| Preface |
|
xv | |
| Introduction to Powers of 10 |
|
2 | (2) |
|
|
|
4 | (3) |
|
Engineering Notation and Metric Prefixes |
|
|
7 | (3) |
|
Converting Between Metric Prefixes |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
Addition and Subtraction Involving Powers of 10 Notation |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
Multiplication and Division Involving Powers of 10 Notation |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Reciprocals with Powers of 10 |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
Squaring Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
Square Roots of Numbers Expressed in Powers of 10 Notation |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
The Scientific Calculator |
|
|
16 | (8) |
|
|
|
18 | (6) |
|
|
|
24 | (34) |
|
Negative and Positive Polarities |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Electrons and Protons in the Atom |
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
|
|
29 | (3) |
|
The Coulomb Unit of Electric Charge |
|
|
32 | (3) |
|
The Volt Unit of Potential Difference |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
Charge in Motion Is Current |
|
|
37 | (4) |
|
Resistance Is Opposition to Current |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
|
|
45 | (3) |
|
Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
|
50 | (8) |
|
|
|
52 | (6) |
|
|
|
58 | (22) |
|
|
|
60 | (3) |
|
|
|
63 | (4) |
|
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Rheostats and Potentiometers |
|
|
68 | (3) |
|
Power Rating of Resistors |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
|
72 | (8) |
|
|
|
74 | (6) |
|
|
|
80 | (32) |
|
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Multiple and Submultiple Units |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
The Linear Proportion between V and I |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
|
|
90 | (4) |
|
Power Dissipation in Resistance |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
|
|
96 | (2) |
|
Choosing a Resistor for a Circuit |
|
|
98 | (3) |
|
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Troubles |
|
|
102 | (10) |
|
|
|
104 | (8) |
|
|
|
112 | (34) |
|
Why / Is the Same in All Parts of a Series Circuit |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
Total R Equals the Sum of All Series Resistances |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Polarity of IR Voltage Drops |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
Total Power in a Series Circuit |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
Series-Aiding and Series-Opposing Voltages |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
Analyzing Series Circuits with Random Unknowns |
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
Ground Connections in Electrical and Electronic Systems |
|
|
127 | (3) |
|
Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series Circuits |
|
|
130 | (16) |
|
|
|
135 | (11) |
|
|
|
146 | (32) |
|
The Applied Voltage VA Is the Same across Parallel Branches |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Each Branch / Equals VA/R |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) |
|
|
150 | (3) |
|
|
|
153 | (6) |
|
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Total Power in Parallel Circuits |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Analyzing Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Parallel Circuits |
|
|
162 | (16) |
|
|
|
168 | (10) |
|
|
|
178 | (34) |
|
Finding RT for Series-Parallel Resistances |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Resistance Strings in Parallel |
|
|
181 | (2) |
|
Resistance Banks in Series |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Resistance Banks and Strings in Series-Parallel |
|
|
184 | (2) |
|
Analyzing Series-Parallel Circuits with Random Unknowns |
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
|
|
189 | (4) |
|
Troubleshooting: Opens and Shorts in Series-Parallel Circuits |
|
|
193 | (19) |
|
|
|
199 | (12) |
|
Cumulative Review Summary
Chapters 1 to 6 |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers |
|
|
212 | (24) |
|
|
|
214 | (3) |
|
Current Divider with Two Parallel Resistances |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
Current Division by Parallel Conductances |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Series Voltage Divider with Parallel Load Current |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
Design of a Loaded Voltage Divider |
|
|
222 | (14) |
|
|
|
225 | (11) |
|
Analog and Digital Multimeters |
|
|
236 | (34) |
|
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
|
|
243 | (4) |
|
Loading Effect of a Voltmeter |
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
|
|
249 | (3) |
|
|
|
252 | (2) |
|
|
|
254 | (3) |
|
|
|
257 | (3) |
|
Checking Continuity with the Ohmmeter |
|
|
260 | (10) |
|
|
|
262 | (7) |
|
Cumulative Review Summary
Chapters 7 and 8 |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (24) |
|
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) |
|
|
274 | (3) |
|
Method of Branch Currents |
|
|
277 | (4) |
|
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
|
|
283 | (11) |
|
|
|
286 | (8) |
|
|
|
294 | (32) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (3) |
|
Thevenizing a Circuit with Two Voltage Sources |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
Thevenizing a Bridge Circuit |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
|
|
304 | (3) |
|
Thevenin-Norton Conversions |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
Conversion of Voltage and Current Sources |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
T or Y and π or Δ Connections |
|
|
313 | (13) |
|
|
|
318 | (7) |
|
Cumulative Review Summary
Chapters 9 and 10 |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Conductors and Insulators |
|
|
326 | (28) |
|
Function of the Conductor |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
|
|
340 | (3) |
|
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
Ion Current in Liquids and Gases |
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Troubleshooting Hints for Wires and Connectors |
|
|
348 | (6) |
|
|
|
349 | (5) |
|
|
|
354 | (34) |
|
Introduction to Batteries |
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
|
|
358 | (2) |
|
Common Types of Primary Cells |
|
|
360 | (4) |
|
|
|
364 | (4) |
|
Additional Types of Secondary Cells |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
Series-Connected and Parallel-Connected Cells |
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
Current Drain Depends on Load Resistance |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Internal Resistance of a Generator |
|
|
374 | (3) |
|
Constant-Voltage and Constant-Current Sources |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
Matching a Load Resistance to the Generator ri |
|
|
379 | (9) |
|
|
|
381 | (5) |
|
Cumulative Review Summary
Chapters 11 and 12 |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
|
|
388 | (22) |
|
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
Induction by the Magnetic Field |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (7) |
|
|
|
404 | (6) |
|
|
|
410 | (32) |
|
Ampere-turns of Magnetomotive Force (mmf) |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
Magnetic Field Around an Electric Current |
|
|
420 | (3) |
|
Magnetic Polarity of a Coil |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Motor Action Between Two Magnetic Fields |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
Generating an Induced Voltage |
|
|
429 | (4) |
|
|
|
433 | (9) |
|
|
|
436 | (6) |
|
Alternating Voltage and Current |
|
|
442 | (44) |
|
Alternating Current Applications |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Alternating-Voltage Generator |
|
|
445 | (3) |
|
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave |
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (3) |
|
|
|
460 | (3) |
|
The Time Factor in Frequency and Phase |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Alternating Current Circuits with Resistance |
|
|
464 | (3) |
|
Nonsinusoidal AC Waveforms |
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
|
|
474 | (12) |
|
|
|
476 | (8) |
|
Cumulative Review Summary
Chapters 13 to 15 |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
|
|
486 | (40) |
|
How Charge Is Stored in a Dielectric |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Charging and Discharging a Capacitor |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
The Farad Unit of Capacitance |
|
|
491 | (5) |
|
|
|
496 | (4) |
|
|
|
500 | (3) |
|
|
|
503 | (6) |
|
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Energy Stored in Electrostatic Field of Capacitance |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Measuring and Testing Capacitors |
|
|
512 | (4) |
|
|
|
516 | (10) |
|
|
|
518 | (8) |
|
|
|
526 | (22) |
|
Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
The Amount of XC Equals 1/(2πfC) |
|
|
529 | (4) |
|
Series or Parallel Capacitive Reactances |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
Applications of Capacitive Reactance |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Sine-Wave Charge and Discharge Current |
|
|
536 | (12) |
|
|
|
540 | (8) |
|
|
|
548 | (28) |
|
Sine Wave VC Lags iC by 90° |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (3) |
|
|
|
554 | (2) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (4) |
|
RF and AF Coupling Capacitors |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Capacitive Voltage Dividers |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
The General Case of Capacitive Current iC |
|
|
564 | (12) |
|
|
|
565 | (8) |
|
Cumulative Review Summary
Chapters 16 to 18 |
|
|
573 | (3) |
|
|
|
576 | (46) |
|
Induction by Alternating Current |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
How VL Opposes a Change in Current |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
|
585 | (3) |
|
|
|
588 | (6) |
|
|
|
594 | (4) |
|
|
|
598 | (4) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Inductances in Series or Parallel |
|
|
605 | (3) |
|
Energy in Magnetic Field of Inductance |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Stray Capacitive and Inductive Effects |
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
Measuring and Testing Inductors |
|
|
611 | (11) |
|
|
|
613 | (9) |
|
|
|
622 | (22) |
|
How XL Reduces the Amount of I |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (4) |
|
Series or Parallel Inductive Reactances |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Applications of XL for Different Frequencies |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
Waveshape of VL Induced by Sine-Wave Current |
|
|
632 | (12) |
|
|
|
637 | (7) |
|
|
|
644 | (28) |
|
Sine-Wave iL Lags VL by 90° |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
|
|
649 | (3) |
|
|
|
652 | (3) |
|
|
|
655 | (3) |
|
|
|
658 | (3) |
|
The General Case of Inductive Voltage |
|
|
661 | (11) |
|
|
|
663 | (9) |
|
RC and L/R Time Constants |
|
|
672 | (36) |
|
Response of Resistance Alone |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
|
674 | (2) |
|
High Voltage Produced by Opening an RL Circuit |
|
|
676 | (2) |
|
|
|
678 | (4) |
|
RC Charge and Discharge Curves |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
High Current Produced by Short-Circuiting an RC Circuit |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
|
684 | (2) |
|
Long and Short Time Constants |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Charge and Discharge with a Short RC Time Constant |
|
|
687 | (2) |
|
Long Time Constant for an RC Coupling Circuit |
|
|
689 | (2) |
|
Advanced Time Constant Analysis |
|
|
691 | (3) |
|
Comparison of Reactance and Time Constant |
|
|
694 | (14) |
|
|
|
697 | (8) |
|
Cumulative Review Summary
Chapters 19 to 22 |
|
|
705 | (3) |
|
Alternating Current Circuits |
|
|
708 | (28) |
|
AC Circuits with Resistance but No Reactance |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
|
|
712 | (2) |
|
Opposite Reactances Cancel |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Series Reactance and Resistance |
|
|
715 | (3) |
|
Parallel Reactance and Resistance |
|
|
718 | (2) |
|
Series-Parallel Reactance and Resistance |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
|
|
721 | (2) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
Summary of Types of Ohms in AC Circuits |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Summary of Types of Phasors in AC Circuits |
|
|
726 | (10) |
|
|
|
728 | (8) |
|
Complex Numbers for AC Circuits |
|
|
736 | (32) |
|
Positive and Negative Numbers |
|
|
738 | (1) |
|
|
|
738 | (2) |
|
Definition of a Complex Number |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
How Complex Numbers Are Applied to AC Circuits |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
Impedance in Complex Form |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Operations with Complex Numbers |
|
|
743 | (2) |
|
Magnitude and Angle of a Complex Number |
|
|
745 | (2) |
|
Polar Form of Complex Numbers |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
Converting Polar to Rectangular Form |
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
Complex Numbers in Series AC Circuits |
|
|
750 | (3) |
|
Complex Numbers in Parallel AC Circuits |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
Combining Two Complex Branch Impedances |
|
|
754 | (2) |
|
Combining Complex Branch Currents |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
Parallel Circuit with Three Complex Branches |
|
|
757 | (11) |
|
|
|
759 | (6) |
|
Cumulative Review Summary
Chapters 23 and 24 |
|
|
765 | (3) |
|
|
|
768 | (38) |
|
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
|
|
771 | (3) |
|
|
|
774 | (4) |
|
Resonant Frequency fr = 1/(2π√LC) |
|
|
778 | (4) |
|
Q Magnification Factor of a Resonant Circuit |
|
|
782 | (5) |
|
Bandwidth of Resonant Circuit |
|
|
787 | (3) |
|
|
|
790 | (3) |
|
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
Analysis of Parallel Resonant Circuits |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
Damping of Parallel Resonant Circuits |
|
|
795 | (2) |
|
Choosing L and C for a Resonant Circuit |
|
|
797 | (9) |
|
|
|
798 | (8) |
|
|
|
806 | (46) |
|
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
Direct Current Combined with Alternating Current |
|
|
808 | (3) |
|
|
|
811 | (1) |
|
|
|
812 | (3) |
|
|
|
815 | (3) |
|
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
|
|
820 | (2) |
|
Analyzing Filter Circuits |
|
|
822 | (9) |
|
Decibels and Frequency Response Curves |
|
|
831 | (6) |
|
|
|
837 | (3) |
|
|
|
840 | (12) |
|
|
|
841 | (8) |
|
Cumulative Review Summary
Chapters 25 and 26 |
|
|
849 | (3) |
|
Diodes and Diode Applications |
|
|
852 | (50) |
|
|
|
854 | (3) |
|
|
|
857 | (3) |
|
Volt-Ampere Characteristic Curve |
|
|
860 | (2) |
|
|
|
862 | (4) |
|
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
|
|
867 | (18) |
|
|
|
885 | (17) |
|
|
|
893 | (9) |
|
Bipolar Junction Transistors |
|
|
902 | (34) |
|
|
|
904 | (2) |
|
Proper Transistor Biasing |
|
|
906 | (5) |
|
Transistor Operating Regions |
|
|
911 | (2) |
|
|
|
913 | (2) |
|
Checking a Transistor with an Ohmmeter |
|
|
915 | (3) |
|
Transistor Biasing Techniques |
|
|
918 | (18) |
|
|
|
930 | (6) |
|
|
|
936 | (42) |
|
|
|
938 | (2) |
|
Small Signal Amplifier Operation |
|
|
940 | (4) |
|
AC Equivalent Circuit of a CE Amplifier |
|
|
944 | (2) |
|
Calculating the Voltage Gain, AV of a CE Amplifier |
|
|
946 | (4) |
|
Calculating the Input and Output Impedances in a CE Amplifier |
|
|
950 | (2) |
|
Common-Collector Amplifier |
|
|
952 | (2) |
|
AC Analysis of an Emitter Follower |
|
|
954 | (6) |
|
Emitter Follower Applications |
|
|
960 | (3) |
|
|
|
963 | (2) |
|
AC Analysis of a Common-Base Amplifier |
|
|
965 | (13) |
|
|
|
970 | (8) |
|
|
|
978 | (40) |
|
JFETs and Their Characteristics |
|
|
980 | (5) |
|
Biasing Techniques for JFETs |
|
|
985 | (7) |
|
|
|
992 | (8) |
|
MOSFETs and Their Characteristics |
|
|
1000 | (5) |
|
MOSFET Biasing Techniques |
|
|
1005 | (3) |
|
|
|
1008 | (10) |
|
|
|
1009 | (9) |
|
|
|
1018 | (32) |
|
|
|
1020 | (2) |
|
|
|
1022 | (9) |
|
Class B Push-Pull Amplifiers |
|
|
1031 | (6) |
|
|
|
1037 | (13) |
|
|
|
1043 | (7) |
|
|
|
1050 | (16) |
|
|
|
1052 | (1) |
|
SCRs and Their Characteristics |
|
|
1052 | (5) |
|
|
|
1057 | (2) |
|
|
|
1059 | (7) |
|
|
|
1063 | (3) |
|
|
|
1066 | |
|
|
|
1068 | (8) |
|
Operational Amplifiers and Their Characteristics |
|
|
1076 | (7) |
|
Op Amp Circuits with Negative Feedback |
|
|
1083 | (11) |
|
|
|
1094 | |
|
|
|
1111 | |
| Appendix A Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix B Solder and the Soldering Process |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix C Components: Values and Specifications |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix D Component Schematic Symbols |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix E Using the Oscilloscope |
|
1 | (1) |
| Appendix F Introduction |
|
1 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
1 | (1) |
| Answers Self-Tests |
|
1 | (1) |
| Answers Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems |
|
1 | (1) |
| Credits |
|
1 | (1) |
| Index |
|
1 | |
