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How to Conduct Surveys: A Step-by-Step Guide 5th Revised edition [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 200 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x177 mm, kaal: 370 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Jan-2013
  • Kirjastus: SAGE Publications Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1452203873
  • ISBN-13: 9781452203874
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How to Conduct Surveys: A Step-by-Step Guide 5th Revised editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 200 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x177 mm, kaal: 370 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Jan-2013
  • Kirjastus: SAGE Publications Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1452203873
  • ISBN-13: 9781452203874
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781452203874.html
Märksõnad:
The Fifth Edition of Arlene Fink’s best-selling How to Conduct Surveys guides readers through the process of developing their own rigorous surveys and evaluating the credibility of surveys created by others. Offering practical, step-by-step advice and written in the same clear and accessible style as her other works, author Arlene Fink centers her guidance on choosing the appropriate type of survey, writing survey questions and responses, formatting the survey, deciding on the characteristics and numbers of respondents to include, determining the frequency of surveying respondents, and analyzing and reporting the results. The Fifth Edition pays particular attention to the internet and online surveys, considering best practices and techniques for developing a thorough and effective survey.
Preface xv
About the Author xix
Chapter 1 Conducting Surveys: Everyone Is Doing It
1(28)
Overview
1(1)
What Is a Survey?
2(1)
Examples: Surveys to Meet Policy or Program Needs
2(1)
Examples: Surveys in Evaluations of Programs
2(1)
Examples: Surveys for Research
3(1)
When Is a Survey Best?
3(2)
Examples: From an Overly Ambitious Self-Administered Questionnaire
3(2)
Examples: Surveys Combined with Other Information Sources
5(1)
Self-Administered Questionnaires and Interviews: The Heart of the Matter
5(5)
Questions and Responses
5(1)
Example: Forced-Choice Question
5(1)
Example: Open-Ended Question
5(1)
Survey Sample and Design
6(1)
Planning for Data Analysis
7(1)
Pilot Testing
7(1)
Response Rate
8(1)
Reporting Results
8(1)
Example 1 The Look of Survey Results
8(1)
Example 2 The Look of Survey Results
9(1)
Example 3 The Look of Survey Results
9(1)
The Friendly Competition
10(6)
Reliability and Validity
10(1)
Usefulness or Credibility of Results
10(1)
Costs
10(1)
The Special Case of Online Surveys
11(1)
Checklist for Deciding the Best Uses for Online Surveys
11(2)
Guidelines for Surveyors Who Work with Commercial Survey Companies
13(1)
The Special Case of Cell or Mobile Phones
13(1)
Making the Decision
14(2)
A Survey Continuum: From Specific to General Use
16(1)
Example: Survey with a Specific Use
16(1)
Example: Survey with a General Use
16(1)
Ethics, Privacy, and Confidentiality
17(4)
Informed Consent
18(1)
Contents of an Informed-Consent Form
18(1)
The Internet and Ethical Surveys
18(3)
Example Questionnaire: Maintaining an Ethically Sound Online Survey
21(3)
Example: Informed-Consent Form for an Online Survey
22(2)
Summing Up
24(1)
Think About This
25(2)
Articles
27(2)
Chapter 2 The Survey Form: Questions, Scales, and Appearance
29(28)
Overview
29(1)
The Content Is the Message
29(1)
Define the Terms
30(1)
Select Your Information Needs or Hypotheses
30(1)
Make Sure You Can Get the Information
31(1)
Do Not Ask for Information Unless You Can Act on It
31(1)
Example: Plan for Survey of Satisfaction with the Youth Center
31(1)
Writing Questions
32(2)
Open-Ended and Closed Questions
32(1)
Example: Open-Ended Question
32(1)
Example: Closed Question
32(1)
Example: Open-Ended Question for Elementary School Teaching Program
32(1)
Example: Closed Question for Elementary School Teaching Program
33(1)
Making the Decision: Open-Ended Versus Closed Questions
34(1)
Organizing Responses to Open-Ended Survey Items: Do You Get Any Satisfaction?
34(1)
Step 1 Asking Respondents' Opinions
34(1)
Step 2 Coding LB/LL Data
34(1)
Example LB/LL: Response Categories
35(1)
Example LB/LL: Participant Responses
35(1)
Step 3 LB/LL Data
35(3)
Example LB/LL: Number of Responses for Each Code
35(1)
Example LB/LL: Participants' Response Pattern
36(1)
Example LB/LL: Summary of Responses
37(1)
Rules for Writing Closed Survey Questions
38(3)
Example: Item-Writing Skills---Length, Clarity, Abbreviations, and Jargon
38(1)
Example: Item-Writing Skills---Concrete Questions
39(1)
Example: Item-Writing Skills---Specificity of Questions
39(1)
Example: Item-Writing Skills---Hidden Biases
40(1)
Example: Item-Writing Skills---Hidden Biases
40(1)
Example: Item-Writing Skills---Very Personal Questions
40(1)
Example: Question-Writing Skills-One Thought per Question
41(1)
Responses for Closed Questions
41(1)
Yes and No
41(1)
Example: Yes-and-No Responses
41(1)
Rating Scales
42(5)
Categorical or Continuous? What about Ordinal?
42(1)
Example: Categorical Rating Scale
42(1)
Example: Ordinal Rating Scale
42(1)
Example: Graphic Rating Scale for Assessing a City Council's Effectiveness
43(1)
Example: Poor Formatting of Graphic Scale
43(1)
Example: Interpreting Graphic Scales
43(1)
Ordinal Scales
44(1)
Example: Ordinal Scale
44(1)
Example: Selecting the Number of Categories
44(2)
Example: Rank Order Scale
46(1)
Example: Comparative Rating Scale
46(1)
Checklist
46(1)
Example: Checklist Responses in which Respondent Must Choose One from a List of Several
46(1)
Example: Checklist Responses that Respondents Answer Yes, No, or Don't Know for Each Item in a List
46(1)
Online Surveys
47(3)
Example: Survey Progress Bar
48(2)
Plain and Simple Survey Questions and Responses
50(1)
Scaling
50(4)
Additive Scales
50(1)
Example: A Survey with an Additive Scale
51(1)
Example: A Survey of Foreign Language Skills
51(1)
Differential Scales
52(1)
Example: Scoring a Differential Scale
52(1)
Summated Scales
52(1)
Example: Creating a Summated Scale for a Self-Esteem Survey
53(1)
Example: Scoring a Summated Scale
53(1)
Summing Up
54(1)
Think About This
55(2)
Chapter 3 Getting It Together: Some Practical Concerns
57(22)
Overview
57(1)
Length Counts
58(1)
Example: How a Survey's Circumstances Can Influence Its Length
58(1)
Getting the Survey in Order
58(2)
Example: An Introduction to a Telephone Survey and Its First Question
58(1)
Example: Ordering Survey Questions
59(1)
Example: Ordering Survey Questions
59(1)
Example: Providing Transitions
60(1)
Checklist to Guide Question Order
60(1)
Questionnaire Format: Aesthetics and Other Concerns
60(1)
Response Format
60(1)
Example: Response Formats
60(1)
Branching Questions, or the Infamous "Skip" Pattern
61(1)
Example: Skip Patterns or Branching Questions
61(1)
Administration: Who Gives What to Whom?
61(1)
Self-Administered Questionnaires
61(1)
Checklist for Using Self-Administered Questionnaires
62(3)
Interviews
63(2)
The Survey Is Put on Trial
65(1)
Reliability and Validity: The Quality of Your Survey
65(3)
Is the Survey Reliable?
66(1)
Example: Internal Consistency Counts
66(1)
Example: Internal Consistency Does Not Count
67(1)
Is the Survey Valid?
67(1)
Selecting and Adapting Surveys
68(5)
Example: Excerpt from a Real Online Service Agreement for Free Survey Items (Names Changed)
68(1)
Guidelines for Finding Useable and Useful Surveys in the Research Literature
68(2)
Example: Search for School Dropout Surveys: Sample Findings from the Web of Science
70(1)
Example: Sample Reports of Reliability and Validity in the Research Literature
71(1)
Finding Surveys on the Web
72(1)
Example: Search for Education Surveys: A Sample Page from the National Center for Education Statistics
73(1)
Guidelines for Pilot Testing
73(2)
A Far-Reaching World: Surveys, Language, and Culture
75(1)
Guidelines for Translating Surveys
75(1)
Example: Question about Ethnicity
75(1)
Summing Up
76(1)
Think About This
77(1)
Articles
78(1)
Chapter 4 Sampling
79(20)
Overview
79(1)
Sample Size and Response Rate: Who and How Many?
79(2)
Example: Random and Convenience Sampling
80(1)
Random Sampling Methods
81(1)
Example: Simple Random Sampling
81(1)
Example: Not Random Sampling
81(1)
Example: Simple Random Sampling
82(1)
Making the Decision
82(1)
Stratified Random Sampling
82(1)
Example: Stratified Random Sampling
83(1)
Making the Decision
83(1)
Simple Random Cluster Sampling
83(1)
Example: Simple Random Cluster Sampling
84(1)
Making the Decision
84(1)
Systematic Sampling
84(1)
Making the Decision
85(1)
Convenience Samples
85(1)
Making the Decision
86(1)
Other Convenience Sampling Methods
86(1)
Example: Other Convenience Samples
86(1)
Finding the Sample: Who Is In? Who Is Out?
87(1)
How Large Should Your Sample Be?
88(1)
The Standard Error
88(1)
Statistical Methods: Sampling for Two Groups and an Intervention
89(6)
Example: Sample Size Calculations for Sampling Two Groups and an Intervention
89(1)
Subgroups, Measures, Resources, and Schedule
90(1)
Five Questions to Ask When Determining Sample Size
91(1)
Example: Calculating Sample Size in a Survey of Employees in an Experimental and Control Group
92(1)
Example: Power to Detect Differences
93(1)
Example: 80% Power and Effect
93(1)
Example: Sample Size, Effect, and Power
94(1)
Response Rate
95(1)
Tips for Improving Response Rate
95(1)
Weighting
95(2)
Summing Up
97(1)
Think About This
98(1)
Articles
98(1)
Chapter 5 Survey Design: Environmental Control
99(16)
Overview
99(1)
Which Designs Are Available?
100(1)
Example: Surveys with Differing Designs
100(1)
Cross-Sectional Survey Designs
101(2)
Example: Cross-Sectional Design
101(1)
Making the Decision
102(1)
Longitudinal Surveys or Cohorts
103(1)
Example: Cohort Design
103(1)
Making the Decision
103(1)
Comparison Group Survey Designs: Quasi- and True Experiments
103(4)
Example: A Quasi-Experimental Design
104(1)
Comparison Group and a Longitudinal Design
105(1)
Example: A True Experimental Comparison Group Design
105(1)
Example: A True Experimental Comparison Group Design and a Longitudinal Design
105(1)
Factorial Designs: Special Cases
106(1)
Other Survey Designs: Normative and Case Control
107(1)
Making the Decision
107(1)
Normative Survey Design
107(1)
Example 1 Normative Design
107(1)
Example 2 Normative Design---Comparison to a Model
107(1)
Making the Decision
107(1)
Case Control Design
108(1)
Making the Decision
108(1)
Example: Case Control Design
108(1)
Survey Design Validity
108(2)
Internal Validity
109(1)
External Validity
110(1)
Surveys, Research Design, and Internal and External Validity
110(2)
Example: Cross-Sectional Survey and Threats to Validity
111(1)
Example: Cohort Design and Threats to Validity
111(1)
Example: Comparison Group Design (True Experiment) and Validity
111(1)
Summing Up
112(1)
Think About This
113(1)
Articles
113(2)
Chapter 6 Analyzing and Organizing Data from Surveys
115(30)
Overview
115(1)
What Is Typical Anyway? Some Commonly Used Methods for Analyzing Survey Data
116(11)
Descriptive Statistics
116(1)
Example: Preschool Purposes Questionnaire
117(1)
Example: Frequency of Questionnaire Responses
117(1)
Example: Grouped Ratings of Preschool Purposes by 50 Directors
117(1)
Averages: Means, Medians, and Modes
118(1)
Example: Computing the Median for an Even Number of Scores
119(1)
Example: Computing the Median for an Odd Number of Scores
119(1)
Variation: Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation
120(1)
Correlation and Regression
121(1)
Example: Rank Order Correlation
121(1)
Differences between Groups
122(2)
Statistical Differences
124(1)
Statistical Significance
125(2)
Surveying Differences: Usual Methods
127(3)
Chi-Square
127(1)
Example: Chi-Square
128(1)
The t Test
128(1)
Example: t Test
128(1)
The Mann-Whitney U Test
128(1)
Example: Mann-Whitney U Test
129(1)
ANOVA
129(1)
Risks and Odds
129(1)
Example: Odds Ratio and Relative Risk
129(1)
To Be or Not to Be: Statistician or Qualitative Analyst?
130(1)
Content Analysis, Open-Ended Responses, and Comments
131(1)
Hypothetical Content Analysis: Teasing Boys and Girls
131(1)
Putting the Horse in Front of the Cart: Selecting Analysis Methods
131(1)
Data Management
131(11)
Creating a Code Book or Operational Manual
135(1)
Example: Excerpt from the CARPS, a Survey to Detect Binge Drinking in College Students
135(1)
Example: Excerpt from the Code Book for the CARPS, a Survey to Detect Binge Drinking
136(1)
Establishing Reliable Coding
137(1)
Measuring Agreement: The Kappa
137(1)
Measuring Agreement between Two Coders: The Kappa Statistic
138(1)
Reviewing Surveys for Missing Data
138(1)
Entering the Data
139(1)
Example: Survey Responses from Six People
140(1)
Cleaning the Data
141(1)
Validating Survey Data
141(1)
Summing Up
142(1)
Think About This
143(2)
Chapter 7 Presenting the Survey Results
145(24)
Overview
145(1)
Reproducing the Questionnaire
145(2)
Example: Reporting Results with the Questionnaire
145(1)
Example: Online Survey Statistics in Real Time
146(1)
Using Tables
147(2)
Example: Shell Table Describing Children in Two Schools
147(1)
Example: Shell Table for Comparing Children in Two Schools
147(1)
Some Table Preparation Rules
148(1)
Drawing Pie Diagrams
149(1)
Using Bar Graphs
150(1)
Using Line Graphs
151(4)
Example: Downloaded Results of a Customer Satisfaction Survey
153(1)
Example: Transferring the Results of One Question into Bar and Line Graphs
154(1)
Drawing Diagrams or Pictures
155(1)
Example: Words and Diagrams in Survey Reports
155(1)
Writing the Results of a Survey
156(6)
Organizing the Report
156(1)
Example: Structured Abstract of a Survey Report
156(2)
Clear-Writing Tips
158(2)
The Oral Presentation
160(1)
Slide Presentations
160(2)
Oral versus Written Reports: A Difference in Conversation
162(4)
Example: Table Used in a Written and an Oral Report
162(1)
Written Interpretation of the Table
162(1)
Oral Interpretation of the Table
162(1)
Posters
163(3)
Summing Up
166(1)
Think About This
167(2)
Index 169
Arlene Fink (PhD) is Professor of Medicine and Public Health at the University of California, Los Angeles, and president of the Langley Research Institute. Her main interests include evaluation and survey research and the conduct of research literature reviews as well as the evaluation of their quality. Dr. Fink has conducted scores of evaluation studies in public health, medicine, and education. She is on the faculty of UCLAs Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program and is a scientific and evaluation advisor to UCLAs Gambling Studies and IMPACT (Improving Access, Counseling & Treatment for Californians with Prostate Cancer) programs. She consults nationally and internationally for agencies such as Linstitut de Promotion del la Prévention Secondaire en Addictologie (IPPSA) in Paris, France, and Peninsula Health in Victoria, Australia. Professor Fink has taught and lectured extensively all over the world and is the author of more than 130 peer-reviewed articles and 15 textbooks.