Preface to the Paperback Edition |
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viii | |
Preface |
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ix | |
Summary and Guide |
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xx | |
Introduction: Means and Ends |
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1 | (8) |
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1 | (2) |
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I.2. Disagreements over Facts and Values |
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3 | (4) |
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I.3. Valuation and Evaluation in Kakotopia |
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7 | (2) |
PART I: VALUING AND EVALUATING |
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9 | (32) |
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11 | (2) |
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1. The Notion of Well-Being |
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13 | (11) |
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1.1. Personal to the Social |
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13 | (1) |
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1.2. Welfare and Well-Being |
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14 | (1) |
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1.3. Human Rights as Constituents of Well-Being |
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15 | (3) |
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1.4. Positive and Negative Rights |
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18 | (1) |
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1.5. Aggregation in Theory |
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19 | (1) |
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1.6. Numerical Indices: Complete vs. Partial Ordering |
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20 | (2) |
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1.7. Complete vs. Partial Comparability of Well-Being |
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22 | (2) |
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1. Ordering Social States |
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24 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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1.2. Efficient Liberalism |
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25 | (2) |
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2. Why Measure Well-Being? |
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27 | (6) |
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2.1. Measuring Economic Activity |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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2.3. Comparing Localities |
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28 | (1) |
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2.4. Measuring Sustainable Well-Being |
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29 | (1) |
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2.5. Finding Criteria for Policy Evaluation |
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30 | (1) |
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2.6. Four Senses of Plurality |
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30 | (3) |
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3. Constituents and Determinants of Well-Being |
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33 | (8) |
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3.1. Constituents or Determinants? |
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33 | (1) |
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3.2. Valuation, Trust, and Institutions |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (2) |
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3.4. Imitation and the Demonstration Effect |
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38 | (3) |
PART II: MEASURING CURRENT WELL-BEING |
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41 | (44) |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (11) |
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4.1. Citizenship: Civil, Political, and Socio-Economic |
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45 | (1) |
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4.2. The Need for Parsimony |
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46 | (2) |
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4.3. Exotic Goods and Basic Needs |
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48 | (2) |
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4.4. Civic Attitudes, Entitlements, and Democracy |
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50 | (3) |
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4.5. Aggregation in Practice |
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53 | (1) |
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4.6. Cardinal or Ordinal Indices |
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54 | (2) |
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5. Current Quality of Life in Poor Countries |
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56 | (29) |
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56 | (3) |
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59 | (3) |
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5.3. GNP and Current Well-Being |
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62 | (1) |
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5.4. The Contemporary Poor World |
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63 | (3) |
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5.5. Civil Rights, Democracy, and Economic Progress: Theory |
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66 | (3) |
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5.6. Civil Rights, Democracy, and Economic Progress: Illustration |
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69 | (7) |
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5.7. Geography of Poverty Traps |
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76 | (4) |
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5.8. The Human Development Index: Development as What? |
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80 | (5) |
PART III: MEASURING WELL-BEING OVER TIME |
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85 | (78) |
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86 | (3) |
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6. Intergenerational Well-Being |
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89 | (15) |
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6.1. The Ramsey Formulation |
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89 | (5) |
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6.2. Discounting the Future |
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94 | (2) |
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6.3. Public and Private Ethics |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (3) |
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6. Intergenerational Conflicts |
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104 | (3) |
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6.1. Present vs. the Future |
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104 | (1) |
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6.2. Declining Discount Rates |
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105 | (2) |
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7. Economic Institutions and the Natural Environment |
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107 | (15) |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (2) |
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7.4. Property Rights and Management: A Schemata |
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116 | (1) |
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7.5. Global and Local Environmental Problems |
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117 | (2) |
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7.6. Technological Biases |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (17) |
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122 | (2) |
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8.2. Necessities vs. Luxuries |
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124 | (3) |
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8.3. Biodiversity and Substitution Possibilities |
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127 | (4) |
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8.4. Estimating Accounting Prices |
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131 | (6) |
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8.5. Total vs. Incremental Values |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (24) |
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9.1. Sustainable Development |
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139 | (3) |
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9.2. Capital Assets and Institutions |
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142 | (4) |
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9.3. Genuine Investment: Theory |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (2) |
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9.5. What Does Productivity Growth Measure? |
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151 | (3) |
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9.6. Accounting for the Environment |
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154 | (2) |
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9.7. Genuine Investment: Applications |
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156 | (7) |
PART IV: EVALUATING POLICIES IN IMPERFECT ECONOMIES |
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163 | (42) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (12) |
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10.1. Policy Change as Perturbation |
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167 | (1) |
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10.2. Project Evaluation Criterion |
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168 | (4) |
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172 | (1) |
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10.4. Taxes and Regulations as Policies |
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173 | (4) |
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10.5. Hard and Soft Prices |
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177 | (2) |
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11. Discounting Future Consumption |
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179 | (13) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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11.3. Global Warming and Discounting |
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183 | (4) |
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187 | (3) |
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11.5. Project-Specific Discounting |
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190 | (1) |
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11.6. Total or Incremental Output? |
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191 | (1) |
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12. Institutional Responses to Policy Change |
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192 | (13) |
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12.1. Non-Market Interactions |
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192 | (4) |
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12.2. Growth or Redistribution? |
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196 | (3) |
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12.3. Managing Local Irrigation Systems |
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199 | (1) |
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12.4. Structural Adjustment Programmes and the Natural Environment |
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200 | (2) |
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12.5. Poverty and Freer Trade |
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202 | (3) |
PART V: VALUING POTENTIAL LIVES |
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205 | (31) |
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207 | (4) |
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211 | (4) |
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211 | (1) |
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13.2. Average Utilitarianism |
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212 | (3) |
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14. Classical Utilitarianism and the Genesis Problem |
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215 | (5) |
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14.1. Formulating the Theory |
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215 | (3) |
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14.2. Optimum Population Size |
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218 | (2) |
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14. Numbers and Well-Being under Classical Utilitarianism |
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220 | (2) |
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15. Actual vs. Potential Lives |
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222 | (9) |
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15.1. What is Wrong with the Genesis Problem? |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (3) |
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15.3. Generation-Relative Ethics |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (3) |
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15. Generation-Relative Utilitarianism |
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231 | (5) |
Appendix |
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236 | (73) |
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A.1. Economists' Convexities |
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237 | (3) |
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240 | (6) |
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A.2. First-Best Welfare Economics in a Convex World |
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240 | (6) |
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246 | (15) |
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A.3. The Prevalence of Non-Convexities |
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246 | (4) |
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A.4. Human Intervention in Non-Convex Ecosystems |
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250 | (9) |
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A.5. Optimum Intervention |
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259 | (2) |
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Valuation and Evaluation in Imperfect Economies |
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261 | (48) |
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264 | (16) |
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A.7. Illustration 1: A Convex Economy |
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280 | (4) |
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A.8. Illustration 2: A Non-Convex Ecosystem |
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284 | (1) |
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A.9. Exhaustible Resources: A Closed Economy |
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285 | (5) |
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A.10. Explorations and Discoveries |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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A.13. Global Public Goods |
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294 | (1) |
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A.14. Technological Change and Growth Accounting |
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295 | (2) |
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A.15. Exhaustible Resources: The Exporting Economy |
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297 | (3) |
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A.16. Defensive Expenditure |
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300 | (1) |
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A.17. Population Change and Sustainable Development |
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300 | (3) |
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A.18. Uncertain Productivity |
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303 | (3) |
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306 | (1) |
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A.20. Good and Bad Positive Feedbacks, and Rich and Poor People |
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307 | (2) |
References |
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309 | (24) |
Name Index |
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333 | (6) |
Subject Index |
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339 | |