Harnessing Green IT Principles and Practices [Other digital carrier]

About the Editors xix About the Authors xxi Foreword xxix Preface
xxxi Acknowledgements xxxv 1 Green IT: An Overview 1 San Murugesan and
G.R. Gangadharan Key Points 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Environmental
Concerns and Sustainable Development 2 1.2.1 The Inconvenient Truth 3 1.2.2
Sustainable Development 4 1.2.3 Why Should You Go Green? 4 1.3
Environmental Impacts of IT 4 1.4 Green IT 5 1.4.1 OCED Green IT Framework
6 1.4.2 Green IT 1.0 and 2.0 7 1.5 Holistic Approach to Greening IT 7
1.5.1 Greening Computer's Entire Life Cycle 8 1.5.2 The Three Rs of Green IT
9 1.6 Greening IT 10 1.6.1 Green PCs, Notebooks and Servers 10 1.6.2 Green
Data Centres 10 1.6.3 Green Cloud Computing 12 1.6.4 Green Data Storage 12
1.6.5 Green Software 13 1.6.6 Green Networking and Communications 13 1.7
Applying IT for Enhancing Environmental Sustainability 14 1.8 Green IT
Standards and Eco-Labelling of IT 15 1.9 Enterprise Green IT Strategy 15
1.9.1 Green Washing 17 1.10 Green IT: Burden or Opportunity? 17 1.11
Conclusion 18 Review Questions 19 Discussion Questions 19 References 19
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 20 2 Green Devices and Hardware 23
Ashok Pon Kumar and Sateesh S. Kannegala Key Points 23 2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Life Cycle of a Device or Hardware 24 2.2.1 Design 25 2.2.2
Manufacturing 26 2.2.3 Packaging and Transportation 28 2.2.4 Use 29 2.3
Reuse, Recycle and Dispose 34 2.4 Conclusions 36 Review Questions 37
Discussion Questions 37 References 37 3 Green Software 39 Bob
Steigerwald and Abhishek Agrawal Key Points 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.1.1
Processor Power States 40 3.2 Energy-Saving Software Techniques 41 3.2.1
Computational Efficiency 42 3.2.2 Data Efficiency 45 3.2.3 Context
Awareness 49 3.2.4 Idle Efficiency 52 3.3 Evaluating and Measuring Software
Impact to Platform Power 55 3.3.1 Fluke NetDAQ(r) (Networked Data
Acquisition Unit) 55 3.3.2 Software Tools 57 3.4 Summary 59
Acknowledgements 60 Review Questions 61 Discussion Questions 61 References
61 Further Reading 62 4 Sustainable Software Development 63 Felipe
Albertao Key Points 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Current Practices 64 4.3
Sustainable Software 65 4.4 Software Sustainability Attributes 66 4.5
Software Sustainability Metrics 68 4.5.1 Modifiability and Reusability 68
4.5.2 Portability 70 4.5.3 Supportability 71 4.5.4 Performance 71 4.5.5
Dependability 71 4.5.6 Usability 71 4.5.7 Accessibility 72 4.5.8
Predictability 72 4.5.9 Efficiency 73 4.5.10 Project's Carbon Footprint 73
4.6 Sustainable Software Methodology 73 4.6.1 Collecting Metrics 73 4.6.2
Code Metrics Tools 74 4.6.3 Simplified Usability Study 75 4.6.4 Platform
Analysis 76 4.6.5 Existing Project Statistics 77 4.7 Defining Actions 77
4.8 Case Study 78 4.8.1 Modifiability and Reusability 78 4.8.2 Portability
78 4.8.3 Supportability 79 4.8.4 Performance 79 4.8.5 Dependability 79
4.8.6 Usability 79 4.8.7 Accessibility 79 4.8.8 Predictability 81 4.8.9
Efficiency 81 4.8.10 Project's Footprint 81 4.8.11 Results and Actions 81
4.9 Conclusions 82 Review Questions 82 Discussion Questions 82 References
83 5 Green Data Centres 85 Charles G. Sheridan, Keith A. Ellis, Enrique
G. Castro-Leon and Christopher P. Fowler Key Points 85 5.1 Data Centres
and Associated Energy Challenges 85 5.2 Data Centre IT Infrastructure 87
5.2.1 Servers 87 5.2.2 Networking 89 5.2.3 Storage 89 5.2.4 IT Platform
Innovation 90 5.3 Data Centre Facility Infrastructure: Implications for
Energy Efficiency 92 5.3.1 Power System 92 5.3.2 Cooling 95 5.3.3
Facilities Infrastructure Management 97 5.4 IT Infrastructure Management 98
5.4.1 Server Power 98 5.4.2 Consolidation 101 5.4.3 Virtualization 104 5.5
Green Data Centre Metrics 106 5.5.1 PUE and DCiE 106 5.5.2 Power versus
Energy Consumption 107 5.6 Data Centre Management Strategies: A Case Study
108 5.6.1 Challenges 108 5.6.2 Tested Solution 108 5.6.3 Impact 108 5.6.4
A Thorough Evaluation 109 5.7 Conclusions 110 Review Questions 111
Discussion Questions 111 References 111 Further Reading and Useful Web
Sites 112 6 Green Data Storage 113 Pin Zhou and Nagapramod Mandagere
Key Points 113 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Storage Media Power Characteristics
115 6.2.1 Hard Disks 115 6.2.2 Magnetic Tapes 117 6.2.3 Solid-State Drives
(SSDs) 117 6.3 Energy Management Techniques for Hard Disks 118 6.3.1 State
Transitioning 118 6.3.2 Caching 118 6.3.3 Dynamic RPM 119 6.4 System-Level
Energy Management 119 6.4.1 RAID with Power Awareness 120 6.4.2 Power-Aware
Data Layout 120 6.4.3 Hierarchical Storage Management 121 6.4.4 Storage
Virtualization 122 6.4.5 Cloud Storage 123 6.5 Summary and Research Areas
124 Review Questions 124 Discussion Questions 124 References 124 7 Green
Networks and Communications 127 Cathryn Peoples, Gerard Parr, Sally McClean
and Philip Morrow Key Points 127 7.1 Introduction 127 7.1.1 Green Network
Communications and Management: Background 128 7.1.2 The Challenge of
Next-Generation Networks 129 7.1.3 Benefits of Energy-Efficient Networks 130
7.1.4 Objectives of Green Networking 131 7.1.5 Core Components in
Green-Networking Technology 132 7.2 Objectives of Green Network Protocols
132 7.2.1 Energy-Optimizing Protocol Design 133 7.2.2 Bit Costs Associated
with Network Communication Protocols 135 7.2.3 Objectives of Green Network
Protocols 138 7.3 Green Network Protocols and Standards 140 7.3.1
Strategies to Reduce Carbon Emissions 140 7.3.2 Contributions from the EMAN
Working Group 140 7.3.3 Contributions from Standardization Bodies 142 7.3.4
Context Detail to Drive Energy Efficiency 142 7.4 Conclusions 145
Acknowledgements 145 Review Questions 145 Discussion Questions 146
References 146 Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 148 8 Enterprise Green
IT Strategy 149 Bhuvan Unhelkar Key Points 149 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2
Approaching Green IT Strategies 151 8.3 Business Drivers of Green IT
Strategy 153 8.3.1 Cost Reduction 153 8.3.2 Demands from Legal and
Regulatory Requirements 154 8.3.3 Sociocultural and Political Pressure 155
8.3.4 Enlightened Self-Interest 155 8.3.5 Collaborative Business Ecosystem
155 8.3.6 New Market Opportunities 156 8.4 Business Dimensions for Green IT
Transformation 156 8.4.1 Economy 157 8.4.2 Technology 157 8.4.3 Process
158 8.4.4 People 158 8.5 Organizational Considerations in a Green IT
Strategy 160 8.6 Steps in Developing a Green IT Strategy 161 8.7 Metrics
and Measurements in Green Strategies 163 8.8 Conclusions 164 Review
Questions 164 Discussion Questions 164 References 164 9 Sustainable
Information Systems and Green Metrics 167 Edward Curry and Brian Donnellan
Key Points 167 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Multilevel Sustainable Information
168 9.3 Sustainability Hierarchy Models 170 9.3.1 Sustainability Frameworks
170 9.3.2 Sustainability Principles 172 9.3.3 Tools for Sustainability 172
9.4 Product Level Information 173 9.4.1 Life-Cycle Assessment 173 9.4.2 The
Four Stages of LCA 173 9.4.3 CRT Monitors versus LCD Monitors: Life Cycle
Assessment 174 9.5 Individual Level Information 174 9.6 Functional Level
Information 176 9.6.1 Data Centre Energy Efficiency 176 9.6.2 Data Centre
Power Metrics 176 9.6.3 Emerging Data Centre Metrics 177 9.7 Organizational
Level Information 178 9.7.1 Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions 178 9.8
Regional/City Level Information 181 9.8.1 Developing a City Sustainability
Plan: A Case Study 181 9.9 Measuring the Maturity of Sustainable ICT 182
9.9.1 A Capability Maturity Framework for SICT 182 9.9.2 Defining the Scope
and Goal 185 9.9.3 Capability Maturity Levels 185 9.9.4 SICT Capability
Building Blocks 186 9.9.5 Assessing and Managing SICT Progress 188 9.10
Conclusions 189 Appendix: Sustainability Tools and Standards 190
Acknowledgements 195 Review Questions 195 Discussion Questions 196
References 196 Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 197 Tools and Carbon
Calculators 198 10 Enterprise Green IT Readiness 199 Alemayehu Molla and
Vanessa Cooper Key Points 199 10.1 Introduction 199 10.2 Background:
Readiness and Capability 201 10.3 Development of the G-Readiness Framework
202 10.3.1 Green IT Attitude 203 10.3.2 Green IT Policy 204 10.3.3 Green
IT Governance 204 10.3.4 Green IT Practice 205 10.3.5 Green IT Technology
205 10.4 Measuring an Organization's G-Readiness 206 10.4.1 G-Readiness
Consultancy Services 206 10.4.2 Calculating the G-Readiness Index via a
Survey Instrument 207 10.5 Conclusions 207 Review Questions 208 Discussion
Questions 209 References 209 11 Sustainable IT Services: Creating a
Framework for Service Innovation 211 Robert R. Harmon and Haluk Demirkan
Key Points 211 11.1 Introduction 211 11.2 Factors Driving the Development
of Sustainable IT 213 11.2.1 The Sustainability Dimensions of IT 213 11.2.2
Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility and IT 216 11.3 Sustainable
IT Services (SITS) 219 11.3.1 Developing a Service-Dominant Logic 219
11.3.2 Business Value, Customer Value and Societal Value 220 11.3.3 SITS as
Service Science 222 11.4 SITS Strategic Framework 224 11.4.1 The SITS Value
Curve 224 11.4.2 Integrating Sustainable IT and Business Strategy 227 11.5
Sustainable IT Roadmap 229 11.5.1 Time Horizon 229 11.5.2 Market Segments
229 11.5.3 Products, Services and Technologies 229 11.5.4 Compliance,
Regulations, Standards and Reporting 231 11.5.5 SITS Standards and Reporting
232 11.5.6 Organizational Changes 232 11.5.7 Value Goals 232 11.6 SITS
Leadership and Best Practices 233 11.6.1 IBM 233 11.6.2 Cisco Systems, Inc.
233 11.6.3 Siemens AG 235 11.6.4 HP 235 11.6.5 Intel Corporation 235
11.6.6 Microsoft Corporation 235 11.6.7 Oracle 236 11.6.8 Google 236
11.6.9 Apple 236 11.6.10 Samsung 236 11.6.11 Pachube 236 11.6.12
SeeClickFix 237 11.7 Conclusions 237 11.8 Summary 237 Review Questions 238
Discussion Questions 238 References 238 Useful Web Sites 242 12 Green
Enterprises and the Role of IT 243 Joseph Sarkis Key Points 243 12.1
Introduction 243 12.2 Organizational and Enterprise Greening 244 12.2.1 The
Green Enterprise: A Value Chain Perspective 245 12.3 Information Systems in
Greening Enterprises 248 12.3.1 Environmental Management Information Systems
250 12.3.2 Software and Databases 250 12.3.3 ERP EMISs 250 12.3.4 ERP
Challenges and Deficiencies with Respect to EMIS 254 12.3.5 Integrating
Environmental and LCA Information with ERP 254 12.3.6 Electronic
Environmental and Sustainability Reporting 255 12.4 Greening the Enterprise:
IT Usage and Hardware 255 12.4.1 Environmental Information Technology
Standards 256 12.4.2 Green Management of Data Centres 256 12.5
Inter-organizational Enterprise Activities and Green Issues 256 12.5.1
Electronic Commerce and Greening the Extended Enterprise 257 12.5.2
Demanufacturing and Reverse Logistics 258 12.5.3 Eco-Industrial Parks and
Information Systems 259 12.6 Enablers and Making the Case for IT and the
Green Enterprise 261 12.7 Conclusions 262 Review Questions 262 Discussion
Questions 262 References 263 13 Environmentally Aware Business Process
Improvement in the Enterprise Context 265 Konstantin Hoesch-Klohe and
Aditya Ghose Key Points 265 13.1 Introduction 265 13.2 Identifying the
Environmental Impact of an Activity or Process 266 13.2.1 Educated Guess by
an Expert 266 13.2.2 Derivation from a Resource Model 267 13.2.3
Carbon-Dioxide Accumulation 267 13.2.4 Activity-Based Costing 267 13.3 A
Decision Support Tool for Environmentally Aware Business Process Improvement
268 13.3.1 Some Preliminaries 268 13.3.2 The Business Process Improvement
System 269 13.4 Process Improvement in the Enterprise Context 270 13.4.1
The Enterprise Ecosystem 271 13.4.2 Enterprise Ecosystem Equilibrium 272
13.5 Impact and Change Propagation Analysis 272 13.5.1 Identifying the
Consequences of a Business Process Change 272 13.5.2 Re-Establishing a State
of Equilibrium 273 13.6 Trade-Off Analysis 275 13.6.1 Cost to Bring about
the Change 275 13.6.2 Environmental Operating Costs 276 13.7 An Example 276
13.7.1 As-Is Scenario 276 13.7.2 Improvement Scenarios 277 13.7.3
Assessing Scenarios 278 13.8 Conclusions 280 Review Questions 280
Discussion Questions 280 References 280 14 Managing Green IT 283 Linda
R. Wilbanks Key Points 283 14.1 Introduction 283 14.2 Strategizing Green
Initiatives 284 14.2.1 Strategic Thinking 284 14.2.2 Strategic Planning 285
14.2.3 Strategic Implementation 286 14.2.4 Enterprise Architecture Planning
286 14.3 Implementation of Green IT 288 14.3.1 Return on Investment 289
14.3.2 Metrics 290 14.3.3 The Goal--Question--Metric (GQM) Paradigm 291
14.4 Information Assurance 292 14.4.1 Risk Management 292 14.5
Communication and Social Media 294 14.6 Case Study 295 14.7 Summary 296
Review Questions 296 Discussion Questions 296 References 296 15
Regulating Green IT: Laws, Standards and Protocols 297 Tom Butler Key
Points 297 15.1 Introduction 297 15.2 The Regulatory Environment and IT
Manufacturers 299 15.2.1 RoHS 300 15.2.2 REACh 301 15.2.3 WEEE 302 15.2.4
Legislating for GHG Emissions and Energy Use of IT Equipment 303 15.3
Nonregulatory Government Initiatives 303 15.4 Industry Associations and
Standards Bodies 305 15.5 Green Building Standards 306 15.6 Green Data
Centres 306 15.7 Social Movements and Greenpeace 308 15.8 Conclusions 311
Review Questions 312 Discussion Questions 313 References 313 Further
Reading 314 16 Green Cloud Computing and Environmental Sustainability 315
Saurabh Kumar Garg and Rajkumar Buyya Key Points 315 16.1 Introduction 315
16.2 What is Cloud Computing? 318 16.2.1 Cloud Computing Characteristics
318 16.2.2 Components of Cloud Computing 319 16.2.3 Cloud Computing
Deployment Models 321 16.3 Cloud Computing and Energy Usage Model: A Typical
Example 322 16.3.1 User and Cloud Software Applications 323 16.3.2 Cloud
Software Stack for the SaaS, PaaS and IaaS Levels 323 16.3.3 Network Devices
324 16.3.4 Data Centres 325 16.4 Features of Clouds Enabling Green
Computing 325 16.5 Towards Energy Efficiency of Cloud Computing 327 16.5.1
Applications 327 16.5.2 Cloud Software Stack: Virtualization and
Provisioning 327 16.5.3 Data Centre Level: Cooling, Hardware, Network and
Storage 329 16.5.4 Monitoring and Metering 330 16.5.5 Network
Infrastructure 331 16.6 Green Cloud Architecture 332 16.7 Case Study: IaaS
Provider 334 16.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 336 Acknowledgements
337 Review Questions 337 Discussion Questions 337 References 337 17
Harnessing Semantic Web Technologies for the Environmental Sustainability of
Production Systems 341 Chris Davis, Igor Nikolic and Gerard Dijkema Key
Points 341 17.1 Introduction 341 17.2 Information Management for
Environmental Sustainability 344 17.2.1 Invisible Coordination 344 17.2.2
Sustainability and Networks 344 17.2.3 Need for Information Management
Techniques 345 17.3 Ecosystem of Software Tools 346 17.3.1 MediaWiki 346
17.3.2 Semantic MediaWiki 348 17.3.3 SparqlExtension 350 17.3.4 Semantic
Web 351 17.4 Examples of Managing Data 353 17.4.1 Pages for Commodities 353
17.4.2 Pages for Processes 354 17.4.3 Pages for Overviews and Information
Management 356 17.4.4 Reuse of Data across Multiple Levels and Points of
View 358 17.5 Challenges and Guiding Principles 358 17.5.1 Challenges 358
17.5.2 Guiding Principles 359 17.6 Conclusions 360 Review Questions 361
Discussion Questions 361 References 361 Further Reading and Useful Web
Sites 363 18 Green IT: An Outlook 365 San Murugesan and G.R. Gangadharan
Key Points 365 18.1 Introduction 365 18.2 Awareness to Implementation 366
18.2.1 Green IT Trends 366 18.2.2 Green Engineering 367 18.3 Greening by IT
368 18.3.1 Using RFID for Environmental Sustainability 368 18.3.2 Smart
Grids 369 18.3.3 Smart Buildings and Homes 371 18.3.4 Green Supply Chain
and Logistics 371 18.3.5 Enterprise-Wide Environmental Sustainability 372
18.4 Green IT: A Megatrend? 373 18.4.1 Outsourcing and Environmental
Attributes 374 18.4.2 Green Audit 375 18.5 A Seven-Step Approach to
Creating Green IT Strategy 375 18.5.1 Balancing the Costs and Benefits of
Going Green 376 18.6 Research and Development Directions 376 18.7 Prospects
377 Review Questions 378 Discussion Questions 378 References 378 Glossary
381 Index 389