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How to Become a Really Good Pain in the Ass: A Critical Thinker's Guide to Asking the Right Questions [Pehme köide]

  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 408 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, 77 Illustrations including: - 77 Black & White Illustrations.
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: Prometheus Books
  • ISBN-10: 163388712X
  • ISBN-13: 9781633887121
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 408 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, 77 Illustrations including: - 77 Black & White Illustrations.
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Dec-2021
  • Kirjastus: Prometheus Books
  • ISBN-10: 163388712X
  • ISBN-13: 9781633887121
Teised raamatud teemal:
10-YEAR ANNIVERSARY EDITION

In this witty, incisive guide to critical thinking the author provides you with the tools to allow you to question beliefs and assumptions held by those who claim to know what they're talking about. These days there are many people whom we need to question: politicians, lawyers, doctors, teachers, clergy members, bankers, car salesmen, and your boss. This book will empower you with the ability to spot faulty reasoning and, by asking the right sorts of questions, hold people accountable not only for what they believe but how they behave. By using this book you'll learn to analyze your own thoughts, ideas, and beliefs, and why you act on them (or don't). This, in turn, will help you to understand why others might hold opposing views. And the best way to change our own or others' behavior or attitudes is to gain greater clarity about underlying motives and thought processes. In a media-driven world of talking heads, gurus, urban legends, and hype, learning to think more clearly and critically, and helping others to do the same, is one of the most important things you can do.

Arvustused

""Teaches how to analyze your own thoughts, ideas and beliefs, and to understand why you act on them, as well as understanding others who might hold opposing views. In this regard, it can open doors to your mind that are extremely helpful.-BookviewsThis comprehensive, lively and entertaining book...could become the foundation for a course in critical thinking. It provides a solid introduction to elementary logic, epistemology, the philosophy of religion and findings in evolutionary biology and biosociology. Recommended.-CHOICEOffers a fun yet specific approach to developing critical thinking processes and provides tools that allow readers to identify and question assumptions and belief systems.-Midwest Book Review

Preface 11(2)
Introduction: 10 Year Anniversary Edition 13(6)
Introduction. Why Become a Really Good Pain in the Ass? 19(10)
PART 1 THE TOOLS OF THE TRADE: THE ABCs (AND DEFs) OF CRITICAL THINKING
29(152)
Chapter 1 A Is for Argument
31(19)
Why an Argument Is Like a House
32(4)
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
36(2)
A Bit of History on Deduction
38(2)
Forms of Deductive Arguments (Valid)
40(4)
Modus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent)
40(2)
Modus Tollens (Denying the Consequent)
42(1)
Disjunctive Argument
42(1)
Hypothetical Argument
43(1)
Predicate Instantiation
44(1)
Forms of Deductive Arguments (Invalid)
44(2)
Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent
44(1)
Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent
45(1)
Validity/Invalidity and Intuitive Insight
46(1)
Inductive Reasoning
46(4)
Chapter 2 B Is for Biases
50(33)
Biases from Biological Influences
52(14)
Genetic Influences
52(4)
Neuropsychological Influences
56(2)
Emotions
58(4)
Sex, Health, and Biological Equilibrium
62(2)
Biological Equilibrium
64(2)
Cultural Influences
66(17)
Memes
66(1)
Memetic Equilibrium
67(2)
Social Biases
69(8)
Biases Are Filters of Information
77(4)
Biases and Fairness
81(2)
Chapter 3 C Is for Context: Time, Place, and Circumstance
83(10)
Context, Bias, and Fairness
89(2)
The Rules of Fair Play for Critical Thinking
91(2)
Chapter 4 D Is for Diagramming
93(14)
Chapter 5 E Is for Evidence
107(24)
Information Constraints
109(4)
Personal Experience as Anecdotal Evidence
113(2)
Legal Testimony
115(1)
Intuition
116(1)
Scientific Evidence
116(1)
The Scientific Method in Six Easy Steps
117(3)
Scientific Studies: Asking the Right Questions
120(1)
Evidence and Criteria
121(2)
The Three Laws of Thought
123(1)
The Law of Identity
124(1)
The Law of Noncontradiction
125(1)
The Law of Excluded Middle
126(5)
Chapter 6 F Is for Fallacies
131(50)
Ad Hoc Rescue
134(1)
Ad Hominem
135(3)
Ad Ignorantiam
138(4)
Appeal to Authority
142(3)
Ad Populum or Appeal to Popularity
145(1)
Appeal to Emotions
146(1)
Appeal to Force
147(2)
Begging the Question
149(1)
Confirmation Bias
150(5)
Common Cause
155(1)
Confusing Cause and Effect
156(1)
Disanalogy
157(3)
Equivocation
160(2)
Extraordinary Claims Fallacy
162(2)
False Dichotomy
164(1)
Hasty Conclusion
165(1)
Language Problems
166(1)
Euphemisms
167(1)
Vagueness and Ambiguity
168(3)
Post Hoc Fallacy
171(2)
Red Herring
173(1)
The Slippery Slope Fallacy
174(2)
Strawman
176(1)
Tu Quoque Fallacy
177(2)
Summary of Part I The ABCs (and DEFs) of Critical Thinking
179(2)
PART 2 THE BEST DAMN PAINS IN THE ASS IN HISTORY
181(42)
Chapter 7 The Method of Socrates and the Modes of the Ancient Skeptics
183(40)
The Socratic Method
184(11)
The Modes of the Ancient Skeptics
195(7)
The "Gold in the Dark Room" Example
202(4)
Ten Modes Dealing with Conflicting Perceptions and Observations
206(4)
Five Modes Dealing with the Proofs of Dogmatists
210(3)
The Munchhausen Trilemma
213(2)
The Practical Criterion
215(3)
The Legacies of Socrates and the Ancient Skeptics: A Checklist
218(5)
Big T Truth and little t truth
219(1)
The Method and the Modes
219(1)
Whip Out Your Reality Measuring Stick
220(1)
Show Us Your Assumptions!
220(1)
Blind Ignorance
221(1)
Reflective Ignorance
221(2)
PART 3 ANSWERING THE BIG FIVE: PREAMBLE
223(124)
Chapter 8 What Can I Know?
233(18)
The Natural Response
234(11)
The Relations of Natural Systems (RNS)
236(2)
The Relations of Cultural Systems (RCS)
238(1)
The Onion Skin Theory of Knowledge (OSTOK)
239(6)
What Can I Know?
245(1)
The Supernatural Response
245(6)
What Can I Know?
247(4)
Chapter 9 Why Am I Here?
251(17)
The Natural Response
252(5)
The Supernatural Response
257(11)
Chapter 10 What Am I?
268(25)
The Natural Response
269(18)
Fossils and Hominin Lineage
276(2)
Climatology/Meteorology/Migration/Tools
278(1)
The Genetic Evidence
278(2)
The Genographic Project
280(1)
Some Inferences
281(6)
The Supernatural Response
287(6)
Chapter 11 How Should I Behave?
293(28)
What Is Ethics?
294(1)
The Natural Response
295(16)
Socialization
296(1)
Human Evolution and Ethics
296(3)
Context
299(1)
Science and Ethics Today
300(1)
Ethics and Free Will
301(4)
A Naturalized Understanding of Ethics
305(2)
Commonalities in Ethics
307(4)
The Supernatural Response
311(10)
Chapter 12 What Is to Come of Me?
321(26)
The Natural Response
322(11)
The Supernatural Response
333(14)
Conclusion 347(10)
Acknowledgments 357(4)
Notes 361(18)
Bibliography 379(10)
Index 389
Christopher DiCarlo, PhD, (Guelph, Ontario) is an award-winning lecturer on bioethics and philosophy of science. He is a fellow, advisor, and board member of the Society of Ontario Freethinkers and the Center for InquiryCanada. He is a past visiting research scholar in the Stone Age Laboratory at Harvard University.