Acknowledgement |
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xiii | |
Introduction |
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xv | |
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Chapter 1 Relevance theory: Cognitive pragmatics of human communication |
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1 | (36) |
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1.1 Introduction: An inferential model of communication |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (4) |
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1.3 Manifestness and cognitive environments |
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7 | (2) |
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1.4 Principles and conditions of relevance |
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9 | (7) |
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16 | (3) |
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1.6 Explicit versus implicated interpretations |
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19 | (14) |
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1.7 Social aspects of communication |
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33 | (4) |
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Chapter 2 Relevance theory: General implications for humour research |
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37 | (28) |
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2.1 Introduction: An inferential model of communication |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (5) |
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2.3 Manifestness and cognitive environments |
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45 | (4) |
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2.4 Principles and conditions of relevance |
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49 | (10) |
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59 | (1) |
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2.6 Explicit versus implicated interpretations |
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60 | (3) |
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2.7 Social aspects of communication |
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63 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Incongruity-resolution revisited |
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65 | (50) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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3.3 Theories and classifications |
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67 | (12) |
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3.3.1 Suls' two-stage model |
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68 | (5) |
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3.3.2 Ritchie's forced reinterpretation model |
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73 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Dynel's three-fold classification |
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75 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Koestler's bisociation theory |
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76 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Giora's graded salience hypothesis |
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76 | (1) |
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3.3.6 Raskins SSTH and Attardo and Raskins GTVH |
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77 | (2) |
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3.4 Make-sense frame versus discourse inference |
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79 | (7) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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3.5 Why is incongruity humorous? |
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86 | (4) |
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3.6 Are incongruity and resolution needed? |
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90 | (4) |
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3.6.1 Incongruity is sufficient |
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90 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Resolution is also necessary |
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91 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Incongruity is solved but persists |
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92 | (2) |
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3.7 Incongruity-resolution and relevance |
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94 | (6) |
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3.8 A new classification of incongruity-resolution patterns |
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100 | (15) |
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3.8.1 [ frame-based incongruity] [ setup] [ discourse-based resolution] |
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103 | (1) |
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3.8.2 [ frame-based incongruity] [ punchline] [ discourse-based resolution] |
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104 | (1) |
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3.8.3 [ frame-based incongruity] [ setup] [ frame-based resolution] |
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105 | (1) |
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3.8.4 [ frame-based incongruity] [ punchline] [ frame-based resolution] |
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106 | (1) |
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3.8.5 [ frame-based incongruity] [ setup] [ implication-based resolution] |
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106 | (1) |
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3.8.6 [ frame-based incongruity] [ punchline] [ implication-based resolution] |
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107 | (1) |
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3.8.7 [ discourse-based incongruity] [ setup] [ discourse-based resolution] |
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108 | (1) |
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3.8.8 [ discourse-based incongruity] [ punchline] [ discourse-based resolution] |
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109 | (1) |
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3.8.9 [ discourse-based incongruity] [ setup] [ frame-based resolution] |
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110 | (1) |
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3.8.10 [ discourse-based incongruity] [ punchline] [ frame-based resolution] |
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111 | (1) |
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3.8.11 [ discourse-based incongruity] [ setup] [ implication-based resolution] |
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111 | (1) |
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3.8.12 [ discourse-based incongruity] [ punchline] [ implication-based resolution] |
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112 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 The intersecting circles model of humorous communication |
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115 | (36) |
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115 | (2) |
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4.2 Utterance interpretation as mutual parallel adjustment |
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117 | (2) |
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4.3 Make-sense frames and interaction |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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4.5 Mind reading and predicted humorous effects |
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121 | (1) |
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4.6 Make-sense frames and cultural frames in joke interpretation |
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122 | (3) |
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4.7 Towards a new typology of jokes: The Intersecting Circles Model |
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125 | (13) |
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4.7.1 Type 1: Make-sense frame + cultural frame + utterance interpretation |
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126 | (1) |
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4.7.2 Type 2: Make-sense frame + cultural frame |
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127 | (1) |
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4.7.3 Type 3: Make-sense frame + utterance interpretation |
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128 | (4) |
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4.7.4 Type 4: Make-sense frame |
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132 | (1) |
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4.7.5 Type 5: Cultural frame + utterance interpretation |
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132 | (1) |
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4.7.6 Type 6: Cultural frame |
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132 | (1) |
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4.7.7 Type 7: Utterance interpretation |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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4.7.7.3 Conceptual adjustment |
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135 | (1) |
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4.7.7.4 Reference assignment |
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136 | (1) |
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4.7.7.5 Higher-level explicatures |
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137 | (1) |
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4.8 Humorous effects as mutual parallel adjustment |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (12) |
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Chapter 5 Stand-up comedy monologues |
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151 | (40) |
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5.1 Introduction: Can relevance theory study social issues of communication? |
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151 | (1) |
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5.2 Cultural representations |
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152 | (3) |
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5.3 Some useful dichotomies |
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155 | (11) |
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5.3.1 Mental versus public |
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155 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Representations versus beliefs |
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156 | (2) |
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5.3.3 Individual versus mutually manifest |
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158 | (4) |
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5.3.4 Strengthening versus challenging |
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162 | (3) |
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5.3.5 Personal versus metarepresented cultural |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (6) |
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167 | (1) |
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5.4.2 The epidemiological stance |
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168 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Neither duplication nor mutation |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (19) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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5.5.1.3 On humorous strategies |
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176 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Specific strategies by comedians |
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177 | (1) |
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5.5.2.1 Layering and relating concepts |
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177 | (3) |
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5.5.2.2 Implicatures and the audiences responsibility |
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180 | (1) |
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5.5.2.3 Assumptions from processing previous discourse |
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181 | (2) |
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5.5.2.4 Playing with collective cultural representations |
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183 | (8) |
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Chapter 6 Humorous ironies |
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191 | (46) |
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191 | (2) |
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6.2 Irony, echo and dissociative attitude |
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193 | (5) |
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6.2.1 Dissociative attitude |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (2) |
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6.3 Contextual inappropriateness |
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198 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Contextual source A: General encyclopaedic knowledge |
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198 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Contextual source B: Specific encyclopaedic knowledge on the speaker |
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199 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Contextual source C: Knowledge, still stored in the hearer's short-term memory, of events or actions which have just taken place or have taken place very recently |
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200 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Contextual source D: Previous utterances in the same conversation or coming from previous conversations; utterances which were said before (or some time in the past) |
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200 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Contextual source E: Speaker's nonverbal behaviour |
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201 | (1) |
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6.3.6 Contextual source F: Lexical or grammatical choices by the speaker which work as linguistic cues about the speaker's ironic intention |
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202 | (1) |
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6.3.7 Contextual source G: Information coming from the physical area which surrounds the interlocutors during the conversation |
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203 | (1) |
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6.4 Multiple activation and processing effort |
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203 | (5) |
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6.5 Dual stage, direct access, graded salience and relevance |
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208 | (8) |
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6.6 Irony, metarepresentation and epistemic vigilance |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (18) |
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6.7.1 Dissociative attitude plus humour |
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221 | (3) |
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6.7.2 Humour-triggering features |
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224 | (2) |
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6.7.3 Humour in irony as second-order metarepresentation |
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226 | (11) |
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Chapter 7 Humour and translation |
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237 | (30) |
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7.1 Translation and relevance |
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237 | (3) |
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7.2 A Chart of cases of translatability from combined scenarios |
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240 | (10) |
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7.2.1 First parameter: Cultural scenario |
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241 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Second parameter: Semantic scenario |
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243 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Third parameter: Pragmatic scenario |
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244 | (6) |
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7.3 Examples of translations of jokes |
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250 | (13) |
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7.4 Proposal of a relevance-theoretic `itinerary' for the translation of jokes |
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263 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Multimodal humour: The case of cartoons in the press |
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267 | (32) |
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267 | (1) |
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8.2 Cartoons: Combining text and image |
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268 | (10) |
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8.2.1 Inferring from texts and images in cartoons |
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269 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Visual explicatures and visual implicatures |
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271 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Visual metaphors in cartoons |
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272 | (6) |
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8.3 Inferring from cartoons |
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278 | (4) |
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282 | (17) |
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Chapter 9 Multimodal humour: The case of advertisements |
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299 | (22) |
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9.1 Introduction: Advertising |
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299 | (2) |
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9.2 Advertising and humour |
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301 | (3) |
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9.3 Relevance, advertising and humour |
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304 | (17) |
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9.3.1 Punning in advertising |
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310 | (8) |
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9.3.2 Social/cultural representations in advertising |
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318 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 A note on conversational humour |
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321 | (10) |
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10.1 Introduction: Relevance and conversation |
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321 | (1) |
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10.2 Conversation and humour |
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322 | (3) |
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10.3 Relevance, conversation and humour |
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325 | (6) |
References |
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331 | (30) |
Name Index |
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361 | (4) |
Subject Index |
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365 | |