Preface |
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1 Variables, Research Problems, and Questions |
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Research Hypotheses and Questions |
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A Sample Research Problem: The Modified High School and Beyond (HSB) Study |
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2 Data Coding, Entry, and Checking |
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15 | (22) |
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Plan the Study, Pilot Test, and Collect Data |
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Problem 2.1: Check the Completed Questionnaires |
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Problem 2.2: Define and Label the Variables |
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Problem 2.3: Display Your Dictionary or Codebook |
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Problem 2.5: Run Descriptives and Check the Data |
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3 Measurement and Descriptive Statistics |
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37 | (17) |
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Descriptive Statistics and Plots |
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4 Understanding Your Data and Checking Assumptions |
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54 | (20) |
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Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) |
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Problem 4.1: Descriptive Statistics for the Ordinal and Scale Variables |
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Problem 4.2: Boxplots for One Variable and for Multiple Variables |
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Problem 4.3: Boxplots and Stem-and-Leaf Plots Split by a Dichotomous Variable |
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Problem 4.4: Descriptives for Dichotomous Variables |
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Problem 4.5: Frequency Tables for a Few Variables |
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5 Data File Management and Writing about Descriptive Statistics. |
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74 | (17) |
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Problem 5.1: Count Math Courses Taken |
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Problem 5.2: Recode and Relabel Mother's and Father's Education |
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Problem 5.3: Recode and Compute Pleasure Scale Score |
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Problem 5.4: Compute Parents' Revised Education with the Mean Function |
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Problem 5.5: Check for Errors and Normality for the New Variables Describing the Sample Demographics and Key Variables |
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Using Figures to Help Describe the Data |
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Saving the Updated HSB Data File |
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6 Selecting and Interpreting Inferential Statistics |
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91 | (19) |
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General Design Classifications for Difference Questions |
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Selection of Inferential Statistics |
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Interpreting the Results of a Statistical Test |
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An Example of How to Select and Interpret Inferential Statistics |
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Writing about Your Outputs |
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7 Methods to Provide Evidence for Reliability and Validity |
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110 | (26) |
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Problem 7.1: Cohen's Kappa to Assess Reliability with Nominal Data |
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Problem 7.2: Correlation and Paired t to Assess Interrater Reliability |
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Problem 7.3: Exploratory Factor Analysis to Assess Evidence for Validity |
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Problem 7.4: Cronbach's Alpha to Assess Internal Consistency Reliability |
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The Use of Factor Analysis and Alpha to Make Summated Scales |
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8 Cross-Tabulation, Chi-Square, and Nonparametric Measures of Association |
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136 | (13) |
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Problem 8.1: Chi-Square and Phi (or Cramer's V) |
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Problem 8.2: Risk Ratios and Odds Ratios |
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Problem 8.3: Other Nonparametric Associational Statistics |
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Problem 8.4: Cross-Tabulation and Eta |
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9 Correlation and Regression |
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149 | (22) |
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Problem 9.1: Scatterplots to Check the Assumption of Linearity |
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Problem 9.2: Bivariate Pearson and Spearman Correlations |
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Problem 9.3: Correlation Matrix for Several Variables |
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Problem 9.4: Bivariate or Simple Linear Regression |
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Problem 9.5: Multiple Regression |
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10 Comparing Two Groups with t Tests and Similar Nonparametric Tests |
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171 | (15) |
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Problem 10.1: One-Sample t Test |
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Problem 10.2: Independent Samples t Test |
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Problem 10.3: The Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U Test |
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Problem 10.4: Paired Samples t Test |
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Problem 10.5: Nonparametric Wilcoxon Test for Two Related Samples |
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11 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) |
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186 | (21) |
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Problem 11.1: One-Way (or Single Factor) ANOVA |
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Problem 11.2: Post Hoc Multiple Comparison Tests |
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Problem 11.3: Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test |
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Problem 11.4: Two-Way (or Factorial) ANOVA |
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Appendices |
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A Getting Started and Other Useful SPSS Procedures |
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207 | (10) |
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B Writing Research Problems and Questions |
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217 | (4) |
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C Answers to Odd Numbered Interpretation Questions |
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221 | (11) |
For Further Reading |
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232 | (2) |
Index |
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234 | |