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Image Acquisition and Preprocessing for Machine Vision Systems [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 750 pages, kaal: 1725 g
  • Sari: Press Monographs
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Nov-2012
  • Kirjastus: SPIE Press
  • ISBN-10: 0819482021
  • ISBN-13: 9780819482020
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 750 pages, kaal: 1725 g
  • Sari: Press Monographs
  • Ilmumisaeg: 08-Nov-2012
  • Kirjastus: SPIE Press
  • ISBN-10: 0819482021
  • ISBN-13: 9780819482020
Teised raamatud teemal:
Machine vision comprises three integrated processes: acquisition, preprocessing, and image analysis. While many resources discuss application-specific image analysis, there has been no unified account of image acquisition hardware and preprocessing--until now.

Image Acquisition and Preprocessing for Machine Vision Systems is a comprehensive, exhaustive reference text detailing every aspect of acquisition and preprocessing, from the illumination of a scene to the optics of image forming, from CCD and CMOS image capture to the transformation of the captured image.

This book bridges the gaps between hardware and software on one hand and theory and applications on the other. With its detailed coverage of imaging hardware and derivations of preprocessing kernels, it is an invaluable design reference for students, researchers, application and product engineers, and systems integrators.

Distinctive features of the book include:

Detailed theories of CCD and CMOS image sensors, image formation, scene illumination, and camera calibration.

Unique combination of operational details of imaging hardware (front-end electronics) and analytical theories of low-level image-processing functions.

Coverage of image-acquisition modules and preprocessing functions within a unified framework.

Derivation of 2D image-processing functions from first principles by extending 1D signal-processing concepts.
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xix
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(12)
1.1 Acquisition
1(2)
1.2 Preprocessing
3(2)
1.3 Analysis and Measurement
5(3)
1.4 Overview of Text
8(5)
References
11(2)
Chapter 2 Human Vision
13(26)
2.1 Sources of Light
13(2)
2.2 The Human Eye
15(3)
2.3 Stimulus Measurement
18(6)
2.4 Brightness Thresholds
24(3)
2.4.1 Absolute threshold
24(1)
2.4.2 Differential threshold
25(1)
2.4.3 Adaptation
26(1)
2.5 Contrast
27(3)
2.6 Visual Acuity
30(1)
2.7 Flicker
31(1)
2.8 Spatio-Temporal Effects
32(7)
References
35(4)
Chapter 3 Image-Forming Optics
39(36)
3.1 Optical Glass
40(1)
3.2 Geometrical Optics
41(3)
3.3 Lens Equations
44(8)
3.3.1 Simple thin lens
44(2)
3.3.2 Compound thin lens
46(2)
3.3.3 Thick lens
48(1)
3.3.3.1 Ball lens
48(1)
3.3.3.2 Cylindrical lens
48(1)
3.3.3.3 Condenser lens
49(1)
3.3.3.4 Fresnel lens
50(1)
3.3.3.5 Micro lenses
50(1)
3.3.3.6 Extension tube
50(2)
3.4 Aperture Stop, f-Number, and Speed
52(7)
3.5 Focusing and Depth of Field
59(1)
3.6 Resolving Power
60(5)
3.7 Aberration
65(4)
3.7.1 Monochromatic aberrations
65(1)
3.7.1.1 Spherical aberrations
65(1)
3.7.1.2 Astigmatism
66(1)
3.7.1.3 Coma
66(1)
3.7.1.4 Field curvature
66(1)
3.7.1.5 Distortion
66(2)
3.7.2 Chromatic aberrations
68(1)
3.8 Optical Coatings
69(1)
3.9 Optical Filters
70(2)
3.9.1 Absorption filters
71(1)
3.9.2 Interference (bandpass) filters
71(1)
3.10 Plastic lens
72(3)
References
73(2)
Chapter 4 Scene Illumination
75(28)
4.1 Radiant Sources
75(2)
4.2 Types of Illuminators
77(1)
4.3 Optical Properties of Targets
78(2)
4.3.1 Reflective materials
78(1)
4.3.2 Transmissive materials
79(1)
4.3.3 Absorptive materials
80(1)
4.4 Lighting Methods
80(5)
4.4.1 Front lighting
80(1)
4.4.2 Backlighting
81(1)
4.4.3 Specular illumination
82(1)
4.4.4 Beamsplitter and split mirror
83(1)
4.4.5 Retroreflector
83(2)
4.4.6 Structured lighting
85(1)
4.5 Polarization of Light
85(7)
4.6 Fiber Optic Lighting
92(11)
4.6.1 Light gathering
95(2)
4.6.2 Transmission characteristics
97(4)
References
101(2)
Chapter 5 Image Sensors
103(47)
5.1 Photogeneration
104(3)
5.1.1 Critical wavelength
104(1)
5.1.2 Absorption coefficient
105(2)
5.2 Photoconductor
107(2)
5.3 Photodiode
109(6)
5.4 CMOS Image Sensor
115(3)
5.5 Metal-Oxide Gate
118(3)
5.6 Charge-Coupled Devices
121(6)
5.6.1 Charge-transfer efficiency
125(2)
5.6.2 Blooming
127(1)
5.6.3 Illumination geometry
127(1)
5.7 Line-Scan Imaging
127(3)
5.8 Area-Scan Imaging
130(6)
5.9 Related Topics
136(14)
5.9.1 Pixel size
136(1)
5.9.2 Color-filter array
137(2)
5.9.3 Noise
139(1)
5.9.4 CMOS versus CCD
140(2)
5.9.5 Scan pattern
142(3)
5.9.6 Pixel ordering
145(1)
5.9.7 Incident photons
146(4)
Appendix 5A Semiconductor Properties
150(221)
5A.1 Optical Materials
151(1)
5A.2 Doping of Semiconductors
151(1)
5A.3 Carrier Generation
152(2)
5A.4 Optical Sensors
154(1)
5A.5 Semiconductor Terminology
154(7)
References
156(5)
Chapter 6 Imaging Hardware
161(42)
6.1 Image Display
161(8)
6.2 Liquid Crystal Display
169(4)
6.3 Framegrabber
173(11)
6.3.1 Analog front end
179(1)
6.3.2 Timing pulses
179(1)
6.3.3 Pixel clock
179(1)
6.3.4 Gray-level digitization
180(1)
6.3.5 Look-up table
180(1)
6.3.6 Image store
181(1)
6.3.7 Dedicated processor
182(1)
6.3.8 Video sampling frequency
182(2)
6.4 Latency Parameters
184(10)
6.4.1 Capture latency
185(5)
6.4.2 Transfer latency
190(1)
6.4.3 Effects of latency
191(3)
6.5 Resolution
194(9)
6.5.1 Gray-level resolution
194(1)
6.5.2 Pixel resolution
194(1)
6.5.3 Spatial resolution
194(4)
6.5.4 Assessment of resolution
198(3)
References
201(2)
Chapter 7 Image Formation
203(80)
7.1 Field of View
208(3)
7.2 Depth of Field
211(4)
7.3 Image Intensity
215(6)
7.4 Image Functions
221(13)
7.4.1 Point-spread function
222(5)
7.4.2 Line-spread function
227(1)
7.4.3 Edge-spread function
227(1)
7.4.4 Optical transfer function
228(2)
7.4.5 MTF and contrast
230(4)
7.5 Image Modeling
234(7)
7.5.1 Wavefront model
235(2)
7.5.2 Diffraction
237(4)
7.6 Lens MTF
241(20)
7.6.1 Resolution
251(4)
7.6.2 Image quality
255(6)
7.7 Sensor MTF
261(22)
7.7.1 Spatial MTF
261(5)
7.7.2 Diffusion MTF
266(5)
7.7.3 Charge-transfer MTF
271(8)
References
279(4)
Chapter 8 Camera Calibration
283(58)
8.1 Projection
284(5)
8.2 Ideal Intrinsic Model
289(3)
8.3 Extrinsic Model
292(3)
8.3.1 Translation
294(1)
8.3.2 Rotation
294(1)
8.4 General Camera Model
295(3)
8.5 Tsai Calibration
298(13)
8.5.1 Camera model
298(2)
8.5.2 Scaling and origin transfer
300(1)
8.5.3 Stage 1 calibration: Parameters embedded in image abscissa
301(3)
8.5.4 Stage 2 calibration: Parameters related to image ordinate
304(1)
8.5.5 Resolution and distortion
305(6)
8.6 Stereo Imaging
311(12)
8.6.1 Epipolar geometry
313(8)
8.6.2 Matching with epipolar constraints
321(2)
8.7 Feature Matching
323(8)
8.7.1 Intensity matching
323(1)
8.7.2 Cross-correlation
324(2)
8.7.3 Edge feature
326(5)
8.8 Inclined Camera
331(10)
8.8.1 Viewing direction
333(1)
8.8.2 Scaling factors
333(3)
References
336(5)
Chapter 9 Gray-Level Transformation
341(30)
9.1 Pixel-to-Pixel Mapping
342(1)
9.2 Gamma Correction
343(2)
9.3 Image Histogram
345(3)
9.4 Histogram Equalization
348(2)
9.5 Histogram Hyperbolization
350(4)
9.6 Histogram Specification
354(3)
9.7 Local Histogram
357(1)
9.8 Statistical Differencing
357(4)
9.9 Thresholding
361(4)
9.9.1 Triangular minimum method
363(1)
9.9.2 Iterative mean method
363(2)
9.10 Co-occurrence Matrix
365(6)
Appendix 9A Histogram Properties
371(48)
9A.1 Definitions
371(1)
9A.2 Variate Transformation
372(7)
References
375(4)
Chapter 10 Spatial Transformation
379(40)
10.1 Interpolation
380(4)
10.2 Geometric Operations
384(7)
10.2.1 Forward transformation
387(1)
10.2.2 Backward transformation
387(3)
10.2.3 Rescaling Cartesian coordinates
390(1)
10.3 Bilinear Interpolation
391(3)
10.4 Cubic Interpolation
394(10)
10.5 Zero-Order Convolution
404(4)
10.6 Affine Transformation
408(3)
10.7 Perspective Transformation
411(8)
Appendix 10A Basis Functions and Splines
419(63)
10A.1 Hermite Curves
422(3)
10A.2 Cardinal Splines
425(2)
10A.3 Bezier Curves
427(8)
10A.4 Cubic Splines
435(10)
References
441(4)
Chapter 11 Spatial Filtering
445(37)
11.1 Noise Models
447(6)
11.2 Averaging Filters
453(6)
11.2.1 Gaussian filter
455(1)
11.2.2 Rotating average
456(1)
11.2.3 Sigma filter
457(1)
11.2.4 Outlier filter
458(1)
11.2.5 Unsharp mask
458(1)
11.3 Rank-Order Filters
459(2)
11.4 Adaptive Filters
461(6)
11.4.1 Additive noise
462(1)
11.4.2 Impulse noise
463(2)
11.4.3 Multiplicative noise
465(2)
11.5 First-Order Gradients
467(4)
11.5.1 Roberts operator
469(1)
11.5.2 Prewitt operator
469(2)
11.5.3 Sobel operator
471(1)
11.6 Second-Order Gradients
471(6)
11.7 Anisotropic Filters
477(5)
11.7.1 Bilateral filters
477(1)
11.7.2 Diffusion filters
478(4)
Appendix 11A Convolution Kernels
482(53)
11A.1 Discrete Convolution
483(3)
11A.2 Two-Dimensional Convolution
486(9)
References
490(5)
Chapter 12 Discrete Fourier Transform
495(40)
12.1 Discrete Fourier Series
495(6)
12.2 Discrete Fourier Transform
501(5)
12.3 Decimation-in-Time FFT
506(9)
12.4 Image Frequency Spectrum
515(5)
12.5 Basis Function
520(8)
12.6 Matrix Form
528(7)
12.6.1 DIT in matrix form
530(3)
12.6.2 DIF in matrix form
533(2)
Appendix 12A DFT Through Decomposition
535(104)
12A.1 Eight-Point DFT with Radix 2
535(4)
12A.2 Decimation in Frequency
539(2)
12A.3 Mixed Radix
541(4)
References
544(1)
Chapter 13 Spatial Frequency Filters
545(56)
13.1 Fourier Series Finite Sum
547(4)
13.2 DFT Computation
551(5)
13.3 Spectrum Display
556(15)
13.3.1 Origin shifting
557(4)
13.3.2 Amplitude scaling
561(3)
13.3.3 Frequency scaling
564(7)
13.4 Ideal Filters
571(7)
13.5 Butterworth Filter
578(4)
13.5.1 Low-pass Butterworth filter
579(3)
13.5.2 High-pass Butterworth filter
582(1)
13.6 Gaussian Filter
582(8)
13.6.1 Low-pass Gaussian filter
588(1)
13.6.2 High-pass Gaussian filter
588(2)
13.7 Homomorphic Filter
590(3)
13.8 Image Restoration
593(8)
References
597(4)
Chapter 14 Review of Image Parameters
601(38)
14.1 Image Contrast
602(1)
14.2 Lens Resolution
602(6)
14.3 Sensor Resolution
608(4)
14.4 Aliasing
612(5)
14.5 Image Display
617(7)
14.6 Image Printing
624(6)
14.7 File Format
630(2)
14.8 Bibliographical Notes
632(7)
References
635(4)
Appendix A Fourier Transformation
639(28)
A.1 Fourier Series
639(4)
A.2 Extension to Nonperiodic Wavetrain
643(3)
A.3 Commonly Used Functions
646(11)
A.3.1 Rectangular and delta functions
646(3)
A.3.2 Sinc function
649(1)
A.3.3 Comb function
650(1)
A.3.4 Fourier transforms
650(7)
A.4 2D Fourier Transform
657(2)
A.5 Fourier Transform of Images
659(8)
References
664(3)
Appendix B Sampling
667(16)
B.1 Introduction
667(4)
B.2 Frequency Folding
671(2)
B.3 Spatial Foldover
673(1)
B.4 Reconstruction
674(2)
B.5 2D Sampling
676(7)
References
681(2)
Appendix C Discrete Fourier Transform
683(10)
References
692(1)
Appendix D Time-Frequency Mapping
693(24)
D.1 Laplace Transform
693(2)
D.2 Z Transform
695(3)
D.3 Transfer Function
698(1)
D.4 Pulse Transfer Function
699(2)
D.5 Digitization of Transfer Functions
701(2)
D.6 Analog Filter
703(4)
D.7 Digital Filter
707(5)
D.8 Frequency Warping
712(5)
References
715(2)
Index 717