This book focuses on advancements in neuroscience research. Chapter 1 highlights the role of aSyn strains in LBDs, the impact of PTMs on the pathological accumulation of aSyn, how omic approaches can enhance our understanding of synucleinopathies, and the efficacy of rapamycin-mediated autophagic activation in clearing misfolded proteins and counteracting neurodegeneration. Chapter 2 discusses animal models that involve surgical intervention to remove an essential anatomic structure. Chapter 3 provides a broad definition of executive functions, highlighting their crucial role in human adaptation. Chapter 4 discusses how the brain-gut axis fuels neuroinflammation in ischemic strokes. Chapter 5 examines the influence of neuroscience on understanding consumer behavior, synthesizing insights from both neuroscientific research and consumer psychology. Chapter 6 aims to explore the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the field of metallomics with regards to understanding neurological diseases. Chapter 7 discusses the clustering of -amyloid (A) pathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Finally, Chapter 8 focuses on diabetes mellitus, and brain dysfunctions and discussing potential components in preventing diabetes-related cognitive impairment.