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Hungarian [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 506 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 880 g
  • Sari: Descriptive Grammars
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Oct-2010
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 041560009X
  • ISBN-13: 9780415600095
Teised raamatud teemal:
HungarianSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 506 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 880 g
  • Sari: Descriptive Grammars
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Oct-2010
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 041560009X
  • ISBN-13: 9780415600095
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780415600095.html

Hungarian is spoken by 14-15 million people worldwide. A unique language, completely unrelated to the languages of its neighbouring countries, it boasts a grammar full of complex features and vocabulary of basically Uralic (Finno-Ugric) origin.


Hungarian addresses current issues in the description of languages and applies up-to-date research techniques to Hungarian. This comprehensive descriptive grammar of the Hungarian language will appeal to both the professional linguist and advanced learner of Hungarian alike.

Symbols and abbreviations xxvii
Orthographic and phonemic correspondences xxx
INTRODUCTION xxxii
Chapter 1 Syntax
1(190)
1.1 General questions
1(57)
1.1.1 Sentence-types
1(1)
1.1.1.1 Direct and quoted speech
1(1)
1.1.1.2 Interrogative sentences
1(1)
1.1.1.2.1 Yes--no questions
1(1)
1.1.1.2.1.1 Neutral
2(1)
1.1.1.2.1.2 Leading
3(1)
1.1.1.2.1.3 Alternative
4(1)
1.1.1.2.2 Question-word questions
5(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1 Elements questioned
5(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.1 Constituents of the main clause
5(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.2 Constituents of the subordinate clause
6(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.3 Constituents of the noun phrase
7(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.4 Constituents of the postpositional phrase
8(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.5 Constituents of coordinate structures
9(1)
1.1.1.2.2.1.6 Multiple question-words
9(1)
1.1.1.2.2.2 The position of question-words
10(1)
1.1.1.2.3 Echo-questions
11(1)
1.1.1.2.3.1 Yes--no echo-questions
11(1)
1.1.1.2.3.2 Question-word echo-questions
12(1)
1.1.1.2.3.3 Yes--no question echo-questions
13(1)
1.1.1.2.3.4 Question-word question echo-questions
13(1)
1.1.1.2.3.5 Restrictions on echo-questions
14(1)
1.1.1.2.3.6 Multiple echo-questions
14(1)
1.1.1.2.3.7 The behavior of different questioned elements
15(1)
1.1.1.2.4 Answers
15(1)
1.1.1.2.4.1 Answers and speech acts
15(1)
1.1.1.2.4.1.1 Answers to yes--no questions
15(2)
1.1.1.2.4.1.2 Answers to question-word questions
17(2)
1.1.1.2.4.1.3 Answers to echo-questions
19(1)
1.1.1.2.4.2 Minimal answers to yes--no questions
19(1)
1.1.1.3 Imperative sentences
20(1)
1.1.1.3.1 The form of the imperative
20(1)
1.1.1.3.1.1 The uses of the imperative
20(1)
1.1.1.3.1.2 Degrees of the imperative
21(1)
1.1.1.3.2.1 Negative imperatives
22(1)
1.1.1.3.2.2 Degrees of negative imperative
22(1)
1.1.1.3.3 Further devices of expressing imperative
23(1)
1.1.1.3.4 Focus in imperative sentences
23(1)
1.1.1.4 Other sentence-types
24(1)
1.1.1.4.1 Desideratives
24(1)
1.1.1.4.2 Exclamations
25(2)
1.1.1.5 Indirect speech acts
27(1)
1.1.2 Subordination
27(1)
1.1.2.1 The marking of subordination
27(1)
1.1.2.2 Noun clauses
28(1)
1.1.2.2.1 The marking and positions of noun clauses
29(1)
1.1.2.2.2 Types of noun clauses
29(1)
1.1.2.2.3 Indirect statements
30(1)
1.1.2.2.4 Indirect questions
31(1)
1.1.2.2.5 Indirect commands
32(1)
1.1.2.2.6 Infinitival clauses
33(1)
1.1.2.2.6.1--7 Properties of infinitival clauses
34(2)
1.1.2.2.6.8 Clause union
36(1)
1.1.2.3 Adjective clauses (relative clauses)
37(1)
1.1.2.3.1 The marking of relative clauses
38(1)
1.1.2.3.2 Restrictive and nonrestrictive
38(2)
1.1.2.3.3 The position of the head noun
40(1)
1.1.2.2.3.4.--5 Relative pronouns
40(1)
1.1.2.3.6 Headless relative clauses
41(1)
1.1.2.3.7 Elements relativized
42(2)
1.1.2.3.8 Movement of phrases containing a relative pronoun
44(1)
1.1.2.3.9 Nonfinite relative clauses
45(1)
1.1.2.3.9.1 Active (present) participles
45(1)
1.1.2.3.9.2 Passive (past) participles
46(1)
1.1.2.4 Adverbial clauses
47(1)
1.1.2.4.1 The marking and positions of adverbial clauses
47(1)
1.1.2.4.2 Types of adverbial clauses
48(1)
1.1.2.4.2.1 Time adverbial clauses
48(2)
1.1.2.4.2.2 Manner adverbial clauses
50(1)
1.1.2.4.2.3 Clauses of purpose
50(1)
1.1.2.4.2.4 Clauses of cause
51(1)
1.1.2.4.2.5 Conditional clauses
51(1)
1.1.2.4.2.6 Result clauses
52(1)
1.1.2.4.2.7 Degree clauses
53(1)
1.1.2.4.2.8 Concessive clauses
54(1)
1.1.2.4.2.9 Place adverb clauses
54(1)
1.1.2.4.3 Nonfinite adverbial clauses
55(1)
1.1.2.4.3.1 Nonfinite clauses of time
55(1)
1.1.2.4.3.2 Nonfinite clauses of manner
56(1)
1.1.2.4.3.3 Nonfinite clauses of purpose
56(1)
1.1.2.5 Sequence of tenses
56(2)
1.2 Structural questions
58(44)
1.2.1 Internal structure of the sentence
58(1)
1.2.1.1 Copular sentences
58(1)
1.2.1.1.1--2 Copular sentences with nominal and adjectival complement
58(3)
1.2.1.1.3 Copular sentences with adverbial complement
61(1)
1.2.1.1.4--5 Copular sentences without overt copula
62(1)
1.2.1.1.6 Types of copula
63(1)
1.2.1.1.6.1 The suppletive forms of the copula
63(1)
1.2.1.1.6.2 Existential sentences
64(1)
1.2.1.1.6.3 Possessional sentences with copula
65(1)
1.2.1.1.6.4 Another possible copula
65(1)
1.2.1.2 Verbal sentences
66(1)
1.2.1.2.1 Verbal sentences without subjects
66(2)
1.2.1.2.2 Transitive and intransitive verbs
68(2)
1.2.1.2.3 Indirect objects
70(1)
1.2.1.2.4 Other arguments
71(2)
1.2.1.2.5 Combinations of arguments
73(1)
1.2.1.2.6 Order of constituents
73(1)
1.2.1.3 Adverbials
74(1)
1.2.1.3.1 Types of adverbials
74(1)
1.2.1.3.1.1 Adverbs
74(1)
1.2.1.3.1.2 Postpositional phrases
74(1)
1.2.1.3.1.3 Cases
75(1)
1.2.1.3.1.4 Adverbial clauses
76(1)
1.2.1.3.2 Positions of adverbials
76(2)
1.2.1.3.3 Obligatory adverbials
78(1)
1.2.2 Adjective phrases
78(1)
1.2.2.1 Operational definition
78(2)
1.2.2.2 Arguments in adjective phrases
80(1)
1.2.2.2.1 Adjectives in subjectless sentences
80(1)
1.2.2.2.2--4 Arguments of adjectives
81(1)
1.2.2.3 Modification of adjectives
82(2)
1.2.3 Adverbial phrases
84(1)
1.2.3.1 Operational definition
84(1)
1.2.3.2--4 Modification of adverbials
84(2)
1.2.4 Postpositional phrases
86(1)
1.2.4.1 Operational definition
86(2)
1.2.4.2--3 Arguments and modification of postpositional phrases
88(1)
1.2.4.4 Cases governed by postpositions
89(3)
1.2.5 Noun phrases
92(1)
1.2.5.1 Operational definition
92(1)
1.2.5.2 Modification
92(1)
1.2.5.2.1 Modification by adjective
92(2)
1.2.5.2.2 Relative clause
94(1)
1.2.5.2.3 Possessive adjectives
94(1)
1.2.5.2.4 Articles
94(1)
1.2.5.2.5 Demonstratives
95(1)
1.2.5.2.6 Numerals and quantifiers
96(1)
1.2.5.2.7 Adverbials
97(1)
1.2.5.2.8 Emphatic words
98(1)
1.2.5.2.9 Comparative, superlative, and equative structures
99(1)
1.2.5.2.10 Noun complement clauses
100(1)
1.2.5.3--5 Order of modifiers
101(1)
1.3 Coordination
102(10)
1.3.1 Types of coordination
102(1)
1.3.1.1 Coordinating devices
102(1)
1.3.1.1.1 And-coordination
102(1)
1.3.1.1.2 But-coordination
103(1)
1.3.1.1.3 Or-coordination
103(1)
1.3.1.1.4 Other coordinators
104(1)
1.3.1.2 Number of coordinators
104(1)
1.3.1.3--5 Coordination of constituents
105(4)
1.3.2 Omission of constituents
109(3)
1.4 Negation
112(8)
1.4.1 Sentence negation
112(2)
1.4.2 Constituent negation
114(1)
1.4.3 Negative concord and multiple negation
115(2)
1.4.4 Negation in coordination
117(1)
1.4.5 Negative raising
118(2)
1.5 Anaphora
120(8)
1.5.1 Means for expressing anaphora
120(1)
1.5.1.1--2 Deletion
120(1)
1.5.1.3 Personal pronouns
120(1)
1.5.1.4 Reflexive pronouns
121(1)
1.5.1.5 Demonstrative anaphoric pronouns
122(1)
1.5.1.6 Other means
123(1)
1.5.2 Domains of anaphora
124(1)
1.5.2.1 Within the clause
124(1)
1.5.2.2 Between coordinate clauses
124(1)
1.5.2.3 Between superordinate and subordinate clauses
125(2)
1.5.2.4 Between different subordinate clauses
127(1)
1.5.2.5 Between different sentences
128(1)
1.6 Reflexives
128(13)
1.6.1 Means of expressing reflexivity
128(1)
1.6.1.1 Reflexive pronouns
128(1)
1.6.1.2 Verbal affix
129(1)
1.6.2 The scope of reflexivity
129(1)
1.6.3 Antecedents and functions of the reflexive affix
129(1)
1.6.4 Syntactic positions of the reflexive pronoun
130(1)
1.6.5 Antecedent--reflexive relations
130(1)
1.6.5.1 Subject -- direct object
130(1)
1.6.5.2 Subject -- modifier of direct object
130(1)
1.6.5.3--5 Subject -- indirect object
131(1)
1.6.5.4--6 Subject -- modifier of indirect object
131(1)
1.6.5.7--8 Subject -- (modifier of) copular complement
132(1)
1.6.5.9--10 Subject -- (modifier of) subject-complement
132(1)
1.6.5.11--12 Subject -- (modifier of) object-complement
132(1)
1.6.5.13--14 Subject -- (modifier of) object of adjective
132(1)
1.6.5.17 Subject -- case-marked and adpositional phrase
133(1)
1.6.5.18 Subject -- modifier of case-marked and adpositional phrase
133(1)
1.6.5.19--25 Modifier of subject -- other constituents
133(1)
1.6.5.26 Modifier of subject -- copular complement
134(1)
1.6.5.37 Direct object -- subject
134(1)
1.6.5.38 Direct object -- modifier of subject
134(1)
1.6.5.39 Direct object -- indirect object
135(1)
1.6.5.49 Direct object -- object of adjective
135(1)
1.6.5.55--72 Modifier of direct object -- other constituents
135(1)
1.6.5.73--74 Indirect object -- (modifier of) subject
135(1)
1.6.5.75--76 Indirect object -- (modifier of) direct object
136(1)
1.6.5.77--78 Indirect object -- (modifier of) case-marked or adpositional NP
136(1)
1.6.5.89--104 Modifier of indirect object -- other constituents
137(1)
1.6.5.173 Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- subject
137(1)
1.6.5.175 Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- object
137(1)
1.6.5.177 Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- indirect object
137(1)
1.6.5.191 Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- case-marked or adpositional phrase
138(1)
1.6.5.193--212 Modifier of case-marked or adpositional phrase -- other constituents
138(1)
1.6.6 Reflexives in nominalized clauses
139(1)
1.6.7 Reflexives in ordinary NPs
139(1)
1.6.8 Reflexive pronouns without overt antecedents
140(1)
1.6.9 Other uses of reflexives
140(1)
1.7 Reciprocity
141(10)
1.7.1 Means of expressing reciprocity
141(1)
1.7.2 The scope of reciprocity
141(1)
1.7.4 The syntactic positions of the reciprocal
142(1)
1.7.5 Antecedent--reciprocal relations
142(1)
1.7.5.1 Subject -- direct object
142(1)
1.7.5.2 Subject -- modifier of direct object
142(1)
1.7.5.3 And 1.7.5. Subject -- indirect object
142(1)
1.7.5.4 And 1.7.5. Subject -- modifier of indirect object
143(1)
1.7.5.7--8 Subject -- (modifier of) copular complement
143(1)
1.7.5.9--10 Subject -- (modifier of) subject complement
143(1)
1.7.5.11--12 Subject -- (modifier of) object complement
144(1)
1.7.5.13--14 Subject -- (modifier of) object of adjective
144(1)
1.7.5.17 Subject -- case-marked and adpositional phrase
144(1)
1.7.5.18 Subject -- modifier of case-marked and adpositional phrase
145(1)
1.7.5.19--36 Modifier of subject -- other constituents
145(1)
1.7.5.37 Direct object -- subject
145(1)
1.7.5.38 Direct object -- modifier of subject
145(1)
1.7.5.39--40 Direct object -- (modifier of) indirect object
146(1)
1.7.5.49 Direct object -- object of adjective
146(1)
1.7.5.55--72 Modifier of direct object -- other constituents
146(1)
1.7.5.73 Indirect object -- subject
147(1)
1.7.5.74 Indirect object -- modifier of subject
147(1)
1.7.5.75--76 Indirect object -- (modifier of) direct object
147(1)
1.7.5.77--78 Indirect object -- (modifier of) case-marked or adpositional NP
147(1)
1.7.5.89--104 Modifier of indirect object -- other constituents
148(1)
1.7.5.173--175 Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- subject/object
148(1)
1.7.5.177 Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- indirect object
148(1)
1.7.5.191 Case-marked or adpositional phrase -- case-marked or adpositional phrase
149(1)
1.7.5.193--212 Modifier of case-marked or adpositional phrase -- other constituents
149(1)
1.7.6 Reciprocals in nominalized clauses
150(1)
1.7.7 Reciprocals in ordinary NPs
150(1)
1.7.8 Reciprocals without overt antecedents
150(1)
1.8 Comparison
151(4)
1.8.1 Means of expressing comparison
151(1)
1.8.1.1 Clausal comparative
151(2)
1.8.1.2 Case-marked comparative
153(1)
1.8.2--5 Ellipsis in comparative constructions
153(1)
1.8.6 Correlative comparison
154(1)
1.9 Equatives
155(1)
1.9.1 Means of expressing equation
155(1)
1.9.2 Ellipsis in equatives
155(1)
1.9.3 Expression of identity
156(1)
1.10 Possession
156(5)
1.10.1 Sentences expressing possession
156(3)
1.10.2--5 Restrictions in possessional sentences
159(2)
1.11 Emphasis
161(11)
1.11.1 Sentence emphasis
161(1)
1.11.1.1 Noncontradictory emphasis
161(1)
1.11.1.2 Contradictory emphasis
162(1)
1.11.2 Constituent emphasis
163(1)
1.11.2.1 Noncontrastive emphasis
163(1)
1.11.2.2 Contrastive emphasis
163(2)
1.11.2.2.1 Elements emphasized
165(1)
1.11.2.2.1.1 Noun phrase
165(1)
1.11.2.2.1.2 Adjective
165(1)
1.11.2.2.1.3 Verb
165(2)
1.11.2.2.1.4 Adverbial
167(1)
1.11.2.2.2.1 Constituents of the main clause
168(1)
1.11.2.2.2.2 Constituents of the subordinate clause
168(2)
1.11.2.2.2.3 Noun phrase
170(1)
1.11.2.2.2.4 Coordinate construction
171(1)
1.11.2.2.2.5 Multiple emphasis
171(1)
1.11.2.2.3 Properties of movement
171(1)
1.12 Topic
172(10)
1.12.1 Means to indicate the topic
172(1)
1.12.1.1 Movement to topic position
172(1)
1.12.1.2 Left-dislocation
173(1)
1.12.2 Elements topicalized
174(1)
1.12.2.1.1 Noun phrase
174(1)
1.12.2.1.2 Adjective
174(1)
1.12.2.1.3 Verb
175(1)
1.12.2.1.4 Adverbial
176(1)
1.12.2.2.2.1 Constituents of the main clause
176(1)
1.12.2.2.2 Constituents of the subordinate clause
177(2)
1.12.2.2.3 Constituents of noun phrases
179(1)
1.12.2.2.4 Constituents of coordinate construction
179(1)
1.12.2.2.5 More than one constituent
180(1)
1.12.2.3 Properties of movement
180(1)
1.12.3 The optionality/obligatoriness of topicalization
181(1)
1.13 Heavy Shift
182(2)
1.13.1 Elements affected by Heavy Shift
182(1)
1.13.2 Structures subject to Heavy Shift
182(1)
1.13.2.1 Finite subordinate clauses
182(1)
1.13.2.2 Adverbials in NPs
183(1)
1.13.3 The target position of Heavy Shift
183(1)
1.13.4 More than one phrase moved
183(1)
1.13.5 Heavy Shift with elements next to complementizers
184(1)
1.14 Other movement processes
184(2)
1.14.1 Scrambling
184(1)
1.14.2 Short verb and verbal prefix movement
185(1)
1.14.3 Focus left-dislocation
186(1)
1.15 Minor sentence types
186(1)
1.16 Operational definitions for wordclasses
187(4)
1.16.1 Noun
187(1)
1.16.2 Pronoun
188(1)
1.16.2.1 Personal pronouns
188(1)
1.16.2.2 Reflexive pronouns
188(1)
1.16.2.3 Demonstrative pronouns
188(1)
1.16.2.4 Possessive pronouns
189(1)
1.16.2.5 Relative pronouns
189(1)
1.16.3 Verb
189(1)
1.16.4 Adjective
189(1)
1.16.5 Postposition
189(1)
1.16.6 Numeral and quantifier
190(1)
Chapter 2 Morphology
191(191)
2.1 Inflection
191(160)
2.1.1 Noun inflection
191(1)
2.1.1.1 Means of expressing the functions of noun phrases
191(1)
2.1.1.1.1 Bound affixes
191(2)
2.1.1.1.4 Postpositions
193(1)
2.1.1.1.8 Combination of different ways
193(2)
2.1.1.2 Marking syntactic functions
195(1)
2.1.1.2.1 Subject of intransitive verb
195(1)
2.1.1.2.2 Subject of transitive verb
195(1)
2.1.1.2.3 Subject of copular construction
195(2)
2.1.1.2.4 Direct object
197(1)
2.1.1.2.5 Indirect object
197(1)
2.1.1.2.6 Object of comparison
198(1)
2.1.1.2.7 Object of equation
198(1)
2.1.1.2.8 Other objects governed by verbs
198(3)
2.1.1.2.9 Complement of copular construction
201(1)
2.1.1.2.9.1--3 Copular constructions involving `be'
201(1)
2.1.1.2.9.4 Other copular verbs
201(1)
2.1.1.2.10 Subject-complement
201(1)
2.1.1.2.11 Object-complement
202(1)
2.1.1.2.12 Objects governed by adjectives
203(1)
2.1.1.2.13 Agent in passive/impersonal constructions
203(1)
2.1.1.2.14 Topic
204(1)
2.1.1.3 Expressing functions with nonfinite and nominalized verbs
204(1)
2.1.1.3.1 Absolute construction
204(1)
2.1.1.3.2 Infinitive
204(2)
2.1.1.3.4 Nominalization
206(2)
2.1.1.4 Expressing nonlocal semantic functions
208(1)
2.1.1.4.1 Benefactive
208(1)
2.1.1.4.2 Source
209(1)
2.1.1.4.3 Instrumental
210(2)
2.1.1.4.4 Comitative
212(1)
2.1.1.4.5 Circumstance
213(1)
2.1.1.4.6 Possessive
214(2)
2.1.1.4.7 Possessed
216(2)
2.1.1.4.8 Quality
218(1)
2.1.1.4.9 Quantity
219(1)
2.1.1.4.10 Material
220(1)
2.1.1.4.11 Manner
220(3)
2.1.1.4.12 Cause
223(1)
2.1.1.4.13 Purpose
224(2)
2.1.1.4.14 Function
226(1)
2.1.1.4.15 Reference
226(1)
2.1.1.4.16 Essive
227(1)
2.1.1.4.17 Translative
228(1)
2.1.1.4.18 Part--whole
228(1)
2.1.1.4.19 Partitive
229(1)
2.1.1.4.19.1 Partitive numeral
229(1)
2.1.1.4.19.2 Nonpartitive numeral
229(1)
2.1.1.4.19.3 Partitive quantifier
229(1)
2.1.1.4.19.4 Nonpartitive quantifier
230(1)
2.1.1.4.19.5 Partitive negative quantifier
230(1)
2.1.1.4.19.6 Nonpartitive negative quantifier
231(1)
2.1.1.4.20 Price
231(1)
2.1.1.4.21 Value
231(1)
2.1.1.4.22 Distance
232(1)
2.1.1.4.23 Extent
233(1)
2.1.1.4.24 Concessive
234(1)
2.1.1.4.25 Inclusion
234(1)
2.1.1.4.26 Exclusion
234(1)
2.1.1.4.27 Addition
234(1)
2.1.1.4.28 Vocative
235(1)
2.1.1.4.29--30 Citation and label forms
235(1)
2.1.1.5 Local semantic functions
235(2)
2.1.1.5.1 General location
237(1)
2.1.1.5.2 Proximate location
238(1)
2.1.1.5.3 Interior location
239(3)
2.1.1.5.4 Exterior location
242(1)
2.1.1.5.5 Anterior location
242(1)
2.1.1.5.6 Posterior location
243(1)
2.1.1.5.7 Superior location
243(1)
2.1.1.5.8 Superior-contact and surface location
244(1)
2.1.1.5.9 Inferior location
244(1)
2.1.1.5.11 Lateral location
245(1)
2.1.1.5.13 Citerior location
245(1)
2.1.1.5.15 Ulterior location
245(1)
2.1.1.5.17 Medial location
245(1)
2.1.1.5.19 Circumferential location
246(1)
2.1.1.5.20 Citerior-anterior location
246(1)
2.1.1.6 Location in time
247(1)
2.1.1.6.1 General
247(1)
2.1.1.6.1.1 Time of day
247(1)
2.1.1.6.1.2 Period of day
248(1)
2.1.1.6.1.3 Day of the week
248(1)
2.1.1.6.1.4 Month of the year
249(1)
2.1.1.6.1.5 Year
250(1)
2.1.1.6.1.6 Festivals
250(1)
2.1.1.6.1.7 Seasons
250(1)
2.1.1.6.2 Frequentative
250(1)
2.1.1.6.3 Punctual-future
251(1)
2.1.1.6.4 Punctual-past
251(1)
2.1.1.6.5 Duration
251(1)
2.1.1.6.6--7 Anterior-duration
252(1)
2.1.1.6.8 Posterior-duration-past
252(1)
2.1.1.6.9 Posterior-duration-future
253(1)
2.1.1.6.10 Anterior-general
253(1)
2.1.1.6.12 Point in period-past
253(1)
2.1.1.6.13 Point in period-future
254(1)
2.1.1.7 Double case-marking
254(1)
2.1.1.8 Number marking
254(1)
2.1.1.8.1 Number marking in nouns
254(1)
2.1.1.8.1.1 Singular--plural
254(1)
2.1.1.8.2 Obligatoriness of number marking
255(1)
2.1.1.8.5 Collective nouns
255(1)
2.1.1.8.6 Means of number marking
255(1)
2.1.1.8.7 Number marking of foreign words
256(1)
2.1.1.9 Noun classes
256(1)
2.1.1.10 Definiteness in noun phrases
256(2)
2.1.1.11 Indefiniteness in noun phrases
258(1)
2.1.1.12 Referential and nonreferential indefiniteness
259(1)
2.1.1.13 Genericness in noun phrases
259(1)
2.1.1.15 Unique identification
260(1)
2.1.2 Pronouns
260(1)
2.1.2.1 Personal pronouns
260(1)
2.1.2.1.1 Free pronouns
260(1)
2.1.2.1.1.3 Occurrence of free pronouns
261(1)
2.1.2.1.1.3.1 Noncontrastive nonemphatic contexts
261(2)
2.1.2.1.1.3.2 Emphatic and contrastive contexts
263(1)
2.1.2.1.1.3.3 Unemphatic contexts with imperative verbs
263(1)
2.1.2.1.1.3.4 Emphatic and contrastive contexts with imperative verbs
263(1)
2.1.2.1.1.3.5 Answer to `Who is that?' question-type
264(1)
2.1.2.1.1.3.6 Cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions
264(1)
2.1.2.1.1.4 Suprasegmental characteristics of free pronouns
265(1)
2.1.2.1.2--3 Person distinctions in pronouns
265(1)
2.1.2.1.4 Number marking in pronouns
265(1)
2.1.2.1.12 Status distinction
266(2)
2.1.2.1.13.2 Nonspecific indefinite pronouns
268(1)
2.1.2.1.13.3 Nouns in nonspecific indefinite usage
268(1)
2.1.2.1.14 Specific indefinite pronouns
268(1)
2.1.2.1.15 Emphatic pronouns
269(1)
2.1.2.1.17 Pronoun--noun constructions with the same reference
269(1)
2.1.2.1.18 Coordination with first plural pronoun
269(1)
2.1.2.1.20 Case system in pronouns
270(1)
2.1.2.1.20.5 Irregular forms of cases
270(1)
2.1.2.2 Reflexive pronouns
271(1)
2.1.2.2.4 Case-marking of reflexive pronouns
271(1)
2.1.2.2.7 Other uses of reflexive pronouns
272(1)
2.1.2.3 Reciprocal pronoun
272(1)
2.1.2.4 Possessive pronouns
273(1)
2.1.2.4.4 Case-marking in predicative possessive pronouns
274(1)
2.1.2.4.7 Reflexive possessive pronouns
274(1)
2.1.2.4.8 Reciprocal possessive pronouns
274(1)
2.1.2.5 Demonstrative pronouns
275(1)
2.1.2.5.1 Parameters involved in the demonstrative pronouns
276(1)
2.1.2.5.1.1 Relative distance from speaker
276(1)
2.1.2.5.1.25 Other parameters
276(1)
2.1.2.5.1.25.1 Contrastive emphasis
276(1)
2.1.2.5.1.25.2 Identity
276(1)
2.1.2.5.4 Number marking in demonstrative pronouns
277(1)
2.1.2.5.6 Case-marking in demonstrative pronouns
277(1)
2.1.2.6 Interrogative pronouns and other question-words
278(1)
2.1.2.6.1 Interrogative pronouns
278(1)
2.1.2.6.1.1 General interrogative pronouns
278(1)
2.1.2.6.1.2 Selective interrogative pronouns
279(1)
2.1.2.6.1.3 Other interrogative pronouns
280(1)
2.1.2.6.2 Other question phrases
281(1)
2.1.2.7 Relative pronouns
281(1)
2.1.3 Verb morphology
282(1)
2.1.3.1 Voice
282(1)
2.1.3.1.1 Passive
282(1)
2.1.3.1.1.1 Direct object of the active as subject of passive
283(1)
2.1.3.1.1.3 Subject of active as subject of passive
283(1)
2.1.3.1.2 Means of decreasing valency
284(1)
2.1.3.1.2.1 Nonagentive verbs
284(1)
2.1.3.1.2.2 Verbs not specifying direct object
285(1)
2.1.3.1.2.3 Reciprocal intransitive verbs
286(1)
2.1.3.1.3 Means of increasing valency
286(1)
2.1.3.1.3.1.1 Intransitives made causative
287(1)
2.1.3.1.3.1.2 Transitives made causative
287(1)
2.1.3.1.3.1.3 Ditransitives made causative
288(1)
2.1.3.1.4 Reflexive and reciprocal verbs
288(1)
2.1.3.2 Tense
289(1)
2.1.3.2.1 Tenses distinguished formally
289(1)
2.1.3.2.1.2 Present
289(5)
2.1.3.2.1.3 Past
294(2)
2.1.3.2.1.3.1 Subdivision of past
296(1)
2.1.3.2.1.4 Future
297(1)
2.1.3.2.3 Absoluteness and relativeness of the tenses
298(1)
2.1.3.3 Aspects
299(1)
2.1.3.3.2 Aspect distinctions as different ways of viewing the duration of a situation
299(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1 Formal marking of aspect
299(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.1 Perfective aspect
299(2)
2.1.3.3.2.1.2 Imperfective aspect
301(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.3 Habitual aspect
301(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.5 Progressive aspect
302(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.6 Ingressive aspect
303(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.8 Iterative aspect
303(2)
2.1.3.3.2.1.9 Semelfactive aspect
305(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.10 Punctual aspect
305(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.11 Durative aspect
306(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.12 Simultaneous aspect
306(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.13 Existential aspect
306(1)
2.1.3.3.2.1.14 Telicity
307(1)
2.1.3.3.2.2.2 Restrictions on combination of aspect with other verbal features
307(1)
2.1.3.3.2.2.2.1 Aspect and voice
308(1)
2.1.3.3.2.2.2.2 Aspect and tense
308(1)
2.1.3.3.2.2.2.3 Aspect and mood
308(1)
2.1.3.3.2.2.2.4 Aspect and finiteness
308(1)
2.1.3.4 Mood
308(1)
2.1.3.4.1 Indicative
308(1)
2.1.3.4.2 Conditional
309(1)
2.1.3.4.3 Imperative
310(2)
2.1.3.4.4 Optative
312(1)
2.1.3.4.5 Intentional
313(1)
2.1.3.4.6 Debitive
313(1)
2.1.3.4.7 Potential
314(2)
2.1.3.4.8 Degree of certainty
316(1)
2.1.3.4.11 Minority
317(1)
2.1.3.4.14 Contingent
317(1)
2.1.3.5 Finite and nonfinite forms
317(4)
2.1.3.5.1 Finite and nonfinite forms versus voices
321(1)
2.1.3.5.2 Finite and nonfinite forms versus tenses
321(1)
2.1.3.5.3 Finite and nonfinite forms versus aspects
321(1)
2.1.3.5.4 Finite and nonfinite forms versus moods
321(1)
2.1.3.6 Person- and number-marking
321(6)
2.1.3.6.1.1 Subject
327(1)
2.1.3.6.1.2 Direct object
327(1)
2.1.3.6.2 Agreement
327(1)
2.1.3.6.7 Identity/nonidentity of subjects in successive clauses
328(1)
2.1.3.6.8 Reflexive verb-forms
328(1)
2.1.3.6.12 Incorporation
328(2)
2.1.4 Adjectives
330(1)
2.1.4.3 Agreement in predictive and attributive adjectives
331(1)
2.1.4.4 Comparison of adjectives
331(1)
2.1.4.4.1 Equality
331(1)
2.1.4.4.2 Comparative
332(2)
2.1.4.4.3 Superlative
334(1)
2.1.4.4.4 Emphatic superlative
335(1)
2.1.4.5 Degrees of quality
335(1)
2.1.4.5.1 Large measure
335(1)
2.1.4.5.2 Superabundance
335(1)
2.1.4.5.3 Small measure
336(1)
2.1.4.5.4 Verbs with predicative adjectives
336(1)
2.1.5 Postpositions
336(5)
2.1.6 Numerals and quantifiers
341(1)
2.1.6.1 Cardinal numerals
341(2)
2.1.6.2 Cardinal numerals as attributes
343(1)
2.1.6.4 Ordinal numerals
343(1)
2.1.6.5 Other derivatives of numerals
344(2)
2.1.6.6 Quantifiers
346(1)
2.1.6.6.1 Quantifier compounds
347(1)
2.1.7 Adverbs
348(1)
2.1.7.1 Kinds of comparison
348(1)
2.1.7.1.1 Equality
348(1)
2.1.7.1.2 Comparative
349(1)
2.1.7.1.3 Superlative
349(1)
2.1.7.1.4 Emphatic superlative
349(1)
2.1.7.2 Degrees of quality
350(1)
2.1.7.2.1 Large measure
350(1)
2.1.7.2.2 Superabundance
350(1)
2.1.7.2.3 Small measure
350(1)
2.1.8 Clitics
350(1)
2.2 Derivational morphology
351(31)
2.2.1 Derived nouns
351(1)
2.2.1.1 Nouns from nouns
351(1)
2.2.1.1.1 -s
351(1)
2.2.1.1.2 -sag/seg
351(1)
2.2.1.1.3 -asz/esz
351(1)
2.2.1.1.4 -at/et
351(2)
2.2.1.1.5 Diminutive derivational affixes
353(1)
2.2.1.1.6 -ek
353(1)
2.2.1.1.7 -ne
354(1)
2.2.1.1.8 -ista
354(1)
2.2.1.2 Nouns from verbs
354(1)
2.2.1.2.1 -as/es
354(1)
2.2.1.2.2 -o/o
355(1)
2.2.1.2.3 -at/et
356(1)
2.2.1.2.4 -many/meny
356(1)
2.2.1.3 Nouns from adjectives
356(1)
2.2.1.4 Nouns from adverbs
356(1)
2.2.1.5 Nouns from numerals
356(1)
2.2.2 Derived verbs
357(1)
2.2.2.1 Verbs from nouns
357(1)
2.2.2.1.1 -z
357(1)
2.2.2.1.2 -l
357(1)
2.2.2.1.3 -sit
358(1)
2.2.2.1.4 -(s)kodik/(s)kodik
358(1)
2.2.2.1.5 -(iz)al
358(1)
2.2.2.2 Verbs from verbs
359(1)
2.2.2.2.1 Possibility/permission
359(1)
2.2.2.2.2 Causative
359(1)
2.2.2.2.3 Frequentative
360(1)
2.2.2.2.4 Reflexive
360(1)
2.2.2.2.5 Passive
361(1)
2.2.2.3 Verbs from adjectives
361(1)
2.2.2.3.1 -it
361(1)
2.2.2.3.2 -odik/edik/odik
361(1)
2.2.2.3.4 -kodik/kedik/kodik
362(1)
2.2.2.3.5 -ul/ul
362(1)
2.2.3 Derived adjectives
362(1)
2.2.3.1 Adjectives from nouns
362(1)
2.2.3.1.1 -s
362(1)
2.2.3.1.2 -(j)u/u
363(1)
2.2.3.1.3 -i
364(1)
2.2.3.1.4 -t(a)lan/t(e)len (privative)
365(1)
2.2.3.1.5 -nyi
365(1)
2.2.3.1.6 -szeru and -szeru-tlen
365(1)
2.2.3.2 Adjectives from verbs
365(1)
2.2.3.2.1 -hato/heto
366(1)
2.2.3.2.2 -hatatlan/hetetlen
366(1)
2.2.3.2.3 -atlan/etlen
366(1)
2.2.3.2.4 -os/os
367(1)
2.2.3.2.5 -ando/endo
367(1)
2.2.3.3 Adjectives from adjectives
367(1)
2.2.3.3.1 -s
367(1)
2.2.3.3.2 -tlan/tlen (privative)
367(1)
2.2.3.3.3 Negated adjectives
368(1)
2.2.3.4 Adjectives from adverbs
369(1)
2.2.3.4.1 -i
369(1)
2.2.3.4.2 -beli
369(1)
2.2.3.4.3 -s
370(1)
2.2.3.5 Adjectives from numerals
370(1)
2.2.3.5.1 -s
370(1)
2.2.3.5.2 -szor/szer/szor-i; -szor-os/szer-es/szor-os
370(1)
2.2.4 Derived adverbs
370(1)
2.2.4.1 Adverbs from nouns
370(1)
2.2.4.2 Adverbs from verbs
371(1)
2.2.4.3 Adverbs from adjectives
371(1)
2.2.4.3.1 -an/en
371(1)
2.2.4.3.2 -ul/ul
372(1)
2.2.4.3.3 -lag/leg
372(1)
2.2.6 Complex and derived postpositions
372(1)
2.2.6.1--2 The formation of complex and derived postpositions
372(1)
2.2.6.1--2.1 Postpositional formations
373(1)
2.2.6.1--2.2 Nominal formations
373(1)
2.2.6.1--2.3 Verbal formations
374(1)
2.2.6.1--2.4 Adjectival formations
374(1)
2.2.6.3 Compound morphology
374(1)
2.2.6.3.1 Compound mouns
375(1)
2.2.6.3.1.1 Noun + noun
375(1)
2.2.6.3.1.2 Verb + noun
376(1)
2.2.6.3.1.3 Adjective + noun
376(1)
2.2.6.3.1.4 Adverb + noun
377(1)
2.2.6.3.2 Compound verb
377(1)
2.2.6.3.2.1 Noun + verb
377(1)
2.2.6.3.2.2 Verb + verb
378(1)
2.2.6.3.2.4 Adverb + verb
378(1)
2.2.6.3.3 Compound adjectives
379(1)
2.2.6.3.3.1 Noun + adjective
379(1)
2.2.6.3.3.3 Adjective + adjective
380(1)
2.2.6.3.4 Compound adverbs
380(1)
2.2.6.3.4.1 Noun + adverb
380(1)
2.2.6.3.5 Other possibilities
381(1)
2.2.6.3.6 Multiple compounding
381(1)
Chapter 3 Phonology
382(72)
3.1 Phonological units (segmental)
382(4)
3.1.1 Distinctive segments
382(1)
3.1.2.1 Nonsyllabics
382(1)
3.1.2.1.1 Plosives and affricates
382(1)
3.1.2.1.2 Fricatives
383(1)
3.1.2.1.3 Nasals
383(1)
3.1.2.1.4 Liquids
384(1)
3.1.2.1.5 Glides
384(1)
3.1.2.2 Syllabics
384(1)
3.1.2.2.1 Vowels
384(1)
3.1.2.2.2 Consonants
385(1)
3.1.2.3 Loanwords
385(1)
3.1.2.4 Wordclass restrictions
385(1)
3.2 Phonotactics
386(39)
3.2.1.1 Wordfinal consonants
386(1)
3.2.1.2 Wordinitial consonants
386(1)
3.2.2.2 Consonant clusters
386(1)
3.2.2.2.1 Wordinitial consonant clusters
386(1)
3.2.2.2.1.1 CC-initial clusters
386(2)
3.2.2.2.1.2 CCC-initial clusters
388(1)
3.2.2.2.2 Wordfinal consonant clusters
388(1)
3.2.2.2.2.1 CC-final clusters
388(6)
3.2.2.2.2.2 CCC-final clusters
394(1)
3.2.2.3 Wordmedial consonant clusters
395(1)
3.2.2.3.1 CC-medial clusters
395(13)
3.2.2.3.2 CCC-medial clusters
408(1)
3.2.2.3.3 CCCC-medial clusters
408(1)
3.2.2.3.4 CCCCC-medial clusters
409(1)
3.2.3.1 Wordfinal vowels
409(1)
3.2.3.1.1 Restrictions on wordfinal vowels
409(1)
3.2.3.2 Wordinitial vowels
410(1)
3.2.3.3 Sequences of vowels
410(2)
3.2.3.3.1 Restrictions on sequences of vowels
412(1)
3.2.4 Lexical structure vs. wordstructure
413(1)
3.2.5.1 Medial syllabification
413(1)
3.2.5.1.1 VCV syllabification
414(1)
3.2.5.1.2 VCCV syllabification
414(1)
3.2.5.1.3 VCCC(C)(C)V syllabification
415(1)
3.2.5.2 Canonical syllables
416(2)
3.2.6.1 Onset--nucleus restrictions
418(1)
3.2.6.2 Nucleus--coda restrictions
419(1)
3.2.6.3 Onset--coda and onset--onset restrictions
419(1)
3.2.6.4 Nucleus--nucleus restrictions: Vowel harmony
419(1)
3.2.6.4.1 Backness harmony
420(1)
3.2.6.4.1.1 Front vowel roots
420(1)
3.2.6.4.1.2 Back vowel roots
420(1)
3.2.6.4.1.3 Mixed vowel roots
420(1)
3.2.6.4.1.4 Neutral vowel roots
421(1)
3.2.6.4.1.5 Disharmonic roots
421(1)
3.2.6.4.1.6 Suffix harmony
422(1)
3.2.6.4.2 Roundness harmony
423(1)
3.2.6.6 Other restrictions
424(1)
3.2.6.7 Wordclass restrictions
425(1)
3.3 Suprasegmentals
425(11)
3.3.1 Length
425(1)
3.3.1.1 Vowels
426(1)
3.3.1.3 Glides
426(1)
3.3.1.4 Liquids
426(1)
3.3.1.5 Nasals
426(1)
3.3.1.6 Fricatives
427(1)
3.3.1.7 Stops and affricates
427(1)
3.3.2.1 Stress
428(1)
3.3.2.2 Phonetic correlates of stress
428(1)
3.3.2.3 Levels of stress
428(2)
3.3.2.4 Position of stress
430(1)
3.3.4.1 Major intonation patterns
431(1)
3.3.4.1.1 Steady patterns
431(1)
3.3.4.1.2 Falling-Initial Breaking Patterns
432(1)
3.3.4.1.3 Falling-Final Breaking Patterns
433(1)
3.3.4.2 Intonation peak
434(1)
3.3.4.3 Emphasis
434(1)
3.3.4.4 Contrast
435(1)
3.3.4.5 Minor variations
435(1)
3.4 Morphophonology (segmental)
436(17)
3.4.1.1 Assimilation
436(1)
3.4.1.1.1 /v/-assimilation
437(1)
3.4.1.1.2 /z/-assimilation
438(1)
3.4.1.1.3 /l/-assimilation
438(1)
3.4.1.1.4 /n/-assimilation
438(1)
3.4.1.1.5 /t/-palatalization
439(1)
3.4.1.1.6 /j/-assimilation
440(1)
3.4.1.1.6.1 Sibilant + /j/-assimilation
440(1)
3.4.1.1.6.2 Palatal + /j/-assimilation
440(1)
3.4.1.1.7 Palatalization
440(1)
3.4.1.1.8 Voicing assimilation
441(1)
3.4.1.1.9 Affrication
442(2)
3.4.1.1.10 Sibilant assimilation
444(2)
3.4.1.3 Other segmental alternations
446(1)
3.4.1.3.1 Length alternations
446(1)
3.4.1.3.1.1 Compensatory lengthening
446(1)
3.4.1.3.1.2 Low vowel lengthening
447(1)
3.4.1.3.1.3 Root final syllable shortening
447(1)
3.4.1.3.1.4 Root internal syllable shortening
448(1)
3.4.1.3.1.5 Degemination
448(1)
3.4.1.3.2 Lowering
449(1)
3.4.2 Metathesis
449(1)
3.4.3 Coalescence and split
449(1)
3.4.4.1 Deletion
450(1)
3.4.4.1.1 /t/-deletion
450(1)
3.4.4.1.2 /h/-deletion
450(1)
3.4.4.1.3 Suffix vowel deletion
451(1)
3.4.4.1.4 Root vowel deletion
451(1)
3.4.4.2 Insertion
451(1)
3.4.4.2.1 Stem epenthesis
451(1)
3.4.4.2.2 Suffix epenthesis
452(1)
3.4.4.2.3 /j/-epenthesis
453(1)
3.5 Morphophonology (suprasegmental)
453(1)
3.5.1.1 Stress
453(1)
Chapter 4 Ideophones and Interjections
454(2)
4.1 Ideophones
454(1)
4.1.1 Reduplicative ideophones
454(1)
4.1.2 Nonreduplicative ideophones
455(1)
4.2 Interjections
455(1)
Chapter 5 Lexicon
456(12)
5.1 Structured semantic fields
456(6)
5.1.1 Kinship terminology
456(1)
5.1.1.1 By blood
456(1)
5.1.1.2 By half-blood/affiliation
457(1)
5.1.1.3 By marriage
457(1)
5.1.1.4 By adoption
457(1)
5.1.1.5 Ceremonial relationships
458(1)
5.1.1.5.1 Marriage
458(1)
5.1.1.5.2 Baptism
458(1)
5.1.2 Color terminology
458(1)
5.1.3 Body parts/functions/conditions
459(3)
5.1.4 Cooking terminology
462(1)
5.2 Basic vocabulary
462(6)
References 468
István Kenesei is editor of the series Approaches to Hungarian and Professor of Linguistics at József Attila University, Hungary., Robert M. Vago is Professor of Linguistics and Chair of the Department of Linguistics at Queens College of the City University of New York. Previous publications include The Sound Pattern of Hungarian (1980)., Anna Fenyvesi is a doctoral candidate at the University of Pittsburgh; she is currently teaching at József Attila University, Hungary.