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How Can Physics Underlie the Mind?: Top-Down Causation in the Human Context 1st ed. 2016 [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 482 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 8808 g, 36 Illustrations, black and white; XXVI, 482 p. 36 illus., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: The Frontiers Collection
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Jun-2016
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3662498073
  • ISBN-13: 9783662498071
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How Can Physics Underlie the Mind?: Top-Down Causation in the Human Context 1st ed. 2016Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 482 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 8808 g, 36 Illustrations, black and white; XXVI, 482 p. 36 illus., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: The Frontiers Collection
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Jun-2016
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3662498073
  • ISBN-13: 9783662498071
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783662498071.html
Märksõnad:

Physics underlies all complexity, including our own existence: how is this possible? How can our own lives emerge from interactions of electrons, protons, and neutrons? This book considers the interaction of physical and non-physical causation in complex systems such as living beings, and in particular in the human brain, relating this to the emergence of higher levels of complexity with real causal powers. In particular it explores the idea of top-down causation, which is the key effect allowing the emergence of true complexity and also enables the causal efficacy of non-physical entities, including the value of money, social conventions, and ethical choices.

Arvustused

Ellis (emer., Univ. of Cape Town, South Africa), a world-renowned expert in theoretical physics, presents an impressive and persuasive set of arguments for top-down causation and a non-reductive ontology, which he bases on a broad array of recent research results. Summing Up:  Recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and above; professionals. (T. Eastman, Choice, Vol. 54 (5), January, 2017)

In this magnum opus George Ellis lays out the case for top-down causation from an emergentist perspective. This book is an indispensable resource for anyone who seriously ponders the structure of the universe, the miracle of life, and the mystery of consciousness. (Randy Isaac, Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, Vol. 69 (2), 2017)

1 Complexity and Emergence
1(34)
1.1 The Issue Considered
3(1)
1.2 A Basic Viewpoint
4(4)
1.2.1 The Main Claim
5(1)
1.2.2 Hierarchies
6(1)
1.2.3 Emergence
7(1)
1.3 Key Points of the Argument
8(8)
1.3.1 Multiple Types of Causation
9(1)
1.3.2 Hierarchy and Causation
10(1)
1.3.3 Types of Top-Down Causation
11(1)
1.3.4 The Nature of Variables
12(1)
1.3.5 The Causal Efficacy of Non-physical Entities
13(1)
1.3.6 Room at the Bottom
14(1)
1.3.7 Supervenience
15(1)
1.4 Is It Real? Testing the Proposal
16(4)
1.4.1 Causal Effects
16(1)
1.4.2 Experimental Tests
17(2)
1.4.3 Kinds of Data
19(1)
1.4.4 There Is No Other Option
20(1)
1.5 Significant Implications
20(2)
1.5.1 Health Care
20(1)
1.5.2 Mental Health
21(1)
1.5.3 Education: Learning to Read
21(1)
1.6 An Outline of the Book
22(5)
1.6.1 The Contents
22(2)
1.6.2 What Is New
24(1)
1.6.3 What Is Controversial
24(3)
1.7 The Necessity of the Conclusion
27(8)
1.7.1 The Conclusion
28(1)
1.7.2 The Necessity of the Conclusion
28(2)
References
30(5)
2 Digital Computer Systems
35(50)
2.1 Computational Basics
35(3)
2.2 Modular Hierarchical Structures
38(7)
2.2.1 Structures: Combination and Abstraction
39(1)
2.2.2 Decomposition and Modularity
40(1)
2.2.3 Encapsulation and Information-Hiding
41(1)
2.2.4 Naming, Combination, and Recursion
42(1)
2.2.5 Hierarchy: Class Structure and Object Structure
43(2)
2.2.6 Evolution
45(1)
2.3 Orthogonal Modular Hierarchical Structures
45(7)
2.3.1 The Two Kinds of Hierarchies
46(1)
2.3.2 The Implementation (Vertical) Hierarchies
46(3)
2.3.3 The Logical (Horizontal) Hierarchies
49(1)
2.3.4 The Relation Between the Two Hierarchies
50(2)
2.3.5 Causality in the Hierarchies
52(1)
2.4 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Causation
52(11)
2.4.1 The Combination of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Action
53(1)
2.4.2 TD1: Deterministic Top-Down Processes
54(2)
2.4.3 TD2: Non-adaptive Feedback Control Systems
56(1)
2.4.4 TD3: Adaptive Selection
57(2)
2.4.5 TD4: Feedback Control with Adaptive Goals
59(1)
2.4.6 TD5: Adaptive Selection of Adaptive Goals
59(1)
2.4.7 Goals and Learning in Relation to These Kinds of Causation
60(3)
2.5 The Core Feature: Equivalence Classes
63(2)
2.5.1 Multiple Realization
63(1)
2.5.2 The Link with Top-Down Causation
64(1)
2.5.3 The Ontological Nature of Computer Programs
65(1)
2.6 Resources: Memory and Deleting
65(5)
2.6.1 The Unphysical Nature of Infinity
66(1)
2.6.2 Deletion and Garbage Collection
67(1)
2.6.3 The Memory Hierarchy
68(1)
2.6.4 Modular Hierarchical Structure and Scoping of Variables
68(1)
2.6.5 Deletion, Adaptive Selection, and Irreversibility
69(1)
2.7 The Outcome: Causation in Digital Computers
70(15)
2.7.1 Computer Programs Are Non-physical, but Causally Effective
70(2)
2.7.2 Computer Programs Embody Abstract Logic, and Act Top-Down
72(2)
2.7.3 Room at the Bottom
74(2)
2.7.4 Predictable Outcome?
76(1)
2.7.5 Possibility Spaces and Their Causal Effects
77(4)
2.7.6 Top-Down Action from the Mind
81(1)
2.7.7 Genuine Emergence
81(1)
References
82(3)
3 The Basis of Complexity
85(48)
3.1 The Nature of Emergence
85(11)
3.1.1 Emergence of Complexity Is Based on Structure
86(1)
3.1.2 Emergence Is Different in Different Contexts
87(1)
3.1.3 Emergence Results in a Structural/Functional Hierarchy
88(3)
3.1.4 Emergence Enables Logical Hierarchies, Information Rows
91(2)
3.1.5 Emergence Has Different Timescales
93(1)
3.1.6 Emergence Is Based on Modularity
93(2)
3.1.7 Emergence Is Based on Interlevel Relations
95(1)
3.2 Bottom-Up Effects
96(4)
3.2.1 Coarse-Graining
96(1)
3.2.2 Physics
97(1)
3.2.3 Biology
97(1)
3.2.4 Mathematics of Emergence
98(1)
3.2.5 Strong Reductionism
99(1)
3.3 Emergence and Higher-Level Variables
100(9)
3.3.1 Emergence of Higher Level Structure and Behavior
100(2)
3.3.2 Coherent Higher Level Dynamics
102(3)
3.3.3 Emergent Higher Level Variables
105(3)
3.3.4 Intrinsically Higher Level Variables
108(1)
3.4 Top-Down Effects
109(10)
3.4.1 Limits to Bottom-Up Emergence
109(1)
3.4.2 Top-Down Causation via Constraints
110(2)
3.4.3 Top-Down Action via Control Parameters
112(2)
3.4.4 Top-Down Effects in Logical Hierarchies
114(1)
3.4.5 Top-Down Effects in the Mind
115(1)
3.4.6 Top-Down Effects and Supervenience
116(1)
3.4.7 Top-Down Effects and Emergence
117(2)
3.5 The Key Concept: Equivalence Classes
119(3)
3.5.1 Equivalence Classes
119(1)
3.5.2 Equivalence Classes and Top-Down Causation
120(2)
3.5.3 Multiple Readability and Supervenience
122(1)
3.6 Demonstrating Top-Down Causation
122(3)
3.6.1 Altering Context
123(1)
3.6.2 Identifying Equivalence Classes
123(1)
3.6.3 Identifying Dynamics
124(1)
3.6.4 Computer Modelling
124(1)
3.7 Constraints on Emergence
125(8)
3.7.1 Matter, Energy, and Entropy
125(1)
3.7.2 Constraints on Higher Level Possibilities
126(1)
3.7.3 Constraints on Higher Level Logic
126(1)
References
127(6)
4 Kinds of Top-Down Causation
133(84)
4.1 Deterministic Top-Down Causation TD1
134(17)
4.1.1 The Nature of the Process
134(3)
4.1.2 Machines
137(1)
4.1.3 Physical Systems
138(2)
4.1.4 Living Systems
140(2)
4.1.5 Logical Systems
142(2)
4.1.6 Mathematical Models: Boundary Conditions and Constraints
144(5)
4.1.7 Randomness and Noise
149(2)
4.2 Non-Adaptive Feedback Control (TD2)
151(12)
4.2.1 The Nature of the Process
152(5)
4.2.2 Engineering Systems
157(1)
4.2.3 Organisations
158(2)
4.2.4 Biology
160(2)
4.2.5 Mathematical Models: Control Theory
162(1)
4.2.6 The Nature of Goals
163(1)
4.3 Adaptive Selection of Outcomes (TD3)
163(20)
4.3.1 The Nature of the Process
164(5)
4.3.2 Physics and Chemistry
169(1)
4.3.3 Life
169(3)
4.3.4 The Mind: Learning and Perception
172(2)
4.3.5 Mathematical Models: Adaptive Selection
174(2)
4.3.6 Multilevel Selection
176(6)
4.3.7 The Nature of Selection Criteria
182(1)
4.4 Adaptive Selection of Goals (TD4)
183(4)
4.4.1 The Nature of the Process
184(1)
4.4.2 Evolution
185(1)
4.4.3 Microbiology
185(1)
4.4.4 Behaviour
185(1)
4.4.5 Engineering Systems
186(1)
4.4.6 Mathematical Models
186(1)
4.4.7 The Nature of Causality
187(1)
4.5 Adaptive Selection of Selection Criteria (TD5)
187(6)
4.5.1 The Nature of the Process
188(1)
4.5.2 Evolutionary Biology and Animal Behavior
188(1)
4.5.3 The Mind
189(1)
4.5.4 Mathematical Models
189(1)
4.5.5 Meta-Causation: Closing the Hierarchy
190(1)
4.5.6 The Hierarchy of Goals: Ethics and Meaning
191(2)
4.5.7 Occurrence of Meta-Reflection
193(1)
4.6 Complex Adaptive Systems
193(2)
4.6.1 The Process
194(1)
4.6.2 Evolutionary and Developmental Outcomes
194(1)
4.6.3 Adaptive Processes and Learning
195(1)
4.7 Intelligent Top-Down Causation
195(22)
4.7.1 The Nature of the Process
196(1)
4.7.2 Language
197(4)
4.7.3 Other Symbolic Systems
201(2)
4.7.4 The Power of Symbolic Thinking
203(1)
4.7.5 The Effectiveness of Abstract Variables
204(1)
4.7.6 The Mind, Intention, and Goals
205(5)
References
210(7)
5 Room at the Bottom?
217(26)
5.1 Room at the Bottom: Over-Determination?
217(2)
5.2 Contextual Constraints
219(3)
5.2.1 Boundary Conditions
219(2)
5.2.2 Passing Higher Level Variables or Parameters
221(1)
5.3 Structure and Constraints
222(2)
5.3.1 Physical Systems
222(1)
5.3.2 Artefacts
223(1)
5.3.3 Biology
223(1)
5.3.4 The Brain
224(1)
5.3.5 Organisations
224(1)
5.4 Changing the Nature of Constituent Entities
224(4)
5.4.1 Physics and Chemistry
225(1)
5.4.2 Biology
226(1)
5.4.3 The Brain
226(1)
5.4.4 Society
227(1)
5.4.5 Logic
227(1)
5.5 Leading to Existence of the Elements
228(3)
5.5.1 Physics
228(1)
5.5.2 Biology
229(1)
5.5.3 Society
230(1)
5.5.4 Logical Hierarchies
230(1)
5.6 Deleting Lower Level Elements
231(6)
5.6.1 Biology
231(2)
5.6.2 Computers
233(1)
5.6.3 The Mind
234(1)
5.6.4 Society
235(1)
5.6.5 Physics and Chemistry
235(1)
5.6.6 Micro Indeterminism and Adaptive Selection
236(1)
5.7 Queries
237(6)
5.7.1 Criticism and Response
238(2)
References
240(3)
6 The Foundations: Physics and Top-Down Causation
243(48)
6.1 The Bottom Level: Quantum Dynamics
244(5)
6.1.1 The Basic Dynamics
244(3)
6.1.2 Alternative Possibilities
247(1)
6.1.3 The Outcome
248(1)
6.1.4 Particle--Wave Duality
248(1)
6.2 The Emergence of Higher Level Behavior
249(10)
6.2.1 Examples of Emergence
250(3)
6.2.2 Statistical Mechanics
253(2)
6.2.3 Condensed Matter Physics
255(2)
6.2.4 Chemistry and Biology
257(1)
6.2.5 Bottom-Up Effects: Cosmology
258(1)
6.3 Top-Down Causation
259(2)
6.3.1 Equivalence Classes
260(1)
6.3.2 Changing or Creating the Basic Elements
260(1)
6.3.3 Types of Top-Down Causation in Physics
260(1)
6.4 Deterministic Top-Down Effects in Physics (TD1)
261(4)
6.4.1 Contextual Variables
261(1)
6.4.2 Effect of Boundary Conditions
262(1)
6.4.3 Structural Conditions and Effective Potentials
263(1)
6.4.4 Binding Energies and Altered Properties
264(1)
6.4.5 Computational Mechanics
265(1)
6.5 Adaptive Selection in Physics and Chemistry (TD3)
265(2)
6.5.1 Adaptive Selection
265(1)
6.5.2 Maxwell's Demon
266(1)
6.5.3 Separation and Purification Processes
267(1)
6.6 Top-Down Effects: Micro Physics
267(7)
6.6.1 Open Systems and Their Environment
267(2)
6.6.2 Decoherence
269(1)
6.6.3 Lattice Waves and Quasiparticles
269(2)
6.6.4 Topological Effects
271(1)
6.6.5 State Preparation
271(2)
6.6.6 Measurement
273(1)
6.7 Top-Down Effects: Cosmology
274(17)
6.7.1 Element Formation
275(1)
6.7.2 Structure Formation
276(2)
6.7.3 Olbers' Paradox
278(2)
6.7.4 Mach's Principle
280(1)
6.7.5 The Arrow of Time
280(4)
6.7.6 Existence of Isolated Systems
284(2)
References
286(5)
7 The Mind and the Brain
291(104)
7.1 Introduction
292(5)
7.1.1 Dynamical Systems Versus Plasticity and Learning
293(1)
7.1.2 Modular Hierarchical Structure, Neural Nets
294(1)
7.1.3 Rationality, Intuition, and Emotion in a Social Context
295(1)
7.1.4 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Effects Both Occur
295(1)
7.1.5 The Effectiveness of Thoughts: Symbolism and Language
296(1)
7.1.6 The Key Role of Purpose and Meaning
296(1)
7.1.7 The Relationship with Platonic Spaces
297(1)
7.1.8 Mental Powers and Free Will
297(1)
7.2 Basics of the Brain
297(27)
7.2.1 Brain Anatomy
298(4)
7.2.2 Basic Brain Function
302(8)
7.2.3 Large Scale Function
310(4)
7.2.4 Environmental and Genetic Influences: Brain Plasticity
314(6)
7.2.5 The Origin of Humanity: The Social Mind and Language
320(4)
7.3 Top-Down Processes
324(23)
7.3.1 The Different Kinds
325(1)
7.3.2 Memory, Learning, and Deleting
326(2)
7.3.3 Vision
328(3)
7.3.4 Language and Reading
331(3)
7.3.5 Goal-Directed Behaviour and Attention
334(2)
7.3.6 Health
336(4)
7.3.7 Social Neuroscience
340(4)
7.3.8 The Physical Substrate
344(3)
7.4 Purpose and Meaning as the Key Driving Forces
347(4)
7.4.1 Goals and Purpose
347(1)
7.4.2 The Human Search for Meaning
348(1)
7.4.3 Purpose, Ethics, and Understanding
349(2)
7.4.4 The Meaningful Social Context
351(1)
7.5 Symbolism and Effectiveness of Thought
351(14)
7.5.1 Logical Functions
352(2)
7.5.2 Naming, Symbolism and Language
354(4)
7.5.3 Effectiveness of Thought
358(2)
7.5.4 Thoughts and Neural Networks
360(1)
7.5.5 Causal Power of Social Constructions
361(3)
7.5.6 The Power of Emergent Levels
364(1)
7.6 The Effects of Platonic Entities
365(4)
7.6.1 Mathematical Relations
365(2)
7.6.2 Computational Algorithms
367(1)
7.6.3 Accessing Platonic Realms
368(1)
7.7 The Complex Whole
369(26)
7.7.1 A Synthesis
370(2)
7.7.2 Genuine Emergence
372(3)
7.7.3 Crick's Fallacy
375(1)
7.7.4 Top-Down Action and the Free Will Debate
375(7)
7.7.5 Neuroscience and Humanity
382(3)
References
385(10)
8 The Broader View
395(70)
8.1 The Necessity of True Emergence
395(6)
8.1.1 Cosmological Unpredictability
396(3)
8.1.2 Evolutionary History
399(1)
8.1.3 Conclusion: Genuine Emergence Must Occur
399(1)
8.1.4 The Alternative: The Demiurge
400(1)
8.2 The Sources of Emergence
401(16)
8.2.1 Self-Assembly: Emergence in the Natural World
402(1)
8.2.2 Natural Selection: Emergence in the Biological World
402(4)
8.2.3 Design and Construction: Emergence in the Man-Made World
406(1)
8.2.4 How Far Can Bottom-Up Emergence Succeed?
407(2)
8.2.5 Not by Physics Alone: The Missing Elements
409(1)
8.2.6 The Interconnected Causes: Chance, Necessity, and Purpose
410(7)
8.3 Types of Causation
417(5)
8.3.1 Levels of Causation and Aristotle
417(2)
8.3.2 Multiple Causes and Contextual Factors
419(2)
8.3.3 Causal Effects of Platonic (Non-Emergent) Entities
421(1)
8.4 Aristotle and Types of Knowledge
422(1)
8.5 A More Holistic View
423(7)
8.5.1 Recognising Emergence and Top-Down Causation
423(3)
8.5.2 Other Causal Influences Than Physics
426(1)
8.5.3 The Main Thesis
427(1)
8.5.4 The Counter View: Scientific Reductionism
427(3)
8.6 Implications: Learning to Read and Write
430(19)
8.6.1 The Broad Context: Underlying Views of Literacy
430(6)
8.6.2 The Brain, Prediction, and Reading
436(2)
8.6.3 Reading as Transacting with Texts
438(2)
8.6.4 Part to Whole: Skills-Based Approaches to Literacy
440(4)
8.6.5 The Contextual Approach to Learning
444(1)
8.6.6 Holistic Approaches to Literacy
444(3)
8.6.7 Educational Implications
447(2)
8.7 Conclusion
449(16)
8.7.1 The Theses of this Book
450(1)
8.7.2 To Be Done
450(3)
8.7.3 Where Is Truth?
453(3)
References
456(9)
Author Index 465(2)
Index 467(12)
Titles in This Series 479
George Ellis, FRS, is one of the worlds leading researchers in general relativity theory and cosmology. He is Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Complex Systems in the Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. He co-authored The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time with Cambridge physicist Stephen Hawking.