| Preface |
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xv | |
| Chapter 1 Global Positioning System (GPS) Signal |
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1 | (40) |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (4) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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P and Coarse/Acquisition Codes |
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5 | (8) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Standard Positioning Service and Precise Positioning Service |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Telemetry and Handover Words |
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13 | (1) |
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Production of a Modulated Carrier Wave |
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13 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Chain of Electromagnetic Energy |
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16 | (3) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (3) |
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Encoding by Phase Modulation |
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19 | (3) |
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22 | (8) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (4) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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One Percent Rule of Thumb |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (11) |
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The Cycle Ambiguity Problem |
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30 | (1) |
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Carrier Phase Comparisons |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (9) |
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GPS and the Doppler Effect |
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32 | (1) |
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Carrier Phase Approximation |
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33 | (2) |
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Illustration of the Cycle Ambiguity Problem |
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35 | (6) |
| Chapter 2 Biases and Solutions |
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41 | (36) |
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41 | (12) |
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A Look at the Error Budget |
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41 | (1) |
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User Equivalent Range Error and User Range Error |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (4) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Ionospheric Stratification |
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43 | (1) |
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Satellite Elevation and Ionospheric Effect |
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44 | (1) |
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Magnitude of the Ionospheric Effect |
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44 | (1) |
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Group Delay and Phase Delay |
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44 | (1) |
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Different Frequencies Are Affected Differently |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Relativistic Effects on the Satellite Clock |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Forces Acting on the Satellites |
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47 | (1) |
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Tropospheric Effect dtrop |
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47 | (3) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (3) |
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Limiting the Effect of Multipath |
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51 | (1) |
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Antenna Design and Multipath |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (14) |
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Some Methods of Data Collection |
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53 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Between-Receivers Single Difference |
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56 | (1) |
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Between-Satellites Single Difference |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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59 | (2) |
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Components of the Carrier Phase Observable |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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Organization Is Essential |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Using a Processing Service |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (10) |
| Chapter 3 Framework |
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77 | (30) |
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Technological Forerunners |
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77 | (10) |
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77 | (1) |
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Terrestrial Radio Positioning |
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77 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Extraterrestrial Radio Positioning |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Very Long Baseline Interferometry |
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80 | (6) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Secure, Passive, and Global |
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84 | (1) |
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Expense and Frequency Allocation |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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GPS in Civilian Surveying |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Civil Applications of GPS |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (19) |
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88 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Bad Dilution of Precision |
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90 | (1) |
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Good Dilution of Precision |
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90 | (5) |
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Satellite Positions in Mission Planning |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (3) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (9) |
| Chapter 4 Receivers and Methods |
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107 | (22) |
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Common Features of Global Positioning System (GPS) Receivers |
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107 | (22) |
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A Block Diagram of a Code Correlation Receiver |
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107 | (1) |
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Receivers for GPS Surveying |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (4) |
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109 | (1) |
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Nearly Hemispheric Coverage |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Radio Frequency (RF) Section |
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111 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
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Multiplexing and Sequencing |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Carrier Phase Measurement |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Typical GPS Doppler Shift |
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114 | (2) |
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Continuously Integrated Doppler |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (11) |
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118 | (2) |
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Local and Network Accuracy |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Global Navigation Satellite System |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (7) |
| Chapter 5 Coordinates |
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129 | (58) |
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A Few Pertinent Ideas about Geodetic Datums for Global Positioning Systems |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Development of State Plane Coordinate Systems |
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129 | (1) |
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GPS Surveyors and Geodesy |
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130 | (1) |
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Some Geodetic Coordinate Systems |
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130 | (4) |
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Three-Dimensional (3-D) Cartesian Coordinates |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (3) |
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134 | (1) |
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Elements of a Geodetic Datum |
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134 | (1) |
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Deflection of the Vertical |
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134 | (1) |
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Geocentric, Geodetic, and Astronomic Latitude |
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135 | (4) |
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136 | (1) |
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Development of the Ellipsoidal Model |
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137 | (2) |
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Biaxial Ellipsoidal Model of the Earth |
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139 | (1) |
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Role of an Ellipsoid in a Datum |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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Measurement Technology and Datum Selection |
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139 | (2) |
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Position Derived from GPS |
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141 | (1) |
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Development of a Geocentric Model |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) |
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144 | (1) |
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North American Datum 1983 |
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144 | (7) |
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144 | (2) |
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Development of the North American Datum 1983 (NAD83) |
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146 | (1) |
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International Terrestrial Reference System |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Transformations from NAD27 to NAD83 |
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148 | (1) |
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Densification and Improvement of NAD83 |
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149 | (1) |
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High-Accuracy Reference Networks |
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149 | (1) |
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Continuously Operating Reference Stations |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (21) |
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NAD83 Positions and Plane Coordinates |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Secant and Cylindrical Projections |
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154 | (4) |
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Origin of State Plane Coordinates |
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156 | (2) |
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State Plane Coordinate System Map Projections |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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159 | (2) |
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State Plane Coordinates Scale and Distance |
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161 | (7) |
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Geodetic Lengths to Grid Lengths |
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161 | (7) |
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Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates |
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168 | (1) |
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Universal Transverse Mercator Zones of the World |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (15) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Evolution of a Vertical Datum |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (10) |
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179 | (8) |
| Chapter 6 Static Global Positioning System Surveying |
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187 | (54) |
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187 | (5) |
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A Few Words about Accuracy |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Control |
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192 | (3) |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Significance of the Information |
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195 | (1) |
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Control from Continuously Operating Networks |
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195 | (2) |
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NGS Continuously Operating Reference Stations |
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196 | (1) |
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NGS CORS Reference Points |
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197 | (1) |
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International Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Service (IGS) |
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197 | (1) |
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Static Survey Project Design |
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197 | (3) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (2) |
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200 | (2) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Some GPS Survey Design Facts |
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202 | (9) |
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202 | (9) |
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Position Dilution of Precision |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (3) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Receiver Capabilities and Baseline Length |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (5) |
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211 | (5) |
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Julian Day in Naming Sessions |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Finding the Number of Sessions |
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213 | (2) |
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Ties to the Vertical Control |
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215 | (1) |
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Static GPS Control Observations |
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216 | (25) |
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216 | (4) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (3) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Flagging and Describing the Monument |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (4) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Working around Obstructions |
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224 | (2) |
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Approximate Station Coordinates |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (1) |
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Daily Progress Evaluation |
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231 | (10) |
| Chapter 7 Real-Time Global Positioning System Surveying |
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241 | (24) |
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Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Differential GPS (DGPS) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (3) |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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Wide Area Augmentation Systems (WAAS) |
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246 | (1) |
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Application |
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247 | (2) |
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Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) |
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248 | (1) |
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Integer Cycle Ambiguity Fixing |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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Vertical Component in RTK |
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251 | (1) |
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Some Practical RTK Suggestions |
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252 | (1) |
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Real-Time Network Services |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (4) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Precise Point Positioning (PPP) |
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259 | (6) |
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260 | (1) |
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Real-Time Service (RTS-PPP) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (4) |
| Chapter 8 Global Positioning System Modernization and Global Navigation Satellite System |
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265 | (40) |
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Global Positioning System (GPS) Modernization |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (6) |
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Block I, Block II/HA, Block IIR, and Block III Satellites |
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265 | (6) |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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Power Spectral Density Diagrams |
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271 | (4) |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (9) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
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277 | (1) |
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Civil-Moderate (CM) and Civil-Long (CL) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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GPS Modernization Is Underway |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (4) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (3) |
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Code Division Multiple Access |
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287 | (1) |
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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (3) |
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291 | (1) |
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Galileo's Signals and Services |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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Interoperability between GPS, GLONASS, and GALILEO |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (3) |
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BeiDou's Signals and Services |
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295 | (2) |
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BeiDou's Control/Ground Segment |
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297 | (1) |
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Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) |
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297 | (2) |
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QZSS Control/Ground Segment |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (4) |
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GPS-Galileo-GLONASS Constellations |
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301 | (4) |
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301 | (4) |
| Glossary |
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305 | (24) |
| References |
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329 | (2) |
| Index |
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331 | |