List of contributors |
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xiii | |
Foreword |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
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1 Human physiology and contactless vital signs monitoring using camera and wireless signals |
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1.1 Contactless vital signs monitoring with cameras and wireless |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Camera-based vital signs monitoring |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 Current techniques of camera-based vital signs monitoring |
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2 | (6) |
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1.3.1 Camera-based pulse monitoring |
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2 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Cardiac-related physiological signals using camera-based methods |
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4 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Camera-based respiration monitoring |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Camera-based body temperature monitoring |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4 Applications of camera-based vital signs monitoring |
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8 | (2) |
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1.4.1 Clinical applications |
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8 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Free-living applications |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5 Wireless-based vital signs monitoring |
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10 | (1) |
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1.6 Current techniques of wireless-based vital signs monitoring |
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10 | (8) |
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1.6.1 Radar-based vital signs monitoring |
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11 | (1) |
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1.6.2 RSS-based vital signs monitoring |
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12 | (2) |
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1.6.3 CSI-based vital signs monitoring |
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14 | (1) |
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1.6.4 RFID-based vital signs monitoring |
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15 | (1) |
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1.6.5 Acoustic-based vital signs monitoring |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (8) |
Part I Camera-based vital signs monitoring |
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2 Physiological origin of camera-based PPG imaging |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2 Conventional PPG model: blood volume modulation |
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28 | (2) |
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2.3 How to explain the largest modulation of the green light? |
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30 | (2) |
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2.4 Alternative PPG model: tissue compression modulation |
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32 | (1) |
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2.5 Boundary conditions and influence of skin contact |
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33 | (1) |
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2.6 Pulsatile dermis compression and modulation of IR light |
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33 | (1) |
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2.7 Light modulation in a single capillary |
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34 | (2) |
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2.8 Irregularity of RBC motion |
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36 | (1) |
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2.9 Occlusion plethysmography |
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37 | (2) |
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2.10 Peculiarities of light interaction with cerebral vessels |
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39 | (2) |
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2.11 APC as a measure of the arterial tone |
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41 | (1) |
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2.12 Green-light camera-based PPG and cutaneous perfusion |
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42 | (3) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (5) |
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3 Model-based camera-PPG: pulse rate monitoring in fitness |
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51 | (4) |
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3.2 Model-based pulse rate extraction |
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55 | (7) |
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62 | (3) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (6) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (5) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Appendix 3.A PBV determination |
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72 | (2) |
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3.A.1 Optical path descriptors |
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72 | (1) |
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3.A.2 Experimental PBV determination |
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73 | (1) |
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Appendix 3.B Pseudocode for model-based PPG |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (3) |
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4 Camera-based respiration monitoring: motion and PPG-based measurement |
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79 | (4) |
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4.2 Setup and measurements |
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83 | (2) |
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4.2.1 Camera setup in the MR system |
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83 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Data collection and preparation |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (6) |
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85 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Motion-based: optical flow |
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85 | (3) |
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4.3.3 Motion-based: profile correlation |
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88 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Respiratory signal and rate |
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88 | (3) |
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4.4 Results and discussion |
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91 | (4) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (4) |
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5 Camera-based blood oxygen measurement |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (3) |
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5.3 Application: monitoring blood oxygen saturation in human skin |
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104 | (2) |
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5.4 Application: monitoring blood oxygen saturation in skin during changes in fraction of inspired oxygen |
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106 | (2) |
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5.5 Application: monitoring blood oxygen saturation in brain |
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108 | (3) |
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5.6 Application: monitoring blood oxygen saturation in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (5) |
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6 Camera-based blood pressure monitoring |
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6.1 Advantages over other potential cuff-less BP measurement devices |
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119 | (1) |
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6.2 Theoretical principles |
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120 | (14) |
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6.2.1 Contactless acquisition of arterial waveforms |
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120 | (5) |
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6.2.2 Extraction of waveform features that correlate with BP |
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125 | (5) |
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6.2.3 Calibration of features to BP using cuff BP measurements |
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130 | (4) |
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6.3 Summary of previous experimental studies |
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134 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Key camera-based BP monitoring investigations |
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135 | (3) |
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6.3.2 Relevant contact-sensor BP monitoring investigations |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Future research directions |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (7) |
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7 Clinical applications for imaging photoplethysmography |
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149 | (1) |
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7.2 Patient monitoring and risk assessment |
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150 | (6) |
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7.2.1 Current monitoring-target groups and technology |
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150 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Patient monitoring by iPPG-measures of relevance |
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150 | (4) |
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7.2.3 Patient monitoring by iPPG-realistic usage scenarios |
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154 | (2) |
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7.3 Application beyond patient monitoring |
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156 | (4) |
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156 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Local perfusion analysis |
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157 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Skin microcirculation as diagnostic proxy |
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159 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Further applications |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (4) |
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8 Applications of camera-based physiological measurement beyond healthcare |
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8.1 The evolution from the lab to the real world |
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165 | (3) |
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8.2 The promise for ubiquitous computing |
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168 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Fitness and wellness |
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168 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Affective computing |
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170 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Biometric recognition and liveness detection |
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171 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Avatars, remote communication, and mixed reality |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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8.4 Ethics and privacy implications |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (7) |
Part II Wireless sensor-based vital signs monitoring |
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9 Radar-based vital signs monitoring |
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181 | (2) |
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9.2 Vital signs monitoring through continuous-wave radar |
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183 | (8) |
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183 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Vital signs monitoring |
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186 | (5) |
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9.3 Vital signs monitoring using FMCW radar |
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191 | (10) |
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9.3.1 Composition of an FMCW radar system |
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191 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Analysis of an FMCW radar IF signal |
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192 | (1) |
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9.3.3 FMCW radar parameter estimation |
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193 | (5) |
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9.3.4 Examples of FMCW radar on contactless vital signs monitoring |
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198 | (3) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (4) |
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10 Received power-based vital signs monitoring |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (4) |
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208 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Repurposing wireless transceivers |
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208 | (3) |
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10.3 Received power-based vital signs monitoring |
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211 | (3) |
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10.3.1 Received power model |
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211 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Estimating rates from received power |
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214 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Experimental setup |
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216 | (1) |
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10.5 Experimental results |
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217 | (9) |
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10.5.1 Breathing-rate accuracy |
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218 | (5) |
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10.5.2 Pulse-rate accuracy |
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223 | (3) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (4) |
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11 WiFi CSI-based vital signs monitoring |
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231 | (1) |
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11.2 An historic review of WiFi-based human respiration monitoring |
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232 | (3) |
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11.2.1 RSS-based respiration monitoring |
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232 | (1) |
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11.2.2 CSI-based respiration monitoring |
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232 | (3) |
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11.3 The principle of WiFi CSI-based respiration monitoring |
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235 | (5) |
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11.3.1 The basics of WiFi CSI |
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235 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Modeling human respiration |
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235 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Fresnel diffraction and reflection sensing models |
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235 | (5) |
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11.4 Robust single-person respiration monitoring |
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240 | (7) |
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11.4.1 Removing "blind spots" for respiration monitoring |
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240 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Pushing the sensing range of respiration monitoring |
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242 | (5) |
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11.5 Robust multi-person respiration monitoring |
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247 | (6) |
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11.5.1 Modeling of CSI-based multi-person respiration sensing |
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247 | (3) |
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11.5.2 The advantages of our approach |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (3) |
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12 RFID-based vital signs monitoring |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (3) |
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259 | (2) |
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12.2.2 RFID physical-layer measurement |
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261 | (1) |
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12.3 Respiration monitoring using RFID systems |
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262 | (9) |
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262 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Low-level data characterization |
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263 | (3) |
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12.3.3 Breath signal extraction |
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266 | (1) |
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12.3.4 Enhance monitoring with sensor fusion of multiple tags |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (2) |
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12.4 Implementation and evaluation |
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271 | (5) |
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271 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Experiment setting |
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272 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Experiment results |
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272 | (4) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (4) |
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13 Acoustic-based vital signs monitoring |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (2) |
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13.3 Sonar phase analysis |
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285 | (1) |
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13.4 The SonarBeat system |
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286 | (8) |
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13.4.1 SonarBeat system architecture |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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13.4.4 Received signal preprocessing |
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289 | (4) |
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13.4.5 Breathing-rate estimation |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (5) |
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13.5.1 Implementation and test configuration |
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294 | (1) |
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13.5.2 Performance of breathing-rate estimation |
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295 | (2) |
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13.5.3 Impact of various test factors |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (4) |
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14 RF and camera-based vital signs monitoring applications |
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14.1 The pros and cons of RF and camera sensors |
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303 | (6) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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14.1.3 Complementarity of radar and camera |
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305 | (4) |
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14.2 A hybrid radar-camera sensing system with phase compensation for random-body movement cancellation (RBMC) Doppler vitals sign detection |
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309 | (8) |
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310 | (1) |
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14.2.2 Three-phase compensation strategies for RBMC |
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310 | (2) |
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14.2.3 Camera-based body-movement detection method |
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312 | (4) |
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316 | (1) |
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14.3 Non-contact dual-modality emotion recognition system by CW radar and RGB camera |
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317 | (8) |
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317 | (2) |
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14.3.2 Physiological signal-optimization algorithms based on radar and video sensors |
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319 | (1) |
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14.3.3 Multi-sensor data fusion |
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320 | (3) |
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14.3.4 Features extraction |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (2) |
Index |
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327 | |