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GPS for Land Surveyors 4th edition [Kõva köide]

(Van Sickle LLC, Denver, Colorado, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 366 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 740 g, 13 Tables, black and white; 114 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jun-2015
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 146658310X
  • ISBN-13: 9781466583108
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 366 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 740 g, 13 Tables, black and white; 114 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Jun-2015
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 146658310X
  • ISBN-13: 9781466583108
For more than a decade, GPS for Land Surveyors has been unique among other books on this topic due to its clear, straightforward treatment of the subject matter. Completely revised and updated, this fourth edition of a perennial bestseller maintains the user-friendly format that made previous editions so popular while addressing changes in hardware, software, and procedures. Neither simplistic nor overly technical, this book introduces the concepts needed to understand and use GPS and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).

See Whats New in the Fourth Edition:











Up-to-date information on GNSS and GPS modernization Changes in hardware, software, and procedures Comprehensive treatment of novel signals on new blocks of satellites (L5 and L2C)

The book minimizes your reliance on mathematical explanations and maximizes use of illustrations and examples that allow you to visualize and grasp key concepts. The author explains the progression of ideas at the foundation of satellite positioning and delves into some of the particulars. He keeps presentation practical, providing a guide to techniques used in GPS, from their design through observation, processings, real-time kinematic (RTK), and real-time networks. These features and more make it easier for you to meet the challenge of keeping up in this field.

Arvustused

" covers a full range of science and techniques used in the rapidly developing world of satellite positioning. The author has written eight chapters with accuracy, brevity, and clarity to ensure that the reader gains a comprehensive understanding of each topic. Many new learnings are included as well as a useful set of self-assessment exercises and explanations. For land surveyors, this essential reading is valuable as a foundation for the novice, continued professional learning for the experienced practitioner, and aide memoire for the expert. I recommend this book to my fellow surveyors, near and far." Michael Barnes, Past Chair, Association of Petroleum Surveying & Geomatics (www.apsg.info), Chair 2010-2020, APSG Education Foundation

" Dr. Van Sickle offers a rare combination of an advanced education along with practical experience in the field as a professional land surveyor. As GPS and other satellite positioning systems continue to evolve, I am happy to see Dr. Van Sickle release the Fourth edition of GPS for Land Surveyors. as GNSS technology continues to move towards wider market adoption of real-time, high-accuracy positioning techniques such as WADGPS, RTK, real-time PPP, I'm happy to see Chapter 7 devoted to Real-Time Global Positioning System Surveying." Eric Gakstatter, Geospatial Solutions

"I have recommended this text to many students, who were able to appreciate the clarity. Welcome then thank the author and the publisher for having proposed this update" Gabriele Garnero, Università e Politecnico di Torino E-mail

"I have never read the forerunners of this book, but this edition pleasantly surprised me. The author is not driven by impressing peers but is resolute in offering knowledge and skills to the reader. Indeed, the book has been written for land surveyors by a land surveyor, who has practiced surveying for over 40 years combined with teaching at universities and institutes of technology. He is determined to lead the reader through the nitty-gritty and pitfalls of GPS. Often he further explains a subject with a follow-up sentence starting "In other words" which is sometimes even repeated twice. Concepts are frequently explained by metaphors, e.g. the working of Kalman filtering is illustrated by comparing it to a car driver who interacts with the speedometer by depressing the accelerator. No formulas needed." GIM International, September 2015

"GPS for Land Surveyors, 4th edition, is concisely written and enhanced with updates in modern satellite navigation technologies. Dr. Van Sickle shows his extensive knowledge in satellite navigation and his ability to explain difficult concepts to a broad audience. Diagrams, figures and tables are an appropriate and concise illustration of topics. Targeted audiences should be able to gain thorough understanding of the purposes, background, process and practical aspects of GPS. It is an excellent class text or reference book in ones professional library. It is common to see a book about satellite navigation, but it is rare to see one catering to a specific profession. This book is unique and beneficial to have a copy for anyone pursuing a career in the land surveying and/or geospatial engineering industries." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, March 2016

Preface xv
Chapter 1 Global Positioning System (GPS) Signal 1(40)
GPS Signal Structure
1(18)
GPS and Trilateration
1(4)
Passive System
1(1)
Time
1(1)
Control
2(1)
Codes
2(1)
Wavelength and Frequency
3(1)
NAV Messages
3(2)
P and Coarse/Acquisition Codes
5(8)
Pseudorandom Noise
5(1)
P Code
5(1)
C/A Code
6(1)
Standard Positioning Service and Precise Positioning Service
6(1)
GPS Time
6(1)
Satellite Clocks
7(1)
GPS Week
8(2)
Julian Date
10(1)
Broadcast Ephemeris
10(1)
Atmospheric Correction
10(2)
Almanac
12(1)
Satellite Health
13(1)
Telemetry and Handover Words
13(1)
Production of a Modulated Carrier Wave
13(3)
EDM Ranging
13(1)
GPS Ranging
14(1)
Oscillators
15(1)
Chain of Electromagnetic Energy
16(3)
Phase Shift
17(2)
Two Observables
19(3)
Encoding by Phase Modulation
19(3)
Pseudoranging
22(8)
Propagation Delay
22(1)
Code Correlation
22(1)
Autocorrelation
23(1)
Correlation Peak
24(2)
Lock and the Time Shift
26(4)
Imperfect Oscillators
26(1)
A Pseudorange Equation
27(1)
One Percent Rule of Thumb
28(2)
Carrier Phase Ranging
30(11)
The Cycle Ambiguity Problem
30(1)
Carrier Phase Comparisons
31(1)
Beat
31(1)
Doppler Effect
32(9)
GPS and the Doppler Effect
32(1)
Carrier Phase Approximation
33(2)
Illustration of the Cycle Ambiguity Problem
35(6)
Chapter 2 Biases and Solutions 41(36)
Biases
41(12)
A Look at the Error Budget
41(1)
User Equivalent Range Error and User Range Error
41(1)
Ionospheric Effect dion
42(4)
Ionized Plasma
42(1)
Ionosphere and the Sun
42(1)
Ionospheric Stratification
43(1)
Satellite Elevation and Ionospheric Effect
44(1)
Magnitude of the Ionospheric Effect
44(1)
Group Delay and Phase Delay
44(1)
Different Frequencies Are Affected Differently
45(1)
Broadcast Correction
45(1)
Satellite Clock Bias dt
46(1)
Relativistic Effects on the Satellite Clock
46(1)
Satellite Clock Drift
46(1)
Receiver Clock Bias dT
47(1)
Typical Receiver Clocks
47(1)
Orbital Bias dp
47(1)
Forces Acting on the Satellites
47(1)
Tropospheric Effect dtrop
47(3)
Troposphere
48(2)
Multipath
50(3)
Limiting the Effect of Multipath
51(1)
Antenna Design and Multipath
51(2)
Receiver Noise
53(1)
Solutions
53(14)
Some Methods of Data Collection
53(2)
Static and Kinematic
53(1)
Single-Point
53(2)
Relative Positioning
55(1)
Differencing
55(1)
Between-Receivers Single Difference
56(1)
Between-Satellites Single Difference
57(1)
Double Difference
58(1)
Triple Difference
59(3)
Repairing Cycle Slips
59(2)
Components of the Carrier Phase Observable
61(1)
Post-Processing
62(2)
Correlation of Biases
63(1)
Organization Is Essential
63(1)
Control
64(1)
The First Position
64(2)
Least-Squares Adjustment
66(1)
Network Adjustment
66(1)
Using a Processing Service
67(1)
Summary
67(10)
Chapter 3 Framework 77(30)
Technological Forerunners
77(10)
Consolidation
77(1)
Terrestrial Radio Positioning
77(2)
Satellite Advantages
78(1)
Optical Systems
79(1)
Extraterrestrial Radio Positioning
79(1)
Prime Minitrack
80(1)
Very Long Baseline Interferometry
80(6)
TRANSIT
81(1)
Linking Datums
82(1)
System 621B and Timation
82(2)
NAVSTAR
84(1)
Requirements
84(1)
Secure, Passive, and Global
84(1)
Expense and Frequency Allocation
85(1)
Large Capacity Signal
85(1)
Satellite Constellation
85(1)
The Perfect System?
85(1)
GPS in Civilian Surveying
86(1)
Federal Specifications
86(1)
Interferometry
86(1)
Civil Applications of GPS
87(1)
GPS Segments
87(1)
Space Segment
87(1)
GPS Constellation
88(19)
Orbital Period
88(2)
Four-Minute Difference
88(1)
Dilution of Precision
89(1)
Bad Dilution of Precision
90(1)
Good Dilution of Precision
90(5)
Satellite Positions in Mission Planning
91(2)
Satellite Blocks
93(1)
Satellite Names
94(1)
GPS Satellites
95(1)
Control Segment
95(3)
Kalman Filtering
97(1)
User Segment
98(9)
Chapter 4 Receivers and Methods 107(22)
Common Features of Global Positioning System (GPS) Receivers
107(22)
A Block Diagram of a Code Correlation Receiver
107(1)
Receivers for GPS Surveying
107(1)
Antenna
107(4)
Bandwidth
109(1)
Nearly Hemispheric Coverage
110(1)
Antenna Orientation
110(1)
Height of Instrument
111(1)
Radio Frequency (RF) Section
111(3)
Channels
112(1)
Multiplexing and Sequencing
112(1)
Tracking Loops
112(1)
Pseudoranging
113(1)
Carrier Phase Measurement
113(1)
Carrier Tracking Loop
113(1)
Doppler Shift
113(1)
Typical GPS Doppler Shift
114(2)
Continuously Integrated Doppler
115(1)
Integer Ambiguity
115(1)
Signal Squaring
116(1)
Microprocessor
116(1)
Control and Display Unit
117(1)
Storage
117(1)
Power
117(1)
Battery Power
117(1)
Receiver Categories
118(11)
Recreation Receivers
118(2)
Local and Network Accuracy
120(1)
Mapping Receivers
121(1)
Global Navigation Satellite System
122(1)
Surveying Receivers
122(7)
Chapter 5 Coordinates 129(58)
A Few Pertinent Ideas about Geodetic Datums for Global Positioning Systems
129(1)
Plane Surveying
129(1)
Development of State Plane Coordinate Systems
129(1)
GPS Surveyors and Geodesy
130(1)
Some Geodetic Coordinate Systems
130(4)
Three-Dimensional (3-D) Cartesian Coordinates
130(1)
Polar Motion
131(3)
Latitude and Longitude
134(1)
Elements of a Geodetic Datum
134(1)
Deflection of the Vertical
134(1)
Geocentric, Geodetic, and Astronomic Latitude
135(4)
Datums
136(1)
Development of the Ellipsoidal Model
137(2)
Biaxial Ellipsoidal Model of the Earth
139(1)
Role of an Ellipsoid in a Datum
139(1)
Regional Ellipsoids
139(2)
Measurement Technology and Datum Selection
139(2)
Position Derived from GPS
141(1)
Development of a Geocentric Model
141(1)
Geoid
142(1)
Equipotential Surface
142(1)
Geoidal Undulation
143(1)
Modern Geocentric Datum
143(1)
World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84)
144(1)
North American Datum 1983
144(7)
NAD27
144(2)
Development of the North American Datum 1983 (NAD83)
146(1)
International Terrestrial Reference System
146(1)
ITRF, WGS84, and NAD83
147(1)
Management of NAD83
148(1)
Transformations from NAD27 to NAD83
148(1)
Densification and Improvement of NAD83
149(1)
High-Accuracy Reference Networks
149(1)
Continuously Operating Reference Stations
150(1)
State Plane Coordinates
151(21)
NAD83 Positions and Plane Coordinates
151(1)
Map Projection
151(2)
Distortion
153(1)
Decreasing Distortion
154(1)
Secant and Cylindrical Projections
154(4)
Origin of State Plane Coordinates
156(2)
State Plane Coordinate System Map Projections
158(1)
SPCS27 to SPCS83
159(2)
Changes in Zones
159(2)
State Plane Coordinates Scale and Distance
161(7)
Geodetic Lengths to Grid Lengths
161(7)
Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates
168(1)
Universal Transverse Mercator Zones of the World
169(3)
Heights
172(15)
Ellipsoidal Heights
172(2)
Orthometric Heights
174(1)
Spirit Leveling
174(1)
Evolution of a Vertical Datum
174(1)
Sea Level
174(1)
Diurnal Tide
175(2)
A Different Approach
176(1)
Zero Point
177(1)
Geoid
177(10)
Geoid Models
179(8)
Chapter 6 Static Global Positioning System Surveying 187(54)
Planning
187(5)
A Few Words about Accuracy
187(2)
Standards of Accuracy
189(1)
New Design Criteria
190(1)
Lay of the Land
191(1)
Maps
191(1)
National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Control
192(3)
NGS Control Data Sheets
192(3)
Coordinates
195(1)
Station Mark
195(1)
Significance of the Information
195(1)
Control from Continuously Operating Networks
195(2)
NGS Continuously Operating Reference Stations
196(1)
NGS CORS Reference Points
197(1)
International Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Service (IGS)
197(1)
Static Survey Project Design
197(3)
Horizontal Control
197(1)
Station Location
198(1)
Vertical Control
199(1)
Preparation
200(2)
Plotting Project Points
200(2)
Evaluating Access
201(1)
Planning Offsets
201(1)
Planning Azimuth Marks
201(1)
Obtaining Permissions
202(1)
Some GPS Survey Design Facts
202(9)
Software Assistance
202(9)
Position Dilution of Precision
202(1)
Polar Plot
203(1)
An Example
203(3)
Choosing the Window
206(1)
Ionospheric Delay
206(3)
Naming the Variables
209(1)
Compatible Receivers
209(1)
Receiver Capabilities and Baseline Length
210(1)
Drawing the Baselines
211(5)
Horizontal Control
211(5)
Julian Day in Naming Sessions
211(1)
Independent Lines
211(1)
Redundancy
212(1)
Forming Loops
213(1)
Finding the Number of Sessions
213(2)
Ties to the Vertical Control
215(1)
Static GPS Control Observations
216(25)
Equipment
216(4)
Conventional Equipment
216(1)
Safety Equipment
216(1)
Communications
217(1)
GPS Equipment
217(1)
Auxiliary Equipment
218(1)
Information
218(2)
Station Data Sheet
220(3)
Station Name
221(1)
Rubbings
221(1)
Photographs
221(1)
Quad Sheet Name
221(1)
To-Reach Descriptions
222(1)
Flagging and Describing the Monument
222(1)
Visibility Diagrams
223(4)
An Example
223(1)
Drawing Obstructions
224(1)
Working around Obstructions
224(2)
Approximate Station Coordinates
226(1)
Multi path
226(1)
Point Offsets
226(1)
Look for Multipath
227(1)
Monumentation
227(1)
Logistics
228(1)
Scheduling
228(1)
Observation
228(3)
Arrival
228(1)
Setup
229(1)
Height of Instrument
229(1)
Observation Logs
229(2)
Weather
231(1)
Daily Progress Evaluation
231(10)
Chapter 7 Real-Time Global Positioning System Surveying 241(24)
Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Differential GPS (DGPS)
241(1)
General Idea
241(1)
Radial GPS
242(3)
Correction Signal
243(2)
DGPS
245(1)
Local and Wide Area DGPS
245(2)
Wide Area Augmentation Systems (WAAS)
246(1)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Application
247(2)
Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)
248(1)
Integer Cycle Ambiguity Fixing
249(1)
Wireless Link
249(2)
Vertical Component in RTK
251(1)
Some Practical RTK Suggestions
252(1)
Real-Time Network Services
253(2)
Real-Time GPS Techniques
255(4)
Offsets
255(1)
Dynamic Lines
256(1)
Planning
257(1)
A Few RTK Procedures
257(1)
Site Calibration
258(1)
Precise Point Positioning (PPP)
259(6)
Post Processed (PP-PPP)
260(1)
Real-Time Service (RTS-PPP)
261(1)
PPP Disadvantage
261(4)
Chapter 8 Global Positioning System Modernization and Global Navigation Satellite System 265(40)
Global Positioning System (GPS) Modernization
265(1)
Satellite Blocks
265(6)
Block I, Block II/HA, Block IIR, and Block III Satellites
265(6)
Block I
265(2)
Block II
267(1)
Block IIA
267(1)
Block IIR
268(1)
Block IIR-M
268(1)
Block IIF
269(1)
Block III
269(2)
Power Spectral Density Diagrams
271(4)
dBW/Hz
271(3)
L1 Legacy Signals
274(1)
New Signals
275(9)
M Code
275(1)
L2 Signal
276(3)
L2C
277(1)
Civil-Moderate (CM) and Civil-Long (CL)
277(1)
Phase-Locked Loop
278(1)
Practical Advantages
279(1)
CNAV
280(1)
L5
281(1)
L5 Carrier
281(1)
GPS Modernization Is Underway
282(1)
Ionospheric Bias
283(1)
Correlation Protection
283(1)
L1C Another Civil Signal
283(1)
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
284(1)
GLONASS
285(4)
Uragan-M
286(1)
GLONASS-K
286(1)
GLONASS Signals
286(3)
Code Division Multiple Access
287(1)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
288(1)
GLONASS Time
289(1)
GLONASS Ephemeris
289(1)
Galileo
289(3)
Galileo's Ground Segment
291(1)
Galileo's Signals and Services
291(1)
Governance of Galileo
291(1)
Interoperability between GPS, GLONASS, and GALILEO
292(2)
Frequency Coincidence
294(1)
BeiDou
294(3)
BeiDou's Signals and Services
295(2)
BeiDou's Control/Ground Segment
297(1)
Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)
297(2)
QZSS Control/Ground Segment
298(1)
IRNSS
299(1)
The Future
300(1)
Interoperability
301(4)
GPS-Galileo-GLONASS Constellations
301(4)
Inconsistency
301(4)
Glossary 305(24)
References 329(2)
Index 331
Jan Van Sickle