Contributors |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
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Chapter 1 Graphene and 2D-Like Nanomaterials: Different Biofunctionalization Pathways for Electrochemical Biosensor Development |
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1 | (36) |
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3 | (4) |
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1.1 Graphene and its Derivatives |
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3 | (2) |
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1.2 Graphene 2D-Like Nanomaterials |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Functional Comparison Between Graphene and GLNs |
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6 | (1) |
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2 Graphene and GLNs for Electrochemical Biosensors Development |
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7 | (2) |
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3 Graphene and GLNs Bio-Functionalization Pathway for Biosensors Development |
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9 | (2) |
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4 Graphene and GLNs Based Redox Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors |
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11 | (5) |
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4.1 Graphene-Based Redox Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors |
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11 | (4) |
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4.2 GLNs-Based Redox Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors |
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15 | (1) |
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5 Graphene and GLNs-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors |
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16 | (5) |
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5.1 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors |
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17 | (2) |
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5.2 GLNs-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors |
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19 | (2) |
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6 Graphene and GLNs-Based Electrochemical DNA/Aptasensors |
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21 | (6) |
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6.1 Graphene-Based Electrochemical DNA/Aptasensors |
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21 | (4) |
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6.2 GLNs-Based Electrochemical DNA/Aptasensors |
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25 | (2) |
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7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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27 | (10) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (7) |
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35 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Vertical Graphene for Biosensors |
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37 | (20) |
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37 | (1) |
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2 Synthesis and Characterization of VGs |
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38 | (4) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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3.1 Electrical Properties of VGs |
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42 | (1) |
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3.2 Electrochemical Properties of VGs |
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42 | (2) |
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4 VGs for Electrochemical Sensors |
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44 | (5) |
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4.1 VG-Modified Electrode for Detecting AA, DA, and UA |
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45 | (2) |
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4.2 VG-Modified Electrode for NADH Sensor |
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47 | (1) |
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4.3 VG-Modified Electrode for Glucose Biosensor |
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48 | (1) |
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5 VG for Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (6) |
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53 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Recent Advances in Metal Alloy-Graphene Hybrids for Biosensors |
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57 | (28) |
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57 | (3) |
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2 Preparation of Metal Alloy-GR Hybrids |
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60 | (5) |
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2.1 Solvothermal Synthesis Method |
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60 | (1) |
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2.2 Chemical Reduction Synthesis Method |
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61 | (2) |
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2.3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Method |
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63 | (1) |
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2.4 Electrochemical Synthesis Method |
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63 | (1) |
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2.5 Other Synthesis Methods |
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64 | (1) |
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3 Structure and Physico-Chemical Properties of the Hybrids |
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65 | (3) |
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3.1 2-D Metal Alloy-GR Nanostructures |
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65 | (3) |
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3.2 3-D Metal Alloy-GR Structures |
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68 | (1) |
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4 Metal Alloy-GR Hybrids as Electrocatalysts |
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68 | (10) |
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70 | (2) |
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4.2 Biosensors for Hydrogen Peroxide |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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4.4 Biosensors for NADH, Protein, DNA, RNA, and Antigen |
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74 | (1) |
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4.5 Biosensors for Other Small Biomolecules |
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74 | (4) |
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78 | (7) |
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78 | (7) |
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Chapter 4 Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Plasmonic and Biosensing Applications |
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85 | (28) |
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86 | (1) |
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2 Basic Principles and Literature Review of Graphene Derivatives |
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86 | (12) |
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2.1 Characterization of Graphene Sheets |
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86 | (1) |
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2.2 Synthesis of Graphene |
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87 | (1) |
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2.3 Characterization of GO Sheets |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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2.7 Fluorescence Characteristics of GO |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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2.9 Synthesis of Carboxyl-Modified GO |
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92 | (1) |
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2.10 Surface Plasmon Resonance Overview |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (5) |
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3 Graphene-Based SPR Biosensor Applications |
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98 | (10) |
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3.1 Graphene-Based SPR Biosensors |
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98 | (2) |
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3.2 GO-Based SPR Biosensors |
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100 | (6) |
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3.3 Carboxyl-Modified GO-Based SPR Biosensors |
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106 | (2) |
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4 Future Trend and Outlook |
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108 | (5) |
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109 | (4) |
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Chapter 5 Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Sensors |
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113 | (20) |
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113 | (1) |
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2 Graphene-Based FET Biosensors |
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114 | (15) |
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2.1 Graphene Protein Sensors |
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114 | (7) |
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121 | (4) |
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2.3 Other Graphene Biosensors |
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125 | (4) |
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129 | (4) |
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129 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 Efforts, Challenges, and Future Perspectives of Graphene-Based (Bio)sensors for Biomedical Applications |
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133 | (18) |
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133 | (3) |
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136 | (3) |
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3 Graphene-Based Biosensors |
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139 | (5) |
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3.1 Enzymatic Graphene-Based Biosensors |
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139 | (2) |
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3.2 Graphene-Based Immunosensors |
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141 | (1) |
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3.3 Nucleic Acid Graphene-Based Biosensors |
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142 | (2) |
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4 Graphene-Based Lab-on-a-chip Devices |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (5) |
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147 | (4) |
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Chapter 7 Surface Plasmon Resonance-Modified Graphene Oxide Surfaces for Whole-Cell-Based Sensing |
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151 | (26) |
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151 | (2) |
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2 Applications of SPR in Cellular Analysis and Detection |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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2.2 Toward New Applications for the Detection of Bacteria |
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154 | (1) |
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3 Surface Modification to Improve the Sensitivity of Detection |
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154 | (1) |
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4 Graphene for Coated Plasmonic Interfaces |
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155 | (3) |
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4.1 Development of Graphene-Coated Plasmonic Interfaces |
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155 | (1) |
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4.2 Applications of Plasmonic Graphene-Coated Interfaces in Biosensing |
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156 | (2) |
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5 Advantages of Graphene in Overcoming the Limitations of SPR in Cell Analysis |
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158 | (5) |
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6 Detection of Lysozyme in Serum Using Graphene Oxide-Coated Interfaces Modified With Micrococcus Lysodeiktikus |
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163 | (7) |
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6.1 Development and Characterization of Whole Cell Biosensor |
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163 | (6) |
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6.2 Role of Graphene Oxide |
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169 | (1) |
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7 Conclusions and Future Trends |
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170 | (7) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (6) |
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Chapter 8 Label-Free Biosensing Platforms Based on Graphene/DNA Interfaces |
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177 | (16) |
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177 | (1) |
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2 Label-Free Biosensors Based on Graphene |
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178 | (1) |
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3 Immobilization of DNA on Graphene Nanomaterial |
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179 | (7) |
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3.1 Covalent Binding of DNA to Graphene |
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180 | (1) |
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3.2 Physical Adsorption of DNA to Graphene |
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181 | (5) |
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4 Applications of Label-Free Biosensors Based on Graphene/DNA Interface |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (5) |
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89 | (104) |
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Chapter 9 The Electrochemical Aptasensors for the Determination of Tumor Markers |
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193 | (26) |
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195 | (1) |
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2 Classification of Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Tumor Markers |
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196 | (16) |
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196 | (2) |
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2.2 Differential Pulse Voltammetry |
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198 | (5) |
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2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy |
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203 | (1) |
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2.4 Electrochemiluminescence |
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204 | (4) |
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208 | (2) |
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2.6 Field-Effect Transistor |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (7) |
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215 | (4) |
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Chapter 10 Nanoengineering of Graphene-Supported Functional Composites for Performance-Enhanced Enzymatic Biofuel Cells |
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219 | (22) |
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220 | (1) |
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2 Working Principles of Enzymatic BFCs |
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220 | (3) |
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3 Graphene Based Materials for Enzymatic BFCs |
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223 | (8) |
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3.1 Graphene Derivatives Based Electrode Materials |
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224 | (1) |
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3.2 Polymer-Graphene Composites Based Electrode Materials |
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224 | (3) |
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3.3 Metallic Nanoparticle-Graphene Composite Based Electrode Materials |
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227 | (1) |
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3.4 Metal Hydroxide-Graphene Composite Based Electrode Materials |
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227 | (1) |
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3.5 Carbon Nanotube-Graphene Composite Based Electrode Materials |
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228 | (3) |
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3.6 3D-Graphene Based Electrode Materials |
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231 | (1) |
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4 Immobilization of Enzymes Onto or Into Graphene Composites |
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231 | (4) |
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231 | (3) |
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4.2 Entrapment via Polymeric Matrix |
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234 | (1) |
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4.3 Chemically Covalent Bonding |
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234 | (1) |
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5 Current Status of Graphene Supported EBFCs |
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235 | (1) |
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5.1 Electrochemical Performances |
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235 | (1) |
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5.2 Major Challenges and Possible Solutions |
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235 | (1) |
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6 Conclusions and Outlook |
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235 | (6) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
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Chapter 11 Graphene-Fabricated Electrodes for Improving the Performance of Microbial Bioelectrochemical Systems |
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241 | (26) |
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243 | (3) |
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1.1 Electron Transfer Between Microbes-Electrodes in MFCs |
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243 | (2) |
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1.2 Role of Nanostructured Materials in MFCs |
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245 | (1) |
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1.3 Carbon Nanomaterials in MFCs |
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246 | (1) |
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2 Graphene as Electrode Matrix for MFCs |
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246 | (2) |
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2.1 Fabrication of Graphene Based Electrodes for MFCs |
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247 | (1) |
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3 Graphene Based Anodic Electrodes |
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248 | (9) |
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4 Graphene Based Cathodic Electrodes |
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257 | (6) |
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5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
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263 | (4) |
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264 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Graphene-Based Nanosensors and Smart Food Packaging Systems for Food Safety and Quality Monitoring |
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267 | (40) |
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268 | (4) |
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1.1 Pesticides and Their Associated Problems |
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270 | (1) |
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1.2 Importance of Food Packaging Systems |
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270 | (2) |
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2 Smart Packaging (SP) Systems |
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272 | (9) |
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2.1 Active Packaging (AP) |
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273 | (1) |
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2.2 Intelligent Packaging (IP) |
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274 | (4) |
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2.3 Identification Techniques |
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278 | (1) |
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2.4 Importance of Graphene and Its Synthesis |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (2) |
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4 Nanoparticles-Doped Graphene-Based Sensors |
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283 | (1) |
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5 Graphene-Based Sensors for Pesticides Detection |
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284 | (10) |
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5.1 Electrochemical Methods |
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284 | (6) |
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290 | (4) |
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6 Current Challenges of Nanosensors |
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294 | (1) |
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6.1 Graphene-Based Nanosensors |
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294 | (1) |
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6.2 Smart Packaging (SP) Nanosensors |
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294 | (1) |
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7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
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295 | (12) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (11) |
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Chapter 13 Graphene-Based Portable, Flexible, and Wearable Sensing Platforms: An Emerging Trend for Health Care and Biomedical Surveillance |
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307 | (32) |
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1 Era of Wearable and Portable Sensing Platforms |
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308 | (2) |
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2 What is Needed to Design a Portable, Flexible, and Stretchable Sensor? |
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310 | (6) |
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310 | (3) |
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313 | (1) |
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2.3 Graphene-Based Flexible Logic Devices |
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314 | (2) |
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3 Graphene-Based Portable Devices |
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316 | (3) |
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317 | (1) |
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3.2 Basic Working Principle of LFD |
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317 | (1) |
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3.3 Role of Graphene in Designing of LFD |
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318 | (1) |
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4 Graphene-Based Strain and Tactile Sensors |
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319 | (4) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (3) |
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5 Graphene-Based Electronic Wearable/Flexible Sensors as E-tongue or Skin |
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323 | (4) |
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6 Graphene-Based Wearable Transdermal Patches for Drug Delivery |
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327 | (3) |
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7 Graphene-Based Fabrics/Yarn and Some Miscellaneous Sensor |
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330 | (3) |
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8 Conclusion and Future Prospects |
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333 | (6) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (4) |
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338 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 Wearable Graphene-Based Electrophysiological Biosensing System for Real-Time Health Monitoring |
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339 | (22) |
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339 | (2) |
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2 Theoretical Background of Graphene for the Purpose of ECG Monitoring |
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341 | (6) |
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2.1 General Properties of Graphene |
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341 | (1) |
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2.2 Graphene Production Methods |
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342 | (3) |
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2.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene |
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345 | (2) |
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3 Development and Analysis of Graphene-Based ECG Electrode |
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347 | (6) |
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3.1 CVD Process for Graphene Coating on Ag Substrates in Development of Bio-electrode |
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347 | (1) |
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3.2 Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Proposed GN-Based ECG Electrode |
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348 | (2) |
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3.3 Electrical Characteristics of Graphene-Coated Electrode |
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350 | (1) |
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3.4 ECG Measurement System and Skin-Electrode Impedance Modeling |
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350 | (3) |
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4 Experimental Setup of Flexible Graphene Electrodes for ECG Monitoring |
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353 | (2) |
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4.1 Experimental Setup of Electrodes Using ECG Acquisition System |
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353 | (1) |
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4.2 Development of Wearable ECG Monitoring System With Graphene-Functionalized Electrodes |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (3) |
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6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
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358 | (3) |
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358 | (3) |
Index |
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361 | |