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Hydrocarbon Process Safety 2nd Revised edition [Pehme köide]

  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 352 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x20 mm, kaal: 582 g, illustrated
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Feb-2014
  • Kirjastus: Whittles Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1849950555
  • ISBN-13: 9781849950558
Teised raamatud teemal:
Hydrocarbon Process Safety 2nd Revised editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 352 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x20 mm, kaal: 582 g, illustrated
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Feb-2014
  • Kirjastus: Whittles Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1849950555
  • ISBN-13: 9781849950558
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781849950558.html
Märksõnad:
A new edition of this established text has been expanded and updated, treating this important field in a holistic manner. The structure of the previous book has been retained, but enhanced with new text and illustrations, and more numerical problems with a wider scope. Readers will find much on the background to the industry and details of such centrally important operations as refining, heat exchange, cracking, polymerisation and hydrogenation. There is a chapter on offshore matters, which includes some incidents that occurred since the first edition. National and international standards are considered as these relate to such things as site layout. The coverage of the fire and explosion behaviour of hydrocarbons has been extended, in particular in relation to flash points. The topic of leaked gas detection has been introduced, and there is considerable extension of the coverage of static electricity hazards. There is more on liquefied natural gas (LNG), including details of processes for its regasification. Natural gas condensate features, having grown considerably in importance since the first edition.

Re-refining of crude oil products that have previously been used as lubricants or as hydraulic fluids has also experienced growth, and this too has its place in the book from the perspective of safety. Tight gas and coal bed methane feature, as does the controversial matter of hydraulic fracture to obtain them. The chemical processing chapter has been extended to include hydrocracking, hydrodesulphurisation and hydrodenitrogenation. The COMAH (Control of Major Accident Hazards) regulations are covered and sign conventions for hazards are explained with illustrations.

Arvustused

Reviews of the first edition: 'A particularly useful feature for the practitioner and student is the inclusion within the text of worked examples... ...is particularly useful through its provision of a well grounded numerical approach to many of the detailed problems arising within process safety. ...provides much useful information on operational practice, which is not often found in such texts, as well as a valuable range of supporting case studies. ...should be relevant to both undergraduates and postgraduates, as well as those in industry approaching the subject for the first time'. Energy '...covers virtually all aspects of hydrocarbon safety...' ScienceDirect.com '...it is certainly a very useful and confidence-building text for inexperienced chemical engineers as they find their way in the hydrocarbon and other process industries. ...should form a compulsory part of the graduate process engineer's library and also is of great value to the third and forth year chemical engineering undergraduate student. ...would be a valuable addition to the library and as a paperback should be well within the financial reach of the student and young practising engineer'. Chemistry in Australia '...presents a great deal of information in a compact form. ...the book makes a valuable contribution... ...would certainly recommend it to chemical engineering and fire engineering undergraduates or those professionals that need to develop an understanding hydrocarbon process safety.' Fire Safety Journal '...can be used as a text for an introductory course on process safety. It also contains topics relevant to process hazards in the chemical process industries, and as such, will be useful to engineers working in these industries'. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries '...the book will form a useful source of material for teachers and students tackling safety in this broader area. ...is judged to provide a good introductory text for students... Teachers and students alike will find many of the demonstration numerical problems and solutions particularly helpful to establish ideas and approaches.' Process Safety and Environmental Protection '...is one of the few recent texts of this kind, dealing entirely with hydrocarbons. ...this book could be very useful...to teachers and students of engineering and chemistry...' SSC, Fuel Experimental Station '...safety is a difficult subject to teach as it requires both very quantitative information and more wide ranging information... This book provides us with both. Apart from expounding the calculation methods it introduces subjects such as HAZOP, COMAH and COSSH. One excellent feature is that there are questions of increasing complexity provided in all Chapters with comprehensive solutions at the end of the book. ...this is a useful book from which one can learn. It will be a great aid to instructors and students'. Fuel

Preface xi
1 Background to the oil and gas industry
1(10)
1.1 The importance of hydrocarbons in the modern world
1(1)
1.2 The nature of crude oil and of natural gas
2(1)
1.3 The present-day industry
3(1)
1.4 Some relevant archival material
4(5)
1.4.1 Oil and gas production
4(2)
1.4.2 Petrochemicals
6(1)
1.4.3 Legislative aspects
7(2)
1.5 Units
9(1)
1.6 Concluding remarks
9(2)
References
9(1)
Numerical problems
9(2)
2 Hydrocarbon leakage and dispersion
11(16)
2.1 Preamble
11(1)
2.2 Gas leakage through an orifice
11(4)
2.2.1 Leakage of a single quantity of gas
11(2)
2.2.2 Allowances for pressure drop during discharge
13(1)
2.2.3 Allowances for friction
14(1)
2.3 Leakage of a non-flashing liquid: Bernoulli's equation
15(2)
2.4 Two-phase discharge
17(1)
2.5 Dispersion of hydrocarbon once leaked
17(4)
2.5.1 An empirical approach suitable for risk assessment
17(2)
2.5.2 More detailed approaches
19(2)
2.6 Dispersion of liquefied natural gas
21(1)
2.7 Detection of leaked hydrocarbon
21(2)
2.8 Background levels of oil in the sea
23(1)
2.9 Concluding remarks
24(3)
References
24(1)
Numerical problems
25(2)
3 The combustion behaviour of hydrocarbons
27(33)
3.1 Introduction
27(1)
3.2 Heats of combustion
27(3)
3.2.1 Adiabatic flame temperatures
29(1)
3.3 Flash points
30(6)
3.3.1 Introduction
30(1)
3.3.2 Correlation of flash points of pure organic compounds with flammability limits
30(2)
3.3.3 Calculated flash points of petroleum fractions
32(1)
3.3.4 Recent developments in the understanding of flash points
33(1)
3.3.5 Flash points in law
34(1)
3.3.6 Standards for flash points
34(2)
3.4 Thermal radiation and its relevance to flames
36(2)
3.5 Hydrocarbon combustion phenomenology
38(11)
3.5.1 Preamble
38(1)
3.5.2 Low-temperature oxidation
38(1)
3.5.3 Jet fires
39(2)
3.5.4 Pool fires
41(2)
3.5.5 Fireballs and BLEVEs
43(3)
3.5.6 Vapour cloud explosions (v.c.e.s.) and flash fires
46(3)
3.6 The use of probit equations in fire and explosions
49(2)
3.6.1 Introduction
49(1)
3.6.2 Application to a flash fire
50(1)
3.6.3 Application to overpressure damage
51(1)
3.7 Concluding remarks and further numerical example
51(9)
References
52(1)
Numerical examples
53(5)
Appendix Hypothetical case study involving dimethyl ether
58(2)
4 Physical operations on hydrocarbons and associated hazards
60(33)
4.1 Introduction
60(1)
4.2 Storage and transportation
60(13)
4.2.1 Fire loads and case studies
60(1)
4.2.2 Buncefield, `the biggest fire in peacetime Europe'
61(1)
4.2.3 Safety measures in storage
61(4)
4.2.4 Effects of solar radiation on storage of hydrocarbons
65(1)
4.2.5 Storage codes
66(1)
4.2.6 HAZOP studies
67(2)
4.2.7 Thermal ignition theory applied to storage and pumping of unstable substances
69(4)
4.3 Refining
73(5)
4.3.1 Introduction
73(2)
4.3.2 Accidents at refineries
75(1)
4.3.3 The Marcus Hook and Richmond CA refinery accidents
76(1)
4.3.4 Possible process integration in refining
77(1)
4.4 Stirring and mixing
78(1)
4.5 Heat exchange
79(2)
4.5.1 Introduction
79(2)
4.5.2 Hazards with heat exchangers
81(1)
4.6 Refrigeration
81(1)
4.6.1 Introduction
81(1)
4.6.2 The provision of cooling water for plant
81(1)
4.6.3 Accidents due to refrigeration failure
82(1)
4.7 Site layout
82(4)
4.8 Concluding remarks
86(7)
References
86(1)
Numerical examples
86(7)
5 Chemical operations on hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives
93(24)
5.1 Introduction
93(1)
5.2 Cracking and hydrocracking
93(3)
5.3 Hydrodesulphurisation and hydrodenitrogenation
96(2)
5.4 Partial oxidation
98(3)
5.5 Chlorination
101(2)
5.6 Gasification
103(2)
5.7 Hydrogenation
105(1)
5.7.1 Introduction
105(1)
5.7.2 Process details
105(1)
5.8 Nitration
106(2)
5.9 Polymerisation
108(2)
5.10 Alleviation
110(1)
5.11 Safety issues relating to catalysis
111(1)
5.12 Concluding remarks
111(6)
References
111(1)
Numerical examples
112(5)
6 Some relevant design principles
117(20)
6.1 Background
117(1)
6.2 Design of pressure vessels
117(3)
6.2.1 LPG storage
117(2)
6.2.2 Extension to other hydrocarbons
119(1)
6.3 Pipes
120(2)
6.3.1 Liquids in pipes
120(2)
6.4 Vessel support
122(2)
6.5 Design features at the scenes of major accidents
124(1)
6.6 Design data
125(7)
6.6.1 Introduction
125(1)
6.6.2 Densities
126(1)
6.6.3 Viscosities
127(2)
6.6.4 Enthalpies
129(1)
6.6.5 Vapour pressures
130(1)
6.6.6 Other quantities relevant to design
131(1)
6.7 Concluding remarks
132(5)
References
132(1)
Numerical problems
132(5)
7 Some relevant measurement principles
137(22)
7.1 Introduction
137(1)
7.2 Flow measurement
137(3)
7.2.1 The venturi meter and the orifice meter
137(2)
7.2.2 The weir
139(1)
7.3 Pressure measurement
140(2)
7.4 Temperature measurement
142(11)
7.4.1 Use of thermocouples
142(7)
7.4.2 Resistance thermometry
149(3)
7.4.3 Measurement of cryogenic temperatures
152(1)
7.5 Fire protection of sensitive measurement instruments
153(1)
7.6 Concluding remarks
154(5)
References
154(2)
Numerical examples
156(3)
8 Offshore oil and gas production
159(27)
8.1 Introduction
159(2)
8.2 Some features of an offshore platform
161(1)
8.3 The role of structural components in platform safety
161(2)
8.4 Background to offshore accidents
163(1)
8.5 Measures taken in the event of an initial leak
163(2)
8.6 Background on frequencies and probabilities
165(2)
8.7 Consequence analysis
167(7)
8.7.1 Jet fires
167(3)
8.7.2 Pool fires
170(1)
8.7.3 Fireballs
170(2)
8.7.4 Smoke
172(2)
8.8 Construction of escalation paths
174(2)
8.9 Offshore accident case studies
176(2)
8.10 Other matters relating to offshore safety
178(2)
8.11 Concluding remarks
180(6)
References
180(2)
Numerical questions
182(4)
9 Hazards associated with particular hydrocarbon products
186(27)
9.1 Introduction
186(1)
9.2 Crude oil
186(1)
9.3 Natural gas
187(10)
9.3.1 Background
187(2)
9.3.2 Case studies
189(2)
9.3.3 Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
191(6)
9.3.4 Compressed natural gas (CNG)
197(1)
9.4 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
197(4)
9.4.1 Nature of LPG
197(1)
9.4.2 Examples of risk assessment for LPG transportation
197(3)
9.4.3 Combustion phenomenology and case studies
200(1)
9.5 Natural gas condensate
201(1)
9.6 Oxygenated hydrocarbons
202(4)
9.6.1 Introduction
202(1)
9.6.2 Combustion characteristics
202(4)
9.7 Organic peroxides
206(7)
9.7.1 Introduction
206(1)
9.7.2 Case studies and related calculations
206(1)
References
207(1)
Numerical problems
208(5)
10 Toxicity hazards
213(20)
10.1 Introduction
213(1)
10.2 Chlorine
213(2)
10.2.1 Introduction
213(1)
10.2.2 Threshold limit values and trends in fatality through exposure
214(1)
10.2.3 Chlorine leakage case studies
214(1)
10.3 Ammonia
215(1)
10.4 Hydrogen fluoride
216(1)
10.4.1 Introduction
216(1)
10.4.2 Toxicity
216(1)
10.4.3 A case study
217(1)
10.5 Selected hydrocarbon derivatives
217(9)
10.5.1 Introduction
217(1)
10.5.2 Methyl isocyanate: CH3NHCOCl
217(1)
10.5.3 Benzene, toluene, xylenes (BTX)
217(2)
10.5.4 Vinyl chloride, CH2=CHCl
219(1)
10.5.5 Acrylonitrile (CH2=CHCN)
220(2)
10.5.6 Fully halogenated organic compounds
222(1)
10.5.7 Toxicity of combustion products in hydrocarbon fires
223(3)
10.6 Control of major accident hazards (COMAH)
226(1)
10.7 Classification and signage
226(2)
10.8 Concluding remarks
228(5)
References
228(1)
Numerical problems
228(3)
Summary of US classification of hazardous substances
231(2)
11 Safe disposal of unwanted hydrocarbon
233(14)
11.1 Flaring
233(2)
11.1.1 Introduction
233(1)
11.1.2 Hazards in flaring
233(2)
11.2 Afterburning
235(3)
11.2.1 Introduction and basic principles
235(1)
11.2.2 Catalytic afterburning
236(1)
11.2.3 Heat recovery
237(1)
11.3 Use of adsorbent carbons
238(1)
11.4 Venting
239(1)
11.5 Disposal methods in which the hydrocarbon is utilised
240(1)
11.5.1 Introduction
240(1)
11.5.2 Blending with solid waste
240(1)
11.5.3 Gasification
240(1)
11.6 Non-destructive disposal on land
241(1)
11.7 Re-refining
242(1)
11.8 Steam raising
243(4)
References
243(1)
Numerical problems
243(4)
12 Means of obtaining hydrocarbons other than from crude oil and related safety issues
247(8)
12.1 Introduction
247(1)
12.2 Oil from shale
247(3)
12.2.1 Background on shale oil
247(1)
12.2.2 Retorting processes
248(2)
12.3 Hydrocarbons from tar sands
250(1)
12.4 Hydrocarbons from coal
251(1)
12.5 Tight gas, CBM and hydraulic fracture
252(1)
12.6 Concluding remarks
253(2)
References
254(1)
Numerical example
254(1)
Appendix The Canvey and Rijnmond studies
255(6)
Part 1 Introduction
255(1)
Part 2 Background to the study
255(1)
Part 3 Some points from the First Canvey Report (1978)
256(1)
Part 4 Recommendations of the Second Canvey Report
257(1)
Part 5 Concluding remarks on the Canvey study
257(1)
Part 6 The Rijnmond Report (brief)
257(4)
Numerical problems
261(57)
Solutions to numerical examples
262(52)
Transformation of percentages to probits
314(1)
Type K thermocouple tables
315(3)
True/false questions
318(15)
Introduction
318(1)
Questions
318(8)
Answers
326(7)
Index 333