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Giant Resonances: Fundamental High-Frequency Modes of Nuclear Excitation [Kõva köide]

(, Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Groningen), (, Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Groningen)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 656 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 242x161x38 mm, kaal: 1060 g, numerous line figures
  • Sari: Oxford Studies in Nuclear Physics 24
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-May-2001
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198517335
  • ISBN-13: 9780198517337
  • Formaat: Hardback, 656 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 242x161x38 mm, kaal: 1060 g, numerous line figures
  • Sari: Oxford Studies in Nuclear Physics 24
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-May-2001
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198517335
  • ISBN-13: 9780198517337
Presenting the current state of knowledge concerning giant resonances, this book describes experimental techniques and findings. It also considers the place of this information in theoretical frameworks, and the implications of such studies for other questions in physics. An introductory essay provides an overview of the field. Other chapters outline the history of the study of giant resonances and describe some prospects for future research. Harakeh teaches nuclear physics at Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut Groningen. Van der Woude is professor emeritus at the same institution, also in the field of nuclear physics. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Giant resonances are collective excitations of the atomic nucleus, a typical quantum many-body system. The study of these fundamental modes has in many respects contributed to our understanding of the bulk behavior of the nucleus and of the dynamics of non-equilibrium excitations. Although the phenomenon of giant resonances has been known for more than 50 years, a large amount of information has been obtained in the last 10 years. This book gives an up-to-date, comprehensive account of our present knowledge of giant resonances. It presents the experimental facts and the techniques used to obtain that information, describes how these facts fit into theoretical concepts and how this allows to determine various nuclear properties which are otherwise difficult to obtain. Included as an introduction is an overview of the main facts, a short history of how the field has developed in the course of time, and a discussion of future perspectives.
Introduction
1(38)
What is a giant resonance?
1(3)
Classification of giant-resonance modes
4(3)
Macroscopic picture
4(1)
Microscopic picture
4(3)
Historical overview
7(4)
First evidence for IVGDR excitation
7(1)
Further systematic studies of the IVGDR
7(2)
A `new' giant resonance
9(2)
The isoscalar giant resonances
11(4)
The ISGQR
12(1)
The isoscalar giant monopole resonance
12(3)
Other isoscalar multipole strength
15(1)
The isovector resonances
15(3)
The isovector giant quadrupole resonance (IVGQR)
16(1)
The isovector giant monopole resonance (IVGMR)
16(2)
Spin-flip or magnetic resonances
18(5)
General remarks
18(1)
The 0hω, L = 0 resonances
19(3)
The 1hω, ΔL = 1 transitions
22(1)
M2 strength
23(1)
2hω magnetic strength
23(1)
Damping of giant resonances
23(3)
The width T of the resonance
23(2)
Decay of the giant resonance
25(1)
Multiphonons
26(2)
GRs in hot nuclei
28(4)
Special topics
32(7)
The time scale associated with fission
32(2)
Neutron skin of nuclei
34(1)
The incompressibility of nuclear matter
35(2)
Multipole strength distribution in nuclei with a neutron excess
37(2)
Theoretical frameworks relevant for GR studies
39(58)
General concepts and sum rules
39(22)
Introduction
39(1)
Transition operators
39(7)
Transition rates and single-particle units
46(5)
Sum rules
51(7)
Transition densities
58(3)
Macroscopic models
61(5)
Surface vibrations
61(1)
Compression and polarisation modes
62(4)
Microscopic models
66(12)
Hartree-Fock method
66(2)
Tamm-Dancoff approximation (TDA)
68(4)
RPA
72(6)
Direct reaction theory relevant for GR studies
78(19)
Introduction
78(1)
Transition amplitudes
79(1)
Distorted waves (DWs)
80(2)
Coupled-channels method and distorted-wave Born approximation
82(2)
Optical potentials from folding models
84(5)
Transition potentials: folding and implicit-folding models
89(8)
Experimental methods used in GR studies
97(59)
Introduction
97(1)
Tools for isoscalar non-spin-flip transitions
98(28)
Inelastic α scattering
98(14)
Inelastic scattering of heavy ions at 30-100 MeV/u bombarding energies
112(7)
Inelastic proton scattering
119(7)
Tools for isovector non-spin-flip excitations
126(18)
Some general remarks
126(1)
γ-absorption: real photons
127(1)
Capture reactions
128(1)
Absorption of virtual photons: Coulomb excitation
129(10)
Charge-exchange reactions
139(5)
Tools for isoscalar and isovector excitations: (e,e')
144(4)
Tools for spin-flip resonances
148(8)
General remarks
148(1)
Hadronic probes for spin-flip transitions
149(1)
The (p, n) reaction
150(2)
The (n, p) reaction
152(1)
The (3He, t) reaction
153(2)
The (t, 3He) reaction
155(1)
Properties of isoscalar electric GRs
156(47)
Introduction
156(1)
The isoscalar giant monopole resonance
156(14)
Introduction
156(1)
The data for A ≥ 90 nuclei
157(2)
The ISGMR in light nuclei
159(10)
The ISGMR in light nuclei: concluding remarks
169(1)
Isoscalar ΔL = 1 strength
170(8)
Introduction
170(3)
1hω isoscalar dipole strength
173(1)
3hω isoscalar dipole strength
173(5)
The isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance (ISGQR)
178(10)
Introduction
178(1)
The ISGQR in A ≥ 90 nuclei
179(6)
The ISGQR in 40 ≤ A < 90 nuclei
185(2)
The ISGQR in 16 ≤ A < 40 nuclei
187(1)
Conclusion
188(1)
Isoscalar 3- strength
188(2)
Introduction
188(1)
1hω 3- strength: LEOR
189(1)
3hω 3- strength: HEOR
189(1)
Conclusion
190(1)
Isoscalar ΔL ≥ 4 strength
190(1)
The effect of deformation on the ISGQR and ISGMR
190(13)
Introduction
190(2)
Calculations on the effect of deformation for the ISGMR and ISGQR
192(7)
Experimental information on the ISGQR and ISGMR strength distributions in deformed nuclei
199(4)
Isovector electric GRs
203(53)
Introduction
203(5)
The isovector giant monopole resonance (IVGMR)
208(10)
Introduction
208(1)
Pion charge-exchange reactions
209(4)
Heavy-ion charge-exchange reactions
213(3)
Conclusion
216(2)
The isovector giant dipole resonance
218(25)
Introduction
218(1)
The giant dipole resonance in A < 50 nuclei
218(16)
The IVGDR in light nuclei
234(4)
Isospin effects
238(5)
The isovector giant quadrupole resonance (IVGQR)
243(13)
Introduction
243(2)
The IVGQR studied by interference effects in reactions involving photons
245(8)
The IVGQR in electron scattering
253(1)
Systematics of the IVGQR
254(2)
Spin-flip transitions in charge-exchange reactions
256(77)
Introduction: a qualitative discussion
256(2)
The Gamow-Teller resonance: the τ - channel
258(43)
Introduction
258(2)
The Gamow-Teller sum rule
260(3)
(p, n) reactions - reaction mechanism
263(13)
L = 0 strength from 0° (p, n) cross sections
276(14)
Spin-transfer information from polarisation experiments
290(5)
The (3He, t) reaction
295(6)
The GT resonance: the τ+ channel
301(6)
Introduction: the (n, p) and (t, 3He) channels
301(1)
The (n, p) reaction: experimental data
302(5)
The 1hω and 2hω spin-flip strength
307(22)
General features and calculated strength distributions
307(2)
Problems and probes
309(4)
The spin-isospin 1hω ΔL = 1 strength
313(12)
The spin-isospin 2hω strength
325(4)
Summary and conclusions
329(4)
The 0hω ΔL = 0 transitions
330(1)
The 1hω Δ = 1 transitions
331(1)
The evidence for 2hω ΔL = 0 1+ strength
332(1)
The evidence for 2hω ΔL = 2 strength
332(1)
Spin-flip strength from inelastic scattering
333(29)
Introduction
333(3)
The M1 strength
336(21)
Orbital and spin modes
336(1)
The M1 spin-flip modes
337(18)
The orbital M1 (scissors) mode
355(2)
The ΔL = 1 spin-flip strength
357(3)
Summary and conclusions
360(2)
Decay of GRs
362(61)
Introduction
362(3)
Theoretical concepts
365(13)
Compound and direct particle decay, the hybrid model
365(3)
Direct decay width
368(1)
Beyond the RPA: damping due to collisions
369(4)
The escape width in a model with collision damping
373(5)
Experiments on particle decay in A ≥ 90 nuclei
378(24)
Overview of experiments
378(1)
Experimental methods
379(2)
General features of a neutron-decay spectrum
381(2)
Statistical-model calculations for particle decay
383(3)
Quasi-free scattering and direct decay
386(2)
The case of 208Pb
388(11)
Evidence for pre-equilibrium decay
399(3)
Other GR decay modes in A ≥ 90 nuclei
402(6)
The γ-decay mode
402(3)
Fission decay of GRs in the actinide region
405(3)
Particle decay in A ≤ 90 nuclei
408(11)
General comments
408(1)
The decay of the IVGDR in A < 90 nuclei
408(4)
The decay of the ISGMR and ISGQR in A ≤ 90 nuclei
412(2)
α0 angular correlation functions with emphasis on 40Ca; multipole identification and branching ratio
414(5)
What did we learn from GR decay experiments?
419(4)
Main features of decay spectra
419(1)
Decay experiments and microscopic structure of GRs
420(1)
Multipole identification from decay experiments
421(2)
Multiphonons
423(50)
Introduction
423(5)
General remarks
423(3)
The one-dimensional harmonic vibrator
426(2)
Double-charge-exchange resonances
428(10)
General features
428(3)
Measurements on DCX reactions
431(7)
Multiphonon excitation in heavy-ion scattering
438(9)
Introduction
438(3)
Experimental observation of the two-phonon ISGQR in 40Ca
441(6)
Double-IVGDR Coulomb excitation
447(14)
Cross-section calculations
447(4)
Evidence for multiphonon excitation from inclusive reactions
451(3)
Direct observation of the DGDR in heavy-ion collisions
454(5)
Summary of DGDR experiments in relativistic heavy-ion scattering
459(2)
The cross-section problem
461(10)
The effect of the Pauli principle
462(2)
A microscopic calculation
464(1)
Macroscopic models mimicking anharmonic components
465(2)
Phonon mixing and non-linear effects in the excitation mechanism
467(2)
Phonon damping and DGDR excitation cross section
469(2)
Outlook
471(2)
The giant dipole resonance in hot nuclei
473(62)
Introduction
473(7)
General remarks
473(4)
Excitation and decay of hot nuclei: general remarks
477(2)
General features of a γ-decay spectrum
479(1)
Formation and decay of the initial system
480(10)
Introduction
480(1)
Statistical γ-decay and its relation to particle decay
481(4)
Formation of compound systems: reaction mechanism and excitation energy
485(5)
The dependence of IVGDR parameters on energy and spin
490(23)
The width of the IVGDR from shape changes and fluctuations
492(9)
Nucleon-nucleon collisions and the IVGDR width
501(6)
Nuclear shape and angular distribution of the IVGDR γ-decay
507(4)
How to distinguish experimentally Einit and Jinit effects
511(2)
Experimental results and their analysis
513(22)
Introduction
513(2)
Shape evolution as a function of J
515(5)
The IVGDR width as a function of the temperature T
520(6)
A phenomenological function of the IVGDR width Λ(T, J, A)
526(2)
Measurements at very high excitation energies
528(5)
What did we learn about the IVGDR in hot and fast-rotating nuclei?
533(2)
Some applications of GRs
535(48)
IVGDR γ-decay used as a time clock in fission
535(5)
The problem
535(2)
Fission delay time extracted from the 229Np* γ-spectrum
537(3)
The difference in neutron-proton radii, ΔRnp
540(17)
The challenge
540(2)
Isospin mixing in the ground state due to ΔRnp
542(1)
Experimental determination of ΔRnp through (α, α'): method I
542(10)
Experimental determination of ΔRnp through charge-exchange reactions: method II
552(5)
Isospin mixing at high excitation energies
557(1)
Incompressibility of nuclei and nuclear matter
558(14)
Incompressibility
558(3)
Nuclear incompressibilities
561(2)
From nuclear to nuclear-matter incompressibility
563(7)
Incompressibility and the ISGDR
570(2)
Multipole strength functions in unstable nuclei
572(11)
The quadrupole and dipole response functions for 28O
572(5)
The monopole response in Ca isotopes
577(2)
Experiments on multipole strength in nuclei with neutron excess
579(4)
Bibliography 583(34)
Index 617


Muhsin N. Harakeh, Professor of Nuclear Physics, Director of the Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Groningen Adriaan van der Woude, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Physics, Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Groningen