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Human Well-Being and the Natural Environment [Pehme köide]

(, University of Cambridge)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 376 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x21 mm, kaal: 560 g, numerous figures and tables
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Mar-2004
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0199267197
  • ISBN-13: 9780199267194
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 376 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x21 mm, kaal: 560 g, numerous figures and tables
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Mar-2004
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0199267197
  • ISBN-13: 9780199267194
In Human Well-Being and the Natural Environment, Partha Dasgupta explores ways to measure the quality of life. In developing quality of life indices, he pays particular attention to the natuaral environment, illustrating how it can be incorporated, more generally, into economic reasoning in a seamless manner. Such familiar terms as "sustainable development," "social discount rates," and Earth's "carrying capacity" are given a firm theoretical underpinning. The author shows that, whether we are interested in valuing the state of affairs in a country or in evaluating economic policy there. The index that should be used is the economy's wealth, which is the social worth of its capital assets.
Dasgupta puts the theory he develops to use in extended commentaries on the economics of population, poverty traps, global warming, structural adjustment programs, and free trade, particularly in relation to poor countries. The result is a treatise that goes beyond quality-of-life measures and offers a comprehensive account of the newly emergent subject of ecological economics.
With the publication of this new paperback edition, Dasgupta has taken the opportunity to update and revise his text in a number of ways, including developments to facilitate its current use on a number of graduate courses in environmental and resource economics. The treatment of the welfare economics of imperfect economies has been developed using new findings, and the appendix has been expanded to include applications of the theory to a number of institutions and to develop approximate formulae for estimating the value of environmental natural resources.

Arvustused

highly recommended for policy makers and students of environment and development notably those with an interest in collective action. International donors and multilateral banks with a large portfolio of projects in the water and forestry sectors could also benefit immensely from some of the insights this book provides * Development and Change * Review from previous edition 'Building on his classic magnum opus .... Partha Dasgupta has joined this rethink in an intellectually rich, thought-provoking and occasionally metaphysical work. His new book probes many issues beyond those that might be anticipated from the title and confirms his position as one of the most exciting economic thinkers today ... we can ask why so many feel we need reforms in ethical behaviour to ensure sustainability. Dasgupta touches on some of the framework needed to answer this question. More is needed. If anyone is going to supply it is is likely to be Dasgupta.' * Times Higher Education Supplement * 'Professor Dasgupta's latest book is a remarkably comprehensive account of his subject. It seeks out and develops the fundamentals so thoroughly that its methods will have application in many branches of economic evaluation and policy assessment even beyond the environmental aspects that are its primary focus. He moves with ease from deep studies of the meaning of concepts like ''sustainability'' to detailed empirical accounts of environmental damage. It is a book that will be used and consulted for a long time to come.' * Professor Kenneth J. Arrow, Stanford University * 'Partha Dasgupta is one of the deepest thinkers and most powerful analysts in ecological economics. [ In this book] he attempts to go beyond measures of current well-being, such as the Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Programme because, as he puts it, "The present is the past's future". His tightly reasoned and carefully presented effort will enrich the thinking of students and professionals in economics, environmental studies, political science, political philosophy, and population studies.' * Professor Joel E. Cohen, Rockefeller University and Columbia University * 'The anthropologist notices that, as a tribe, economists love argument, which means of course that they also love theory and exact measurement. The great economists add to these two loves one more, a passion for justice. Partha Dasgupta adds yet another---compassion. His understandings of the meaning of poverty and of helpless imprisonment in poverty traps provide a commonsense platform for proposing new measurements and challenging professional assumptions. This is how the book transcends its own formidable proficiency as it initiates the non-professional reader into the idea of social cost benefit.' * Professor Mary Douglas, University College London * 'Concepts like GDP focus on easily measurable things, whilst omitting ecosystem services and other environmental factors on which life ultimately depends. Partha Dasgupta is a seminal figure in his discipline, taking on the difficult, yet hugely important, task of trying meaningfully to measure ''quality of life''. This book will, I hope, set the tone for the new millennium, melding conventional economic concepts, ecological and environmental science, and a great deal of plain commonsense. Read it.' * Lord Robert May, University of Oxford * Dasgupta raises the most challenging moral questions of our age: Is there a utilitarian foundation for trading off an entire species-habitat for the gratification of the current generation? Are decisions about procreation and the sustenance of ecological systems based strictly on personal morality or based on a broader political ethic? In the process of asking these big questions, he addresses the role of citizenship, civil rights, democracy, and "progress." He explores intergenerational well-being and conflicts. He asks how we do, and how we should value goods. He presents a powerful analysis of the evaluation of policies in imperfect economies. Reading this book is the equivalent of a crash course in political economy and moral philosophy. I wholeheartedly recommend it as one of the most important books of the new millennium. * Professor Elinor Ostrom, Indiana University * Partha Dasgupta is a very highly regarded economic theorist, and his book shows why. Dasgupta writes more clearly, and in a more accessible manner... than most highly regarded economic theorists. * Journal of Public Policy *

Preface to the Paperback Edition viii
Preface ix
Summary and Guide xx
Introduction: Means and Ends 1(8)
I.1. Making Comparisons
1(2)
I.2. Disagreements over Facts and Values
3(4)
I.3. Valuation and Evaluation in Kakotopia
7(2)
PART I: VALUING AND EVALUATING 9(32)
Prologue
11(2)
1. The Notion of Well-Being
13(11)
1.1. Personal to the Social
13(1)
1.2. Welfare and Well-Being
14(1)
1.3. Human Rights as Constituents of Well-Being
15(3)
1.4. Positive and Negative Rights
18(1)
1.5. Aggregation in Theory
19(1)
1.6. Numerical Indices: Complete vs. Partial Ordering
20(2)
1.7. Complete vs. Partial Comparability of Well-Being
22(2)
1. Ordering Social States
24(3)
1.1. Definitions
24(1)
1.2. Efficient Liberalism
25(2)
2. Why Measure Well-Being?
27(6)
2.1. Measuring Economic Activity
27(1)
2.2. Comparing Groups
27(1)
2.3. Comparing Localities
28(1)
2.4. Measuring Sustainable Well-Being
29(1)
2.5. Finding Criteria for Policy Evaluation
30(1)
2.6. Four Senses of Plurality
30(3)
3. Constituents and Determinants of Well-Being
33(8)
3.1. Constituents or Determinants?
33(1)
3.2. Valuation, Trust, and Institutions
34(2)
3.3. Happiness
36(2)
3.4. Imitation and the Demonstration Effect
38(3)
PART II: MEASURING CURRENT WELL-BEING 41(44)
Prologue
43(2)
4. Theory
45(11)
4.1. Citizenship: Civil, Political, and Socio-Economic
45(1)
4.2. The Need for Parsimony
46(2)
4.3. Exotic Goods and Basic Needs
48(2)
4.4. Civic Attitudes, Entitlements, and Democracy
50(3)
4.5. Aggregation in Practice
53(1)
4.6. Cardinal or Ordinal Indices
54(2)
5. Current Quality of Life in Poor Countries
56(29)
5.1. The Data
56(3)
5.2. Borda Ranking
59(3)
5.3. GNP and Current Well-Being
62(1)
5.4. The Contemporary Poor World
63(3)
5.5. Civil Rights, Democracy, and Economic Progress: Theory
66(3)
5.6. Civil Rights, Democracy, and Economic Progress: Illustration
69(7)
5.7. Geography of Poverty Traps
76(4)
5.8. The Human Development Index: Development as What?
80(5)
PART III: MEASURING WELL-BEING OVER TIME 85(78)
Prologue
86(3)
6. Intergenerational Well-Being
89(15)
6.1. The Ramsey Formulation
89(5)
6.2. Discounting the Future
94(2)
6.3. Public and Private Ethics
96(2)
6.4. Population Growth
98(3)
6.5. Uncertainty
101(3)
6. Intergenerational Conflicts
104(3)
6.1. Present vs. the Future
104(1)
6.2. Declining Discount Rates
105(2)
7. Economic Institutions and the Natural Environment
107(15)
7.1. Markets
107(3)
7.2. The Local Community
110(4)
7.3. The State
114(2)
7.4. Property Rights and Management: A Schemata
116(1)
7.5. Global and Local Environmental Problems
117(2)
7.6. Technological Biases
119(3)
8. Valuing Goods
122(17)
8.1. Accounting Prices
122(2)
8.2. Necessities vs. Luxuries
124(3)
8.3. Biodiversity and Substitution Possibilities
127(4)
8.4. Estimating Accounting Prices
131(6)
8.5. Total vs. Incremental Values
137(2)
9. Wealth and Well-Being
139(24)
9.1. Sustainable Development
139(3)
9.2. Capital Assets and Institutions
142(4)
9.3. Genuine Investment: Theory
146(3)
9.4. Why not NNP?
149(2)
9.5. What Does Productivity Growth Measure?
151(3)
9.6. Accounting for the Environment
154(2)
9.7. Genuine Investment: Applications
156(7)
PART IV: EVALUATING POLICIES IN IMPERFECT ECONOMIES 163(42)
Prologue
165(2)
10. Policy Reforms
167(12)
10.1. Policy Change as Perturbation
167(1)
10.2. Project Evaluation Criterion
168(4)
10.3. Two Applications
172(1)
10.4. Taxes and Regulations as Policies
173(4)
10.5. Hard and Soft Prices
177(2)
11. Discounting Future Consumption
179(13)
11.1. Why
179(1)
11.2. How
180(3)
11.3. Global Warming and Discounting
183(4)
11.4. Gamma Discounting
187(3)
11.5. Project-Specific Discounting
190(1)
11.6. Total or Incremental Output?
191(1)
12. Institutional Responses to Policy Change
192(13)
12.1. Non-Market Interactions
192(4)
12.2. Growth or Redistribution?
196(3)
12.3. Managing Local Irrigation Systems
199(1)
12.4. Structural Adjustment Programmes and the Natural Environment
200(2)
12.5. Poverty and Freer Trade
202(3)
PART V: VALUING POTENTIAL LIVES 205(31)
Prologue
207(4)
13. Some Views
211(4)
13.1. Old Theories
211(1)
13.2. Average Utilitarianism
212(3)
14. Classical Utilitarianism and the Genesis Problem
215(5)
14.1. Formulating the Theory
215(3)
14.2. Optimum Population Size
218(2)
14. Numbers and Well-Being under Classical Utilitarianism
220(2)
15. Actual vs. Potential Lives
222(9)
15.1. What is Wrong with the Genesis Problem?
222(1)
15.2. Actual Problems
223(3)
15.3. Generation-Relative Ethics
226(2)
15.4. Rational Ends
228(3)
15. Generation-Relative Utilitarianism
231(5)
Appendix 236(73)
A.1. Economists' Convexities
237(3)
Convex Utopias
240(6)
A.2. First-Best Welfare Economics in a Convex World
240(6)
Non-Convex Economies
246(15)
A.3. The Prevalence of Non-Convexities
246(4)
A.4. Human Intervention in Non-Convex Ecosystems
250(9)
A.5. Optimum Intervention
259(2)
Valuation and Evaluation in Imperfect Economies
261(48)
A.6. The Basic Model
264(16)
A.7. Illustration 1: A Convex Economy
280(4)
A.8. Illustration 2: A Non-Convex Ecosystem
284(1)
A.9. Exhaustible Resources: A Closed Economy
285(5)
A.10. Explorations and Discoveries
290(1)
A.11. Forests and Trees
291(1)
A.12. Human Capital
292(2)
A.13. Global Public Goods
294(1)
A.14. Technological Change and Growth Accounting
295(2)
A.15. Exhaustible Resources: The Exporting Economy
297(3)
A.16. Defensive Expenditure
300(1)
A.17. Population Change and Sustainable Development
300(3)
A.18. Uncertain Productivity
303(3)
A.19. Time and Space
306(1)
A.20. Good and Bad Positive Feedbacks, and Rich and Poor People
307(2)
References 309(24)
Name Index 333(6)
Subject Index 339


Partha Dasgupta is the Frank Ramsey Professor of Economics at the University of Cambridge, and Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. A Past President of the Royal Economic Society and of the European Economic Association, Professor Dasgupta is a Fellow of the British Academy, Member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences. His publications include An Inquiry into Well-Being and Destitution (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993).