|
|
|
xii | |
| Acknowledgements |
|
xiii | |
|
|
|
1 | (14) |
|
The Time Periods of English |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
|
|
3 | (4) |
|
Sources of Information on Language Change |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
The Sounds of English, and Symbols Used to Describe Them |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
The Pre-history of English |
|
|
15 | (40) |
|
Timeline: The Indo-European Period |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
The Indo-European Languages and Linguistic Relatedness |
|
|
17 | (6) |
|
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
The Development of Historical Linguistics |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
|
19 | (4) |
|
Linguistic Developments: The Indo-European Language Family |
|
|
23 | (11) |
|
Family-Tree Relationships |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
|
|
31 | (3) |
|
From Indo-European to Germanic |
|
|
34 | (10) |
|
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
The Consonant System: Sound Shifts |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
The Second Consonant Shift |
|
|
38 | (2) |
|
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Indo-European/Germanic Texts |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Neogrammarians, Structuralists and Contemporary Linguistic Models |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
Typological Classification |
|
|
44 | (5) |
|
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
|
46 | (3) |
|
Sociolinguistic Focus. The Indo-European Tribes and the Spread of Language. Language Contact and Language Change. Archaeological Linguistics |
|
|
49 | (4) |
|
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Archaeological Linguistics |
|
|
51 | (2) |
|
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
|
|
55 | (39) |
|
Timeline: The Old English Period |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Social and Political History |
|
|
55 | (4) |
|
Britain before the English |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
The Anglo-Saxon Invasions |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
Linguistic Developments: The Sounds, Structure and Typology of Old English |
|
|
59 | (20) |
|
The Structure of Old English |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
Vowels: from Germanic to Old English |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Inflection in Old English |
|
|
64 | (8) |
|
|
|
72 | (5) |
|
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
Linguistic and Literary Achievements |
|
|
79 | (6) |
|
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
|
|
80 | (2) |
|
|
|
82 | (3) |
|
The Dialects of Old English |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
|
86 | (8) |
|
|
|
86 | (2) |
|
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
|
|
90 | (4) |
|
|
|
94 | (41) |
|
Timeline: The Middle English Period |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Social and Political History |
|
|
94 | (3) |
|
Political History: The Norman Conquest to Edward I |
|
|
94 | (2) |
|
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
The Establishment of Towns and Burghs and the Beginnings of Social Stratification |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
Linguistic Developments: Middle English Sounds and Structure, with Particular Emphasis on the Breakdown of the Inflectional System and its Linguistic Typological Implications |
|
|
97 | (11) |
|
Major Changes in the Sound System |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Consonant Changes from Old to Middle English |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Vowels in Stressed Syllables |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Vowels in Unstressed Syllables |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Lengthening and Shortening |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Summary Table of Vowel Changes from Old to Middle English |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
The Formation of Middle English Diphthongs |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
Major Morphological Changes from Old to Middle English |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Other Changes in the Morphological System |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
The Lexicon: Loan Words from French |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Numbers and Parts of the Body |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
|
108 | (8) |
|
Linguistic and Literary Achievements |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Middle English Literature |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Sociolinguistic Focus: Social Stratification, Multilingualism and Dialect Variation. Language Contact: The Myth of Middle English Creolization |
|
|
116 | (17) |
|
|
|
116 | (4) |
|
Language and the Rise of the Meddle Class |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
The Development of Standard English |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
The Evolution of ME `Standard' English |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
Middle English Creolization: Myth? |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
Pidgins and Creoles in England? |
|
|
128 | (5) |
|
|
|
133 | (2) |
|
|
|
135 | (32) |
|
Timeline: The Early Modern English Period |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Social and Political History |
|
|
136 | (2) |
|
Historical and Political Background |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Internal Instability and Colonial Expansion |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Linguistic Developments: The Variable Character of Early Modern English |
|
|
138 | (14) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
The Spread of Northern Forms |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
The Anxious State of English: The Search for Authority |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
Dictionaries and the Question of Linguistic Authority: Swift's and Johnson's View of Language |
|
|
149 | (3) |
|
Linguistic and Literary Achievement |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
|
|
154 | (12) |
|
Variation in Early Modern English |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
The Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
|
|
158 | (4) |
|
Case Study: Power and Solidarity Relations in Early Modern English |
|
|
162 | (4) |
|
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
|
167 | (41) |
|
Timeline: Present-Day English |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Social and Political History |
|
|
169 | (3) |
|
The Age of Revolutions, Wars and Imperialism |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Urbanization, Industrialization and Social Stratification |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
|
|
172 | (7) |
|
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
|
173 | (2) |
|
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Colonialism, Contact and Borrowings |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
|
179 | (12) |
|
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
|
|
182 | (3) |
|
Received Pronunciation (RP): The Social Background |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
RP, Estuary English and `the Queen's English' |
|
|
188 | (3) |
|
Sociolinguistic Focus: English in Scotland, Ireland and Wales - Multilingualism in Britain |
|
|
191 | (17) |
|
English in the British Isles |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
|
191 | (4) |
|
|
|
195 | (3) |
|
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
Immigrant Varieties of English in Britain |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Immigration to Britain in the PDE Period |
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
Colonial Immigration and Language |
|
|
202 | (6) |
|
English in the United States |
|
|
208 | (33) |
|
Timeline: America in the Modern Period |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Social and Political History |
|
|
209 | (7) |
|
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
The Original Thirteen Colonies |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
|
214 | (2) |
|
The Development of American English |
|
|
216 | (6) |
|
The Strength and Maintenance of Dialect Boundaries |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
How, Why and When American English Began to Diverge from British English |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
The Different Physical Conditions Encountered by the Settlers |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Contact with Immigrant Non-Native Speakers of English |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Developing Political Differences and the Growing American Sense of National Identity |
|
|
219 | (3) |
|
Language Variation in the United States |
|
|
222 | (19) |
|
Uniformity and Diversity in Early American English |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Regional Dialect Divisions in American English |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
|
223 | (3) |
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
Social and Ethnic Dialects |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
Social Class and Language Change |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
African-American Vernacular English |
|
|
232 | (5) |
|
Traditional Dialects and the Resistance to Change |
|
|
237 | (4) |
|
|
|
241 | (29) |
|
Timeline: World-Wide English |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
Social and Political History: The Spread of English across the Globe |
|
|
243 | (13) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
Former Colonial Africa: West Africa |
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
South-East Asia and South Pacific |
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
An Overview of the Use of English throughout the World |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
English as a Global Language |
|
|
256 | (8) |
|
The Industrial Revolution |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
American Economic Superiority and Political Leadership |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
American Technological Domination |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
The Boom in English Language Teaching |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
The Need for a Global Language |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Structural Considerations |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Global and at the Same Time Local |
|
|
261 | (3) |
|
English as a Killer Language |
|
|
264 | (3) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Language and Communication Technology |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
|
267 | (3) |
| Bibliography |
|
270 | (10) |
| Index |
|
280 | |
