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About the Editors |
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xix | |
About the Contributors |
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xix | |
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1 Green Ports in Theory and Practice |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Actions Currently Being Taken by Shipping Lines |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 Actions Currently Being Taken by Ports |
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5 | (3) |
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1.3.1 Actions Near and Within the Port |
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5 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Actions in the Hinterland |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4 Actions Currently Being Taken by Policymakers and Regulators |
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8 | (3) |
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1.5 The Chapter Contributions |
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11 | (3) |
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1.6 Identified Challenges and Future Outlook |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (4) |
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2 Emissions and Fuel Use in the Shipping Sector |
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19 | (1) |
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2.2 Fuels in International Shipping |
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19 | (3) |
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22 | (2) |
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2.4 Typical Emission Profiles |
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24 | (2) |
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2.5 Consequences of Emissions |
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26 | (1) |
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2.6 Regulations and Policy Instruments |
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27 | (3) |
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2.7 Abatement of Emissions |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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3 Policy on Reducing Shipping Emissions: Implications for "Green Ports" |
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35 | (1) |
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3.2 Atmospheric Emissions From Shipping |
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36 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
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36 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Other Atmospheric Emissions From Shipping |
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38 | (3) |
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3.3 Approaches to Reducing Emissions From Shipping |
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41 | (9) |
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3.3.1 Improving Fuel Efficiency |
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41 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Alternative Sources of Energy |
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44 | (4) |
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3.3.3 Emissions Abatement Technology |
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48 | (2) |
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3.4 The Regulatory Regime |
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50 | (5) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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3.4.3 GHG Regulations and Guidelines |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (5) |
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4 Stakeholder Management for Port Sustainability: Moving From Ad-Hoc to Structural Approaches |
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63 | (4) |
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4.2 Overview of Stakeholder Management Techniques Applied to Ports |
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67 | (9) |
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4.2.1 Identification of Stakeholders: No "One Size Fits all" |
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67 | (3) |
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4.2.2 Mapping of Stakeholders: The Increase of and Need for Structural Approaches |
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70 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Discussion of Existing Frameworks: The Rise of the Local Community |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (4) |
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4.3 Structural Approaches Toward Stakeholder Management in Ports: The Underdeveloped Case of the Local Community |
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76 | (5) |
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76 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Sustainability Reporting |
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76 | (2) |
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4.3.3 (Social) License to Operate Measurement |
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78 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Toward an Improved Intelligence Build-Up on Local Community Concerns |
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78 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Challenges for Stakeholder Inclusivity in Port Planning and Design: A Research Agenda |
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79 | (2) |
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4.4 Conclusions and Recommendations |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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5 Ports and the Circular Economy |
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85 | (2) |
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5.2 The Transition Toward Circularity |
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87 | (5) |
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87 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Reducing and Reusing Waste |
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88 | (1) |
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5.2.3 The Circularity of Supply Chains |
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88 | (4) |
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5.2.4 Clear Trend Toward Higher Recycling Rates and More Use of Bio-Based Materials |
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92 | (1) |
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5.3 The Impacts of the Transition Toward Circularity on Ports |
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92 | (5) |
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5.4 Opportunities for Logistics and Industrial Activities in Seaports; Experiences in the Dutch Seaports |
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97 | (4) |
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5.4.1 Circularity at Zeeland Seaports |
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98 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Circularity at Port of Amsterdam |
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98 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Circularity at Port of Rotterdam |
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99 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Circularity at Port of Moerdijk |
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100 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Circularity at Port of Croningen |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (5) |
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Appendix 5.1 Municipal Waste Production |
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106 | (1) |
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Appendix 5.2 A High Over Assessment of the Impact of Circularity on Maritime Export Volumes |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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6 Emissions From Ships in Ports |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (5) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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6.3 Ship Activities in the Port Area and the Effects on Emissions |
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115 | (2) |
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6.4 Emission Calculations |
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117 | (1) |
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6.5 Measures to Reduce Emissions in Port |
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118 | (4) |
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119 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Operational and Logistic Measures |
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121 | (1) |
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6.6 The Potential of the Different Measures |
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122 | (1) |
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6.7 Responsibilities of Different Actors to Reduce Ship Emissions |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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7 Sustainable Performance and Benchmarking in Container Terminals--The Energy Dimension |
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125 | (2) |
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7.2 Beyond Traditional Performance Measures and Sustainability Discussions |
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127 | (12) |
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7.2.1 Defining the System Boundaries |
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128 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Defining Energy Efficiency and Consumption |
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128 | (3) |
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7.2.3 Defining Activity Clusters and Output Differentiation |
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131 | (4) |
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7.2.4 Indicator Construction |
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135 | (3) |
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7.2.5 Applying the Activity-Based Approach |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (10) |
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139 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Explorative Analysis |
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140 | (3) |
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7.3.3 Energy Consumption per Activity Cluster |
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143 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Quay Cranes--Decomposition by Type |
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144 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Technological Change and Energy Efficiency |
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145 | (1) |
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7.3.6 Differentiation of Energy Consumption by Type of Product |
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146 | (3) |
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7.3.7 The Temporal Dimension |
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149 | (1) |
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7.4 Toward a Common Methodology |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (4) |
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8 Climate Change Adaptation by Ports: The Attitude and Perception of Chinese Port Organizations |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (6) |
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8.5.1 Major Climate Change Variables That Affect the Port Region 1 |
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61 | (100) |
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8.5.2 Climate Impacts on Supply Chains of Freight |
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161 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Impact Posed by Climate Change on Port Operations |
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162 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Climate Change Adaptation Plans and Perceptions |
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163 | (2) |
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8.5.5 Comparing the Attitude Toward Mitigation and Adaptation Measures and Strategies |
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165 | (2) |
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8.6 Discussion and Conclusion |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (4) |
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9 Green Port Dues--Indices and Incentive Schemes for Shipping |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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9.2.1 Inventory of Initiatives |
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175 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Identification of Relevant Indices or Incentives and Selection for Evaluation |
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175 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Dividing Indices or Incentives in Groups |
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176 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Description of Indices |
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176 | (1) |
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9.3 Inventory and Selection of Indices |
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176 | (11) |
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9.3.1 Inventory of Initiatives |
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176 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Identification of Relevant Indices, Indicators, Incentives, and Selection for Evaluation |
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177 | (3) |
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9.3.3 Division of Indices and Incentives in Groups |
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180 | (12) |
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9.3.4 Evaluation of Indices |
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182 | (5) |
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187 | (4) |
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9.4.1 Discussion and Outlook |
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187 | (3) |
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9.4.2 An Ideal Index for a Port? |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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10 Port-Driven Measures for Incentivizing Sustainable Hinterland Transport |
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193 | (2) |
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10.2 Institutions That Encourage the Environmental Performance of Port Hinterland Transport |
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195 | (1) |
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10.3 Methodology, Preliminary Analysis, and Case Selection |
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196 | (4) |
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10.4 Case Examples for Each of the Four Coals |
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200 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Case Study 1--Air Emission Incentive at the Port of New York and New Jersey |
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200 | (3) |
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10.4.2 Case Study 2--Noise Incentive at the Port of Auckland |
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203 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Case Study 3--Congestion Incentive at the Port of Oakland |
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203 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Case Study 4--Modal Shift Incentive at the Port of Rotterdam |
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204 | (1) |
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10.5 Stakeholder Evaluation of the Case Studies |
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205 | (3) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (3) |
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11 Green Port Strategies in China |
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211 | (1) |
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11.2 Environmental Concerns in the Port Sector |
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212 | (1) |
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11.3 Green Port Strategies Discussed in Previous Research |
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213 | (3) |
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11.3.1 Shipping Emissions |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Inland Transport System |
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215 | (1) |
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11.4 Current Status of Green Port Management in China |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (5) |
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11.6.1 Green Port Strategies for Reducing Ship Emissions |
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220 | (1) |
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11.6.2 Green Port Strategies in Port Activities |
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221 | (1) |
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11.6.3 Green Port Strategies in the Inland Transport System |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (4) |
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12 Socioeconomic Performance Assessment of Port Clusters: More Challenges, Fewer Solutions? |
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231 | (2) |
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12.2 The "Ins and Outs" of a Port Performance Measurement System |
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233 | (3) |
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12.2.1 Performance Management Systems |
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233 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Why a Port Performance Measurement System? |
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234 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Particular Challenges for Socioeconomic Performance Measurement |
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234 | (2) |
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12.3 Results From a Stakeholder Consultation: The Port Performance Indicators Selection and Measurement (PPRISM) Project |
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236 | (7) |
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237 | (2) |
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12.3.2 Implementation Phase |
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239 | (3) |
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12.3.3 Main Findings From the Stakeholder Consultation |
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242 | (1) |
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12.4 Ports Observatory for Port Indicator Analysis, Case 1: Development of a Top-Down Harmonized Methodology for Socioeconomic Impact Measurement |
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243 | (3) |
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12.4.1 Developing the Top-Down Method |
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243 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Applicability of Top-Down Methods |
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244 | (2) |
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12.4.3 Main Finding From the Top-Down Approach |
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246 | (1) |
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12.5 PORTOPIA Case 2: Development of a Proxy-Cased Approach |
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246 | (4) |
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12.5.1 Developing the Proxy-Based Approach |
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246 | (3) |
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12.5.2 Findings on the Proxy-Based Approach |
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249 | (1) |
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12.6 Conclusions and Recommendations |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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Appendix 12.1 Stepwise Approach Dutch Port Monitor |
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251 | (1) |
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Appendix 12.2 Stepwise Approach Belgium Port Monitor |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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13 Cruise Shipping and Green Ports: A Strategic Challenge |
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255 | (1) |
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13.2 Going "Green": A Strategic Challenge for the Cruise Sector |
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256 | (4) |
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13.2.1 The "External" Factors |
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257 | (1) |
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13.2.2 The "Cruise" Factors |
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258 | (2) |
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13.3 How Can Cruise Ports Go "Green"? |
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260 | (11) |
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13.3.1 What Does Sustainable Cruise Mean? |
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260 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Operational Challenges |
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260 | (2) |
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13.3.3 Expanding in Line With Local Economic Development Strategies |
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262 | (1) |
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13.3.4 Reversing Social Perceptions |
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263 | (1) |
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13.3.5 Limitation of Environmental Externalities |
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264 | (4) |
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13.3.6 The Importance of Sustaining an International Agenda |
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268 | (3) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
Index |
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