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1 | (26) |
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1.1 Overview of Digital Microfluidics |
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4 | (10) |
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1.1.1 Theory of Electrowetting-on-Dielectric |
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4 | (3) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (4) |
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12 | (2) |
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1.2 Computer-Aided Design and Optimization |
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14 | (9) |
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1.2.1 Design Flow for Digital Microfluidic Biochips |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Pin-Assignment Methods |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (4) |
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24 | (3) |
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2 Error-Recovery in Cyberphysical Biochips |
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27 | (34) |
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2.1 Motivation and Related Prior Work |
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27 | (3) |
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2.2 Overview of Cyberphysical Biochips |
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30 | (6) |
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30 | (4) |
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2.2.2 "Physical-Aware" Software |
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34 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Interfaces Between Biochip and Control Software |
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34 | (2) |
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2.3 Reliability-Driven Error-Recovery |
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36 | (7) |
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2.3.1 Error Recovery Strategies |
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36 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Reliability Consideration in Error-Recovery |
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39 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Comparison Between Two Sensing Schemes |
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41 | (2) |
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2.4 Error Recovery and Dynamic Re-synthesis |
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43 | (9) |
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2.4.1 Off-Line Data Preparation Before Bioassay Execution |
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44 | (1) |
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2.4.2 On-Line Monitoring of Droplets and Re-synthesis of the Bioassay |
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45 | (7) |
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52 | (6) |
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2.5.1 Preparation of Plasmid DNA |
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52 | (3) |
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2.5.2 Protein Assays: Interpolating Mixing and Exponential Dilution |
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55 | (3) |
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2.6 Chapter Summary and Conclusions |
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58 | (3) |
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59 | (2) |
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3 Real-Time Error Recovery Using a Compact Dictionary |
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61 | (34) |
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3.1 Motivation and Related Prior Work |
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61 | (3) |
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3.2 Generation of the Error Dictionary |
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64 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Dictionary Entry for Error-Free Case |
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65 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Dictionary Entries for Single-Operation Errors |
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67 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Dictionary Entries for Multiple-Operation Errors |
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68 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Consideration of Error-Recovery Cost and Reduction in the Number of Dictionary Entries |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (3) |
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3.4 Estimation for the Percentage of Non-zero Elements in Actuation Matrices |
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72 | (2) |
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3.5 Compaction of the Error Dictionary |
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74 | (2) |
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3.5.1 Compaction of the Actuation Matrix |
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74 | (1) |
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3.5.2 De-Compaction of the Error Dictionary |
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75 | (1) |
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3.6 Implementation of Dictionary-Based Error Recovery on FPGA |
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76 | (4) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Memory for Storage of the Error Dictionary |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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3.6.4 De-Compaction Module |
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79 | (1) |
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3.6.5 Resource Report for Synthesized Modules |
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79 | (1) |
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3.7 Fault Simulation in the Presence of Chip-Parameter Variations |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (10) |
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3.8.1 Exponential Dilution of a Protein Sample |
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82 | (6) |
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3.8.2 Interpolation Dilution of a Protein Sample |
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88 | (1) |
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3.8.3 Mixing Tree Bioassay |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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3.9 Chapter Summary and Conclusions |
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92 | (3) |
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93 | (2) |
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4 Biochemistry Synthesis Under Completion-Time Uncertainties in Fluidic Operations |
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95 | (22) |
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95 | (2) |
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4.2 Biochips with Multiple Clock Frequencies |
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97 | (3) |
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4.3 Operation-Dependency-Aware Synthesis |
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100 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Synthesis for Sequencing Graphs with Directed Tree Structure |
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101 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Synthesis for Sequencing Graphs in General Cases |
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103 | (2) |
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4.4 Droplet-Routing Procedure |
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105 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Routability Analysis |
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106 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Searching Droplet-Routing Paths |
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108 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Online Decision-Making for Droplet-Routing |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (5) |
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4.5.1 Comparisons Between the Proposed Synthesis Algorithm and Previous Algorithms |
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109 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Number of Droplets Consumed |
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109 | (4) |
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4.5.3 Results Derived by the Operation-Interdependency- Aware Synthesis Approach |
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113 | (1) |
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4.5.4 Completion Time with Multiple Clock Frequencies |
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114 | (1) |
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4.6 Chapter Summary and Conclusions |
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114 | (3) |
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115 | (2) |
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5 Optimization of On-Chip Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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117 | (30) |
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117 | (3) |
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5.2 Cyberphysical Biochip with On-line Decision Making |
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120 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Statistical Model for the Number of DNA Strands in a Droplet |
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121 | (1) |
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5.2.2 A Simplified Statistical Model for Amplification of DNA |
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121 | (1) |
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5.2.3 An Improved Statistical Model for Amplification of DNA |
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122 | (1) |
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5.3 Optimized Resource Placement Under Proximity Constraints |
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123 | (7) |
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5.3.1 Device-Proximity Constraints on a PCR Biochip |
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124 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Objective Function for Device Placement |
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125 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Device Placement on a PCR Biochip |
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126 | (2) |
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5.3.4 Optimization of Device Placement Results |
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128 | (2) |
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5.4 Bioassay-Specific Reservoir Allocation for PCR Biochip |
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130 | (5) |
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5.4.1 Electrode Ring on Low-Cost Biochips |
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130 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Droplet Routing on Low-Cost PCR Biochip |
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131 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Bioassay-Specific Reservoir Allocation |
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133 | (2) |
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5.5 Visibility-Aware Droplet Detection |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (6) |
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5.6.1 Probabilistic Control of DNA Amplification |
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138 | (2) |
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5.6.2 Layout Design for PCR Biochips |
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140 | (3) |
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5.6.3 Defect Tolerance of Layouts for PCR Biochips |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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145 | (2) |
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6 Pin-Count Minimization for Application-Independent Chips |
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147 | (38) |
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6.1 Motivation and Related Prior Work |
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147 | (2) |
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6.2 Analysis of Pin-Assignment |
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149 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Pin-Actuation Conflicts |
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149 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Control-Pin Sharing and Concurrent Movement of Droplets |
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150 | (5) |
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6.3 ILP Model for Pin-Assignment |
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155 | (1) |
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6.4 Heuristic Optimization Method |
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156 | (10) |
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6.5 Manipulation of Large Droplets |
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166 | (4) |
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6.5.1 Transportation of 2× Droplets |
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166 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Influence of Diagonal Electrodes |
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168 | (2) |
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6.6 Scheduling of Fluid-Handling Operations |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (9) |
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6.7.1 Commercial Biochips |
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174 | (3) |
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6.7.2 Experimental Biochips |
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177 | (3) |
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6.7.3 Simulation Results on Regular Array |
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180 | (2) |
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6.8 Chapter Summary and Conclusions |
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182 | (3) |
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182 | (3) |
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7 Pin-Limited Cyberphysical Microfluidic Biochip |
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185 | (10) |
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185 | (2) |
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7.2 Wire Routing for General-Purpose Pin-Limited Biochips |
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187 | (3) |
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7.3 Design Flow for Pin-Limited Cyberphysical Biochips |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Results Derived by the Operation-Interdependency- Aware Synthesis Approach |
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191 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Completion Time with Multiple Clock Frequencies on Pin-Limited Biochip |
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192 | (1) |
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7.5 Chapter Summary and Conclusions |
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193 | (2) |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | |