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Handbook of Petrochemical Processes [Kõva köide]

(CD&W Inc., Laramie, Wyoming, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 562 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1306 g, 63 Tables, black and white; 269 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Chemical Industries
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jun-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498729703
  • ISBN-13: 9781498729703
Teised raamatud teemal:
Handbook of Petrochemical ProcessesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 562 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1306 g, 63 Tables, black and white; 269 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Chemical Industries
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Jun-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498729703
  • ISBN-13: 9781498729703
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781498729703.html
Märksõnad:

The petrochemical industry is a scientific and engineering field that encompasses the production of a wide range of chemicals and polymers. The purpose of this book is not only to provide a follow-on to form the later chapters of the highly successful Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum 5th Edition but also provides a simplified approach to a very diverse chemical subject dealing with the chemistry and technology of various petroleum and petrochemical process. Following from the introductory chapters, this book provides the readers with a valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis.

  • Provides readers with a valuable source of information containing insights into petrochemical reactions and products, process technology, and polymer synthesis
  • Introduces the reader to the various petrochemical intermediates are generally produced by chemical conversion of primary petrochemicals to form more complicated derivative products
  • The reactions and processes involved in transforming petroleum-based hydrocarbons into the chemicals that form the basis of the multi-billion dollar petrochemical industry are reviewed and described
  • The book includes information on new process developments for the production of raw materials and intermediates for petrochemicals
  • Includes a description of the origin of the raw materials for the petrochemicals industry – including an overview of the coal chemicals industry
Preface xv
About the Author xvii
Chapter 1 The Petrochemical Industry 1(30)
1.1 Introduction
1(9)
1.2 Historical Aspects and Overview
10(1)
1.3 The Petrochemical Industry
11(6)
1.4 Petrochemicals
17(3)
1.4.1 Primary Petrochemicals
19(1)
1.4.2 Products and End Use
19(1)
1.5 Production of Petrochemicals
20(4)
1.6 The Future
24(5)
References
29(2)
Chapter 2 Feedstock Composition and Properties 31(48)
2.1 Introduction
31(1)
2.2 Natural Gas
31(28)
2.2.1 Composition and Properties
33(9)
2.2.2 Natural Gas Liquids
42(1)
2.2.3 Gas Condensate
43(1)
2.2.4 Gas Hydrates
44(2)
2.2.5 Other Types of Gases
46(13)
2.2.5.1 Biogas
47(1)
2.2.5.2 Coalbed Methane
48(1)
2.2.5.3 Coal Gas
49(2)
2.2.5.4 Geopressurized Gas
51(1)
2.2.5.5 Landfill Gas
51(2)
2.2.5.6 Refinery Gas
53(4)
2.2.5.7 Synthesis Gas
57(1)
2.2.5.8 Tight Gas
58(1)
2.3 Petroleum
59(9)
2.3.1 Composition and Properties
59(4)
2.3.1.1 Opportunity Crude Oil
61(1)
2.3.1.2 High Acid Crude Oil
61(1)
2.3.1.3 Foamy Oil
62(1)
2.3.1.4 Tight Oil
62(1)
2.3.2 Other Petroleum-Derived Feedstocks
63(5)
2.3.2.1 Naphtha
63(1)
2.3.2.2 Kerosene
64(1)
2.3.2.3 Fuel Oil
65(2)
2.3.2.4 Gas Oil
67(1)
2.3.2.5 Residua
67(1)
2.3.2.6 Used Lubricating Oil
68(1)
2.4 Heavy Oil, Extra Heavy Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen
68(6)
2.4.1 Heavy Oil
69(1)
2.4.2 Extra Heavy Oil
69(2)
2.4.3 Tar sand Bitumen
71(3)
References
74(5)
Chapter 3 Other Feedstocks-Coal, Oil Shale, and Biomass 79(40)
3.1 Introduction
79(2)
3.2 Coal
81(9)
3.2.1 Coal Feedstocks
82(1)
3.2.2 Properties and Composition
83(1)
3.2.3 Conversion
83(2)
3.2.4 Coal Tar Chemicals
85(5)
3.3 Oil Shale
90(4)
3.3.1 Shale Oil Production
90(1)
3.3.2 Shale Oil Properties
91(3)
3.3.2.1 Hydrocarbon Products
92(1)
3.3.2.2 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
93(1)
3.3.2.3 Oxygen-Containing Compounds
94(1)
3.3.2.4 Sulfur-Containing Compounds
94(1)
3.4 Biomass
94(20)
3.4.1 Biomass Feedstocks
97(3)
3.4.1.1 Carbohydrates
99(1)
3.4.1.2 Vegetable Oils
99(1)
3.4.1.3 Plant Fibers
99(1)
3.4.2 Biorefining
100(11)
3.4.2.1 Pyrolysis
103(1)
3.4.2.2 Gasification
103(4)
3.4.2.3 Anaerobic Digestion
107(3)
3.4.2.4 Fermentation
110(1)
3.4.3 Chemicals from Biomass
111(9)
3.4.3.1 Gaseous Products
111(1)
3.4.3.2 Liquid Products
112(2)
3.4.3.3 Solid Products
114(1)
3.5 Waste
114(1)
References
115(4)
Chapter 4 Feedstock Preparation 119(46)
4.1 Introduction
119(1)
4.2 Gas Streams
120(27)
4.2.1 Sources
121(6)
4.2.1.1 Gas Streams from Natural Gas
121(2)
4.2.1.2 Natural Gas Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gas
123(1)
4.2.1.3 Gas Streams from Crude Oil
124(3)
4.2.2 Gas Processing
127(20)
4.2.2.1 Acid Gas Removal
128(9)
4.2.2.2 Recovery of Condensable Hydrocarbon Derivatives
137(5)
4.2.2.3 Water Removal
142(3)
4.2.2.4 Nitrogen Removal
145(1)
4.2.2.5 The Claus Process
145(2)
4.3 Petroleum Streams
147(11)
4.3.1 Refinery Configuration
149(1)
4.3.2 Cracking Processes
150(5)
4.3.2.1 Thermal Cracking Processes
150(3)
4.3.2.2 Catalytic Cracking Processes
153(2)
4.3.3 Dehydrogenation Processes
155(2)
4.3.4 Dehydrocyclization Processes
157(1)
4.4 Streams from Coal, Oil Shale, and Biomass
158(4)
4.4.1 Coal
158(1)
4.4.1.1 Coal Gas
158(1)
4.4.1.2 Coal Liquids
158(1)
4.4.2 Oil Shale
159(2)
4.4.2.1 Oil Shale Gas
159(1)
4.4.2.2 Shale Oil
160(1)
4.4.3 Biomass
161(7)
4.4.3.1 Biogas
161(1)
4.4.3.2 Bio-liquids
161(1)
References
162(3)
Chapter 5 Feedstock Preparation by Gasification 165(44)
5.1 Introduction
165(3)
5.2 Gasification Chemistry
168(11)
5.2.1 General Aspects
169(1)
5.2.2 Pretreatment
170(1)
5.2.3 Reactions
171(8)
5.2.3.1 Primary Gasification
174(1)
5.2.3.2 Secondary Gasification
174(2)
5.2.3.3 Water-Gas Shift Reaction
176(1)
5.2.3.4 Carbon Dioxide Gasification
177(1)
5.2.3.5 Hydrogasification
178(1)
5.2.3.6 Methanation
178(1)
5.3 Gasification Processes
179(14)
5.3.1 Gasifiers
180(1)
5.3.2 FT Synthesis
181(2)
5.3.3 Feedstocks
183(10)
5.3.3.1 Heavy Feedstocks
183(1)
5.3.3.2 Solvent Deasphalter Bottoms
184(1)
5.3.3.3 Asphalt, Tar, and Pitch
184(2)
5.3.3.4 Petroleum Coke
186(2)
5.3.3.5 Coal
188(1)
5.3.3.6 Biomass
189(2)
5.3.3.7 Solid Waste
191(2)
5.3.3.8 Black Liquor
193(1)
5.4 Gasification in a Refinery
193(5)
5.4.1 Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks
195(1)
5.4.2 Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks with Coal
195(1)
5.4.3 Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks with Biomass
196(2)
5.4.4 Gasification of Heavy Feedstocks with Waste
198(1)
5.5 Gas Production and Other Products
198(4)
5.5.1 Gaseous Products
199(2)
5.5.1.1 Synthesis Gas
199(1)
5.5.1.2 Low Btu Gas
200(1)
5.5.1.3 Medium Btu Gas
200(1)
5.5.1.4 High Btu Gas
201(1)
5.5.2 Liquid Products
201(1)
5.5.3 Solid Products
202(1)
5.6 The Future
202(2)
References
204(5)
Chapter 6 Chemicals from Paraffin Hydrocarbons 209(60)
6.1 Introduction
209(2)
6.2 Methane
211(24)
6.2.1 Physical Properties
212(1)
6.2.2 Chemical Properties
213(2)
6.2.3 Chemicals from Methane
215(18)
6.2.3.1 Carbon Disulfide
216(1)
6.2.3.2 Ethylene
217(1)
6.2.3.3 Hydrogen Cyanide
218(1)
6.2.3.4 Chloromethane Derivatives
218(2)
6.2.3.5 Synthesis Gas
220(3)
6.2.3.6 Urea
223(1)
6.2.3.7 Methyl Alcohol
223(3)
6.2.3.8 Formaldehyde
226(3)
6.2.3.9 Aldehyde Derivatives
229(1)
6.2.3.10 Ethylene Glycol
229(1)
6.2.3.11 Nitration
230(1)
6.2.3.12 Oxidation
230(1)
6.2.3.13 Carboxylic Acids
231(1)
6.2.3.14 Alkylation
231(1)
6.2.3.15 Thermolysis
232(1)
6.2.4 Oxidative Coupling
233(2)
6.3 Ethane
235(3)
6.3.1 Physical Properties
235(1)
6.3.2 Chemical Properties
236(1)
6.3.3 Chemicals from Ethane
237(1)
6.4 Propane
238(9)
6.4.1 Physical Properties
238(1)
6.4.2 Chemical Properties
239(1)
6.4.3 Chemicals from Propane
240(7)
6.4.3.1 Oxidation
240(1)
6.4.3.2 Chlorination
240(1)
6.4.3.3 Dehydrogenation
241(6)
6.4.3.4 Nitration
247(1)
6.5 Butane Isomers
247(5)
6.5.1 Physical Properties
249(1)
6.5.2 Chemical Properties
249(1)
6.5.3 Chemicals from Butane
250(2)
6.5.3.1 Oxidation
250(2)
6.5.3.2 Production of Aromatics
252(1)
6.5.3.3 Isomerization
252(1)
6.5.4 Chemicals from Isobutane
252(1)
6.6 Liquid Petroleum Fractions and Residues
252(14)
6.6.1 Naphtha
254(3)
6.6.1.1 Physical Properties
254(1)
6.6.1.2 Chemical Properties
255(1)
6.6.1.3 Chemicals from Naphtha
256(1)
6.6.2 Kerosene
257(1)
6.6.2.1 Physical Properties
257(1)
6.6.2.2 Chemical Properties
257(1)
6.6.2.3 Chemicals from Kerosene
258(1)
6.6.3 Gas Oil
258(2)
6.6.3.1 Physical Properties
258(1)
6.6.3.2 Chemical Properties
259(1)
6.6.3.3 Chemicals from Gas Oil
259(1)
6.6.4 Fuel Oil
260(2)
6.6.4.1 Physical Properties
261(1)
6.6.4.2 Chemical Properties
261(1)
6.6.4.3 Chemicals from Fuel Oil
262(1)
6.6.5 Resids
262(1)
6.6.5.1 Physical Properties
263(1)
6.6.6 Used Lubricating Oil
263(1)
6.6.7 Naphthenic Acids
263(1)
6.6.8 Chemicals from Liquid Petroleum Fractions and Residues
264(7)
6.6.8.1 Oxidation
265(1)
6.6.8.2 Chlorination
265(1)
6.6.8.3 Sulfonation
265(1)
6.6.8.4 Other Products
266(1)
References
266(3)
Chapter 7 Chemicals from Olefin Hydrocarbons 269(54)
7.1 Introduction
269(2)
7.2 Chemicals from Ethylene
271(20)
7.2.1 Alcohols
273(2)
7.2.2 Alkylation
275(1)
7.2.3 Halogen Derivatives
276(1)
7.2.4 Oxygen Derivatives
277(8)
7.2.4.1 Ethylene Glycol
279(2)
7.2.4.2 Ethoxylates
281(1)
7.2.4.3 Ethanolamines
282(1)
7.2.4.4 1,3-Propanediol
282(1)
7.2.4.5 Acetaldehyde
283(2)
7.2.5 Carbonylation
285(1)
7.2.6 Chlorination
286(1)
7.2.6.1 Vinyl Chloride
286(1)
7.2.6.2 Perchloroethylene and Trichloroethylene
287(1)
7.2.7 Hydration
287(1)
7.2.8 Oligomerization
288(1)
7.2.9 Polymerization
289(1)
7.2.10 1-Butylene
290(1)
7.2.11 Polymerization
290(1)
7.3 Chemicals from Propylene
291(12)
7.3.1 Oxidation
294(2)
7.3.2 Ammoxidation
296(3)
7.3.3 Oxyacylation
299(1)
7.3.4 Chlorination
300(1)
7.3.5 Hydration
300(2)
7.3.6 Addition of Organic Acids
302(1)
7.3.7 Hydroformylation
302(1)
7.3.8 Disproportionation
303(1)
7.3.9 Alkylation
303(1)
7.4 Chemicals from C4 Olefins
303(10)
7.4.1 Butylene
304(6)
7.4.1.1 Oxidation
306(2)
7.4.1.2 Hydration
308(1)
7.4.1.3 Isomerization
309(1)
7.4.1.4 Metathesis
309(1)
7.4.1.5 Oligomerization
310(1)
7.4.2 Isobutylene
310(3)
7.4.2.1 Oxidation
311(1)
7.4.2.2 Epoxidation
311(1)
7.4.2.3 Addition of Alcohols
312(1)
7.4.2.4 Hydration
312(1)
7.4.2.5 Carbonylation
312(1)
7.4.2.6 Dimerization
312(1)
7.5 Chemicals from Diolefins
313(3)
7.5.1 Chemicals from Butadiene
313(3)
7.5.1.1 Adiponitrile
314(1)
7.5.1.2 Hexamethylenediamine
314(1)
7.5.1.3 Adipic Acid
314(1)
7.5.1.4 Butanediol
315(1)
7.5.1.5 Chloroprene
315(1)
7.5.1.6 Cyclic Oligomers
316(1)
7.5.2 Isoprene
316(1)
7.6 Chemicals from Acetylene
316(5)
References
321(2)
Chapter 8 Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons 323(36)
8.1 Introduction
323(8)
8.2 Chemicals from Benzene
331(12)
8.2.1 Alkylation
334(5)
8.2.2 Chlorination
339(1)
8.2.3 Hydrogenation
340(2)
8.2.4 Nitration
342(1)
8.2.5 Oxidation
343(1)
8.3 Chemicals from Toluene
343(9)
8.3.1 Carbonylation
345(1)
8.3.2 Chlorination
345(2)
8.3.3 Dealkylation
347(1)
8.3.4 Disproportionation
348(1)
8.3.5 Nitration
348(2)
8.3.6 Oxidation
350(2)
8.4 Chemicals from Xylene Isomers
352(3)
8.5 Chemicals from Ethylbenzene
355(2)
References
357(2)
Chapter 9 Chemicals from Non-hydrocarbons 359(26)
9.1 Introduction
359(1)
9.2 Ammonia
360(3)
9.2.1 Production
361(1)
9.2.2 Properties and Uses
362(1)
9.3 Carbon Black
363(1)
9.3.1 Production
363(1)
9.3.2 Properties and Uses
364(1)
9.4 Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide
364(2)
9.4.1 Production
365(1)
9.4.2 Properties and Uses
365(1)
9.5 Hydrazine
366(2)
9.5.1 Production
366(1)
9.5.2 Properties and Uses
367(1)
9.6 Hydrogen
368(3)
9.6.1 Production
368(2)
9.6.2 Properties and Uses
370(1)
9.7 Nitric Acid
371(2)
9.7.1 Production
372(1)
9.7.2 Properties and Uses
372(1)
9.8 Sulfur
373(3)
9.8.1 Production
373(2)
9.8.2 Properties and Uses
375(1)
9.9 Sulfuric Acid
376(4)
9.9.1 Production
376(3)
9.9.2 Properties and Uses
379(1)
9.10 Synthesis Gas
380(3)
9.10.1 Production
381(1)
9.10.2 Properties and Uses
382(1)
References
383(2)
Chapter 10 Chemicals from the Fischer-Tropsch Process 385(36)
10.1 Introduction
385(3)
10.2 History and Development of the Fischer-Tropsch Process
388(2)
10.3 Synthesis Gas
390(2)
10.4 Production of Synthesis Gas
392(9)
10.4.1 Feedstocks
393(2)
10.4.2 Processes
395(6)
10.4.2.1 Steam Reforming
395(3)
10.4.2.2 Autothermal Reforming
398(1)
10.4.2.3 Combined Reforming
399(1)
10.4.2.4 Partial Oxidation
400(1)
10.4.3 Product Distribution
401(1)
10.5 Process Parameters
401(2)
10.6 Reactors and Catalysts
403(6)
10.6.1 Reactors
403(2)
10.6.2 Catalysts
405(4)
10.7 Products and Product Quality
409(3)
10.7.1 Products
409(1)
10.7.2 Product Quality
410(2)
10.8 Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry
412(5)
10.8.1 Chemical Principles
412(4)
10.8.2 Refining Fischer-Tropsch Products
416(1)
References
417(4)
Chapter 11 Monomers, Polymers, and Plastics 421(46)
11.1 Introduction
421(4)
11.2 Processes and Process Chemistry
425(6)
11.2.1 Addition Polymerization
426(1)
11.2.2 Free Radical Polymerization
427(1)
11.2.3 Cationic Polymerization
427(1)
11.2.4 Anionic Polymerization
428(1)
11.2.5 Coordination Polymerization
428(1)
11.2.6 Condensation Polymerization
429(1)
11.2.7 Ring-Opening Polymerization
430(1)
11.3 Polymer Types
431(15)
11.3.1 Polyethylene
435(2)
11.3.1.1 Low-Density Polyethylene
435(1)
11.3.1.2 High-Density Polyethylene
436(1)
11.3.1.3 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene
436(1)
11.3.1.4 Properties and Uses
436(1)
11.3.2 Polypropylene
437(1)
11.3.3 Polyvinyl Chloride
438(1)
11.3.4 Polystyrene
439(1)
11.3.5 Nylon Resins
440(1)
11.3.6 Polyesters
441(1)
11.3.7 Polycarbonates
441(1)
11.3.8 Polyether Sul fones
442(2)
11.3.9 Poly(phenylene) Oxide
444(1)
11.3.10 Polyacetal
444(1)
11.3.11 Butadiene Polymers and Copolymers
445(1)
11.4 Plastics and Thermoplastics
446(7)
11.4.1 Classification
449(1)
11.4.2 Chemical Structure
450(1)
11.4.3 Properties
451(2)
11.4.3.1 Mechanical Properties
451(1)
11.4.3.2 Chemical Properties
452(1)
11.4.3.3 Electrical Properties
453(1)
11.4.3.4 Optical Properties
453(1)
11.5 Thermosetting Plastics
453(4)
11.5.1 Polyurethanes
453(2)
11.5.2 Epoxy Resins
455(1)
11.5.3 Unsaturated Polyesters
455(1)
11.5.4 Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins
455(1)
11.5.5 Amino Resins
456(1)
11.5.6 Polycyanurates
457(1)
11.6 Synthetic Fibers
457(5)
11.6.1 Polyester Fibers
458(1)
11.6.2 Polyamides
459(2)
11.6.2.1 Nylon 66
460(1)
11.6.2.2 Nylon 6
460(1)
11.6.2.3 Nylon 12
460(1)
11.6.2.4 Nylon 4
460(1)
11.6.2.5 Nylon 11
461(1)
11.6.2.6 Other Nylon Polymers
461(1)
11.6.3 Acrylic and Modacrylic Fibers
461(1)
11.6.4 Graphite Fibers
462(1)
11.6.5 Polypropylene Fibers
462(1)
11.7 Synthetic Rubber
462(3)
11.7.1 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
463(1)
11.7.2 Nitrile Rubber
464(1)
11.7.3 Polyisoprene
464(1)
11.7.4 Polychloroprene
465(1)
11.7.5 Butyl Rubber
465(1)
11.7.6 Ethylene-Propylene Rubber
465(1)
References
465(2)
Chapter 12 Pharmaceuticals 467(22)
12.1 Introduction
467(3)
12.2 Medicinal Oils from Petroleum
470(8)
12.2.1 Mineral Oil/White Oil
471(1)
12.2.2 Petroleum Jelly
472(2)
12.2.3 Paraffin Wax
474(1)
12.2.4 Bitumen
475(1)
12.2.5 Solvents
476(2)
12.3 Pharmaceutical Products
478(1)
12.4 Production of Pharmaceuticals
479(7)
12.4.1 Acetaminophen
480(1)
12.4.2 Aleve
480(1)
12.4.3 Aspirin
481(1)
12.4.4 Cepacol
482(1)
12.4.5 Excedrin
482(1)
12.4.6 Gaviscon
482(1)
12.4.7 Ibuprofen
483(1)
12.4.8 Kaopectate
483(1)
12.4.9 L-Menthol
484(1)
12.4.10 Orajel
485(1)
12.4.11 Tylenol
485(1)
12.4.12 Zantac
485(1)
References
486(3)
Conversion Tables 489(4)
Glossary 493(64)
Index 557
Dr. James G. Speight has doctorate degrees in Chemistry, Geological Sciences, and Petroleum Engineering and is the author of more than 75 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, and environmental sciences.

Dr. Speight has fifty years of experience in areas associated with (i) the properties, recovery, and refining of reservoir fluids, conventional petroleum, heavy oil, and tar sand bitumen, (ii) the properties and refining of natural gas, gaseous fuels, (iii) the production and properties of petrochemicals, (iv) the properties and refining of biomass, biofuels, biogas, and the generation of bioenergy, and (v) the environmental and toxicological effects of fuels. His work has also focused on safety issues, environmental effects, remediation, and safety issues as well as reactors associated with the production and use of fuels and biofuels. He is the author of more than 70 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, biomass and biofuels, environmental sciences.

Although he has always worked in private industry which focused on contract-based work, he has served as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemical and Fuels Engineering at the University of Utah and in the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Wyoming. In addition, he was a Visiting Professor in the College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq and has also been a Visiting Professor in Chemical Engineering at the following universities: University of Missouri-Columbia, the Technical University of Denmark, and the University of Trinidad and Tobago.

In 1996, Dr. Speight was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences and awarded the Gold Medal of Honor that same year for outstanding contributions to the field of petroleum sciences. In 2001, he received the Scientists without Borders Medal of Honor of the Russian Academy of Sciences and was also awarded Dr. Speight the Einstein Medal for outstanding contributions and service in the field of Geological Sciences. In 2005, the Academy awarded Dr. Speight the Gold Medal - Scientists without Frontiers, Russian Academy of Sciences, in recognition of Continuous Encouragement of Scientists to Work Together Across International Borders. In 2007 Dr. Speight received the Methanex Distinguished Professor award at the University of Trinidad and Tobago in recognition of excellence in research.