
320(5)
Wool production
325(2)
Milk production
327(1)
Additional breeding goals
328(1)
Multi-purpose breeding goals
329(1)
Breeds and Crosses Used in Sheep Production
330(1)
Meat production
330(1)
Wool production
331(1)
Dual-purpose meat and wool production
332(1)
Milk production
333(1)
Goat Breeds
334(1)
Selection Within Breeds
334(1)
Meat production
334(1)
Systems of testing
334(4)
Traits recorded
338(4)
Methods and results of genetic evaluation
342(2)
Use of Indexes of overall economic merit
344(3)
Evidence of genetic improvement and its value
347(4)
Wool production
351(1)
Systems of testing
351(2)
Traits recorded
353(1)
Methods of genetic evaluation
354(1)
Use of indexes of overall economic merit
354(1)
Evidence of genetic improvement and its value
354(2)
Milk production
356(1)
Use of genomics in sheep and goat breeding
357(1)
Genotype x Environment Interactions
358(1)
Practical Guidelines on Selection
358(1)
Selection between breeds or crosses
359(1)
Selection of rams, bucks or semen for use in a purebred flock or herd
359(1)
Selection of replacement females in a purebred flock or herd
360(1)
Selection of replacement males and females for commercial flocks or herds
360(1)
Summary
360(6)
11 Poultry Breeding
366(27)
Introduction
366(1)
The Global Poultry Sector
366(1)
Breeding Goals
366(1)
Meat production
366(2)
Selection for early growth, feed conversion and carcass composition
368(1)
Selection for health and welfare traits
369(1)
Selection for adult traits
370(1)
Egg production
370(1)
Legislative framework
370(1)
Consumer preferences
371(1)
Housing systems
371(1)
Layer breeding objectives and criteria
372(1)
Selection for egg traits
372(1)
Selection for health traits
372(1)
Selection for social and behavioural traits
373(1)
Future selection goals
373(1)
Breeds, Crosses and Hybrid Lines Used in Poultry Production
373(1)
Genetic Improvement Strategies in Large-Scale Chicken Production Systems
374(1)
Overview
374(1)
Meat production
375(1)
Health traits in broilers
375(1)
Male and female traits in broilers
376(2)
Methods and results of genetic evaluation in broilers
378(2)
Use of indexes of overall economic merit in broilers
380(1)
Using genomics in broiler production
381(1)
Evidence of genetic change in broilers
382(2)
Egg production
384(1)
Welfare of layers
384(1)
Layer breeding structures
385(1)
Methods and results of genetic evaluation in layers
386(1)
Use of indexes of overall economic merit in layers
386(1)
Using genomics in layers
387(1)
Evidence of genetic improvement in layers
388(1)
Practical Guidelines on Selection
388(1)
Summary
389(4)
12 Pig Breeding
393(21)
Introduction
393(1)
The Global Pig Sector
393(1)
Pig-meat Value Chains
393(1)
Breeding Objectives
394(1)
Drivers of profitability
394(1)
Historical and modern breeding objectives
395(2)
Breeds and Lines Used in Pig Production
397(2)
Genetic Improvement Strategies within Large-scale Pig-production Systems Typical of Developed Countries
399(1)
Overview
399(1)
Systems of testing
400(1)
Breeding companies
400(1)
National genetic improvement programmes
400(1)
Breed societies
401(1)
Traits recorded
401(4)
Methods of Genetic Evaluation
405(1)
Use of Indexes
406(1)
Evidence of Genetic Improvement and its Value
406(1)
Genetic Improvement Strategies Within the Smallholder Pig Sectors
407(1)
Use of reproductive technologies in dissemination of improved genetics
408(1)
Practical Guidelines on Selection
408(1)
Summary
409(5)
13 Aquaculture Breeding
414(21)
Introduction
414(1)
Aquaculture: Global Status and Trends
414(1)
Aquaculture Versus Terrestrial Livestock
414(2)
The Potential of Selective Breeding
416(1)
History of Selective Breeding in Aquaculture
417(1)
Atlantic salmon breeding programmes
417(1)
Breeding programmes for other aquaculture species
418(4)
Disease resistance as a primary target trait
422(2)
Genotype x Environment Interactions
424(1)
Reproductive Technologies in Aquaculture Production
425(1)
Use of Genomic Technology in Aquaculture Breeding
426(1)
Molecular markers
426(1)
Genomic selection
426(1)
Possibilities for genome editing
427(1)
Practical Guidelines on Selection
427(1)
Summary
428(7)
14 Future Directions
435(14)
Introduction
435(1)
Towards Sustainable Livestock Production
436(1)
Economic dimension
436(1)
Environmental dimension
436(5)
Societal dimension
441(1)
Ethical implications of livestock breeding
441(4)
Tailpiece
445(1)
Summary
445(4)
Appendix: Values of selection intensity for different proportions of animals selected 449(4)
Glossary of Technical Terms 453(16)
Index 469
Raphael Mrode is Professor of Quantitative Genetics and Genomics at Scotland's Rural College and Principal Scientist in Quantitative Genetics in Dairy Cattle at the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. He has been lecturing on Edinburgh University's Masters course on quantitative genetics and genome analysis since 2005, and has given lectures on mixed linear models and the use of various BLUP models for genetic prediction. His research interests include data modelling and analysis, the incorporation of molecular information in genetic evaluation procedures, the application of innovative approaches for data capture, analysis and feedback and investigating methods for generating alternative and novel phenotypes in small dairy systems in developing countries.