| Dedication |
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v | |
| Preface |
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vii | |
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xv | |
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cxxxiii | |
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Table of Statutory Instruments |
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cxxxix | |
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cxli | |
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1 Unjust Enrichment and Restitution |
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1 | (1) |
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2 Unjust Enrichment as a Legal Concept |
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6 | (3) |
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3 The Ingredients of a Claim in Unjust Enrichment |
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9 | (27) |
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4 Pleading Claims in Unjust Enrichment |
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36 | (8) |
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5 Other Procedural Matters |
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44 | |
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PART 2 JUSTIFYING GROUNDS |
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2 Justifying Grounds: Statutes, Judgments and Natural Obligations |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (6) |
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7 | (24) |
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3 Judgments and Court Orders |
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31 | (10) |
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41 | |
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3 Justifying Grounds: Contracts |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 Unjust Enrichment, Quasi-Contract and Contract |
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2 | (8) |
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3 Contract and Unjust Enrichment |
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10 | (26) |
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4 Breach of Contract and Unjust Enrichment |
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36 | (5) |
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5 Contractual Valuation of Benefits Conferred |
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41 | (18) |
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6 Contract and Unjust Enrichment in Multi-Party Cases |
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59 | |
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4 Enrichment: General Principles |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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2 Principles of Identification |
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3 | (5) |
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3 Principles of Valuation |
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8 | (18) |
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4 Proving and Disproving Enrichment |
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26 | (28) |
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54 | (10) |
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6 Joint and Several Enrichments |
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64 | (3) |
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7 Benefits Acquired in Exchange Transactions |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | |
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5 Enrichment: Types of Benefit |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (28) |
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30 | (6) |
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36 | (18) |
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5 Discharge of Obligations |
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54 | |
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PART 4 AT THE CLAIMANT'S EXPENSE |
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6 At the Claimant's Expense: Personal Claims |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (6) |
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2 Transfers of Value: Two-Party Cases |
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7 | (3) |
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3 Transfers of Value: Multiple-Party Cases |
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10 | (96) |
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4 Corresponding Loss and Gain |
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106 | |
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7 At the Claimant's Expense: Proprietary Claims |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (18) |
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19 | (7) |
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26 | |
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PART 5 GROUNDS FOR RESTITUTION |
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8 Lack of Consent and Want of Authority |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (4) |
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2 Conceptual Obstacles to Recognition |
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5 | (28) |
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33 | (62) |
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4 Three-Party Cases: Claims by C |
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95 | (86) |
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5 Three-Party Cases: Claims by X, the Intermediary |
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181 | (15) |
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6 Liability for Knowing Receipt |
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196 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (5) |
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2 The Nature of a Mistake |
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6 | (55) |
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61 | (5) |
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66 | (26) |
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5 The Quality of the Mistake |
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92 | (60) |
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152 | (5) |
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7 Disqualifying Circumstances |
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157 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (14) |
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2 Actual or Threatened Harm to the Person |
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15 | (5) |
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3 Improper Application of Legal Process |
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20 | (10) |
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30 | (11) |
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5 Money Paid to Obtain the Performance of a Public Duty: Demands Colore Officii |
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41 | (13) |
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54 | |
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11 Undue Influence and Unconscionable Bargains |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (53) |
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3 Relief from Unconscionable Bargains |
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58 | |
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12 Failure of Basis: General Principles |
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1 | (1) |
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1 Failure of Basis as a General Principle of Liability |
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1 | (1) |
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2 Historical Development of Failure of Basis |
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2 | (4) |
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3 Alternatives to a Claim in Unjust Enrichment for Failure of Basis |
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6 | (4) |
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10 | (6) |
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5 The Requirement of Total Failure |
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16 | |
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13 Failure of Basis: Bases of Transfer |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (14) |
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3 Failure of Basis as Failure of Counter-Performance |
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16 | (3) |
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4 Failure of Basis as Failure to Confer Expected Legal Rights |
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19 | (19) |
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5 Failure of Basis as Failure to Discharge the Transferor from Legal Liability |
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38 | |
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14 Failure of Basis: Deposits |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (12) |
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2 Equitable Relief against Forfeiture |
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13 | (17) |
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3 Statutory Regulation of Deposits in Sales of Land |
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30 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 The Background to the 1943 Act |
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2 | (9) |
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11 | |
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16 Anticipated Contracts that Do Not Materialise |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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2 The Basis of the Transfer |
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3 | (14) |
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17 | (2) |
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4 Claims Outside Unjust Enrichment |
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19 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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2 The Principle of Free Acceptance |
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3 | (3) |
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3 The Scope of Free Acceptance |
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6 | (3) |
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4 Elements of Free Acceptance |
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9 | (9) |
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18 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (31) |
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3 General Average Contribution |
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36 | (10) |
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4 Other Cases of Preservation of Property |
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46 | (16) |
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62 | (1) |
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6 Care of the Sick and Mentally Incapable |
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63 | (4) |
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67 | (4) |
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8 Towards a General Doctrine |
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71 | |
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19 Secondary Liability: Overview |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (4) |
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2 Mapping the Law of Contribution and Reimbursement |
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5 | (40) |
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3 Claims for Contribution and Reimbursement and Subrogation Claims |
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45 | |
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20 Secondary Liability: Contribution and Reimbursement |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 Claimant and Defendant Both Liable to the Third Party |
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2 | (16) |
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3 Third Party May Not Accumulate Recoveries |
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18 | (46) |
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4 Third Party Can Recover in Full from Claimant or Defendant |
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64 | (18) |
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5 Ultimate Burden Properly Borne by Defendant |
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82 | |
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21 Secondary Liability: Insurers' Subrogation Rights |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (6) |
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2 Historical Development of Subrogation in Insurance Law |
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7 | (8) |
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3 Rationales for Subrogation |
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15 | (9) |
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4 Preconditions for the Exercise of Subrogation Rights |
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24 | (13) |
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37 | (30) |
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67 | (26) |
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7 The Insured's Duty to Account for Third-Party Recoveries |
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93 | (14) |
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8 The Insured's Duty to Protect the Insurer's Position |
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107 | (7) |
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114 | |
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22 Money Paid as Taxes and Other Levies that are not Due |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (3) |
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2 Statutory Recovery Regimes |
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4 | (13) |
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17 | |
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23 Ultra Vires Payments by Public Bodies |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (26) |
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29 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (6) |
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7 | (6) |
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13 | (15) |
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4 Companies Acting Beyond Their Powers |
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28 | (3) |
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5 Unlawful Returns of Capital to Company Shareholders |
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31 | (8) |
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6 Payments Made Contrary to the Statutory Insolvency Regime |
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39 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (6) |
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2 Claimants Belonging to a Protected Class |
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7 | (11) |
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3 Withdrawal from Illegal Transactions |
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18 | |
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26 Benefits Conferred under Judgments and Orders that are Later Reversed |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (6) |
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7 | (25) |
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32 | (8) |
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40 | (14) |
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54 | (13) |
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67 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (6) |
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7 | (8) |
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15 | |
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29 Bona Fide Purchase and Good Consideration |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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2 Bona Fide Purchase as a Method of Acquiring Clear Legal Title to Property |
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3 | (9) |
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3 Bona Fide Purchase as a Defence to Claims in Unjust Enrichment |
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12 | (6) |
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18 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (4) |
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4 The Effect of the Defence |
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8 | |
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31 Counter-Restitution Impossible |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (5) |
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6 | (8) |
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14 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (5) |
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2 Passing On as a Statutory Defence |
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6 | (11) |
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3 Passing On at Common Law |
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17 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (3) |
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4 | (7) |
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11 | (7) |
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4 Postponement of the Date of Commencement |
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18 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (10) |
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11 | (21) |
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3 Private Corporations and Public Bodies |
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32 | |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (4) |
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2 Historical Development of the Illegality Defence |
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5 | (21) |
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26 | |
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4 Public Policy Considerations |
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10 | |
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36 Personal Remedies and Interest Awards |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 Personal Restitutionary Awards |
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2 | (10) |
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3 Pre-judgment Interest Awards |
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12 | (24) |
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36 | |
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37 Proprietary Remedies: General Principles |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (6) |
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7 | (20) |
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3 Immediately Vested Proprietary Rights and Powers in Rem |
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27 | (9) |
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4 Ownership and Security Interests |
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36 | (9) |
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45 | |
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38 Proprietary Remedies: Trusts and Liens |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (5) |
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2 Constructive and Resulting Trusts |
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6 | (10) |
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16 | (8) |
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24 | (8) |
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5 Event-Based Analysis of Constructive and Resulting Trusts |
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32 | (13) |
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45 | |
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39 Proprietary Remedies: Subrogation to Extinguished Proprietary Rights |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (4) |
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2 The Basic Nature of the Remedy |
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5 | (31) |
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36 | |
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40 Proprietary Remedies: Rescission and Rectification |
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1 | |
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1 | (5) |
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6 | (25) |
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31 | (992) |
| Index |
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1023 | |