Chapter 1 Introduction to Immunosensors |
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1 | (20) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Basic Principles of an Immunosensor |
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2 | (3) |
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1.2.1 Antibodies and Their Application to Immunosensors |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Immunosensor Format |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 Architectures of Transducers and Their Potential Applications |
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5 | (11) |
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1.3.1 Electrochemical Immunosensor |
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7 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Optical Immunosensors |
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9 | (3) |
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1.3.3 Piezoelectric Immunosensor |
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12 | (3) |
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1.3.4 Thermometric Immunosensor |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4 Conclusions and Future Outlooks |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (4) |
Chapter 2 Structure, Function, Orientation, Characterization and Immobilization of Antibodies for Immunosensor Development |
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21 | (21) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.2 Fundamentals, Structural Feasibility and Functions of Antibodies |
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22 | (1) |
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2.3 Immunosensor Development Using Antibodies |
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23 | (4) |
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2.3.1 Monoclonal Antibodies |
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24 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Polyclonal Antibodies |
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25 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Chopped/Half-antibodies |
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25 | (1) |
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2.3.4 Synthetic Antibodies (Aptamers/ Imprinted Polymers) |
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26 | (1) |
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2.4 Strategies Towards Immobilization of Antibodies |
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27 | (3) |
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2.5 Characterization Techniques |
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30 | (2) |
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2.6 Label-free and Labeled Immunosensing Techniques |
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32 | (3) |
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2.6.1 Optical Immunosensor |
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32 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Piezoelectric Immunosensor |
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33 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Impedimetric Immunosensor |
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33 | (1) |
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2.6.4 Thermal Immunosensor |
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34 | (1) |
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2.7 Recent Developments and Applications |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (5) |
Chapter 3 Immunosensing With Electro-active Photonic Devices |
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42 | (16) |
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42 | (2) |
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3.2 Immunosensing with Single-mode, Electro-active, Integrated Optical Waveguides |
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44 | (3) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Experimental Set-up |
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46 | (1) |
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3.3 Immunosensing with Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance |
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47 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Sample Preparation and Functionalization Protocol of the EC-SPR Surface with an Immunoassay Targeting an Influenza Virus Antigen |
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48 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Experimental Set-up |
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48 | (1) |
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3.4 Results and Discussions |
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49 | (5) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (3) |
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3.4.3 Comparative Analysis |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (3) |
Chapter 4 Nanostructure-based Sensitive Electrochemical Immunosensors |
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58 | (28) |
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4.1 Electrochemical Immunosensors: Structure and Principles of Construction |
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58 | (9) |
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4.1.1 Construction of an Electrochemical Immunosensor |
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58 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Electrochemical Immunosensor Detection Mode |
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60 | (7) |
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4.1.3 Different Strategies for Immobilization of Capture Probes |
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67 | (1) |
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4.2 Nanostructure-based Materials for Improving the Sensitivity of Electrochemical Immunosensors |
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67 | (13) |
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4.2.1 Principles for Collections of Nanostructured-based Materials for Electrochemical Immunosensors |
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69 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Highly Electroactive Surface-based Nanomaterials |
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69 | (6) |
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4.2.3 Bio-conjugated Nanomaterials for Amplifying an Electrochemical Signal |
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75 | (4) |
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4.2.4 Magnetoimmunosensors |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (5) |
Chapter 5 Rapid and Repeated Measurement of Mite Allergens Using a Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Immunosensor |
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86 | (15) |
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86 | (2) |
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5.2 Sensors for Mite Allergen Detection |
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88 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Established Methods for Mite Allergen Tests |
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88 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Emerging Mite Allergen Biosensors with Improved Characteristics |
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90 | (1) |
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5.3 Airborne Mite Allergen Monitoring Systems |
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91 | (6) |
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5.3.1 Bioaerosol Sampling System |
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91 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Immunosensors for Rapid and Repeated Measurement of Mite Allergens |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (3) |
Chapter 6 Electrochemical Magneto-Immunosensors as Fast and Efficient Tools for Point-of-care Diagnostics |
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101 | (34) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (2) |
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6.2.1 Requirements for POCT |
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103 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Limitations of Current Diagnostic Methods for Their Application to POCT |
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104 | (1) |
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6.3 Magnetic Particles (MP) as a Versatile Tool in Analytical Chemistry and Immunoassay Development |
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105 | (4) |
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6.3.1 Magnetic Particles: Types, Properties, Advantages and Drawbacks |
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105 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Strategies for MP Immunofunctionalisation |
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107 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Clues for the Optimisation of a Magneto- immunoassay |
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108 | (1) |
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6.4 MP in the Development of Electrochemical Magneto-immunosensors |
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109 | (8) |
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6.4.1 The Advent of Disposable Low-cost Electrodes in the Production of Electrochemical Biosensors |
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113 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Confinement of the MP onto the WE |
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114 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Electrochemical Detection of the Magneto-immunoassay |
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114 | (3) |
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6.5 Simplification, Automation, and Integration of Electrochemical Magneto-Immunosensors in LOC Microfluidic Platforms for POC Diagnostics |
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117 | (6) |
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6.5.1 Simplification of Sample Pre-treatment, Reagent Preparation and Assay Performance |
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117 | (3) |
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6.5.2 Automation and Multiplexing of the Electrochemical Detection |
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120 | (1) |
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6.5.3 Use of Paper Microfluidics and Paper Electrodes |
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121 | (2) |
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6.6 Implementation of Portable Measurement Equipment |
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123 | (5) |
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6.6.1 Exploiting Standard Portable Electrochemical Measurement Equipment: Glucose Meters, pH Meters and Smartphones |
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123 | (2) |
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6.6.2 Integration of Portable Measurement Equipment in POC Platforms |
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125 | (3) |
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6.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (6) |
Chapter 7 Immunosensors for Food Allergens: An Overview |
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135 | (21) |
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135 | (2) |
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7.2 Immunosensors for Food Analysis: Definitions, Principles and Classification |
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137 | (1) |
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7.3 Allergen Immunoassays |
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138 | (12) |
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138 | (4) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (3) |
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7.3.5 Fish Allergens and Related Compounds |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (5) |
Chapter 8 Graphene Based Immunosensors |
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156 | (30) |
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156 | (2) |
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8.2 Properties of Graphene with Different Morphologies |
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158 | (9) |
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8.2.1 Graphene Quantum Dots (QDs) |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (3) |
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8.2.4 Graphene-based Nanocomposites |
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166 | (1) |
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8.3 Graphene Based Immunosensors |
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167 | (14) |
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8.3.1 Graphene Based Electrochemical Immunosensors |
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168 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Graphene Based Photoelectrochemical Immunosensors |
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171 | (3) |
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8.3.3 Graphene Based Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensors |
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174 | (3) |
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8.3.4 Graphene Based SPR Immunosensors |
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177 | (3) |
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8.3.5 Other Types of Immunosensors That Are Graphene Based |
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180 | (1) |
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8.4 Challenge and Perspective |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (4) |
Chapter 9 Gold-nanoparticles Interface-based Electrochemical Immunosensors for Tumor Biomarkers |
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186 | (33) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (4) |
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9.3.1 Electrochemical Immunosensors |
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189 | (2) |
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9.3.2 Immunosensor Recognition Element |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (8) |
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9.4.1 Synthetic Approaches of AuNPs Employed in Electrochemical Immunosensors |
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192 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Functions and Applications of Gold Nanostructures in Electrochemical Immunosensors |
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194 | (6) |
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9.5 Electrochemical Analysis of Tumor Biomarkers |
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200 | (10) |
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9.5.1 Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) |
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200 | (3) |
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9.5.2 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) |
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203 | (1) |
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9.5.3 α-Fetoprotein (AFP) |
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204 | (2) |
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9.5.4 Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125) |
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206 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen (SCCA) |
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206 | (1) |
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9.5.6 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) |
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207 | (1) |
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9.5.7 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) |
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208 | (1) |
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9.5.8 Tumor Suppressor Protein (p53) |
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208 | (1) |
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9.5.9 Interleukin 6 (IL-6) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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9.6 Conclusion and Outlook |
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210 | (3) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (6) |
Chapter 10 Nanocomposite-based Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensors |
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219 | (19) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Components and Constructions of Biosensors |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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10.2 Electrochemiluminescence |
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220 | (2) |
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10.2.1 Electrochemiluminescence: Advantages and Applications |
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220 | (1) |
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10.2.2 ECL Detection Mechanism |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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10.4 Nanocomposite-based Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensors |
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224 | (3) |
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10.4.1 Nanocomposites in Signal Amplification |
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224 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Nanocomposites as Catalysts |
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224 | (2) |
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10.4.3 Nanocomposites in Increasing Surface Area |
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226 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Nanocomposites in Improving Biocompatibility |
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226 | (1) |
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10.5 Incorporation of Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials |
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227 | (3) |
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10.5.1 Metallic Nanocomposites |
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227 | (2) |
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10.5.2 Carbon Nanocomposites |
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229 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Magnetic Nanocomposites |
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230 | (1) |
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10.5.4 Quantum Dots Nanocomposites |
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230 | (1) |
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10.6 Utilization of Nanocomposites as Labeling Materials |
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230 | (3) |
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10.6.1 Metallic Nanocomposites |
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230 | (2) |
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10.6.2 Carbon Nanocomposites |
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232 | (1) |
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10.6.3 Magnetic Nanocomposites |
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233 | (1) |
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10.6.4 Quantum Dots Nanocomposites |
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233 | (1) |
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10.7 Typical Set-up of ECL Instruments and Devices |
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233 | (1) |
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10.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (3) |
Chapter 11 Advance Engineered Nanomaterials in Point-of-care Immunosensing for Biomedical Diagnostics |
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238 | (29) |
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238 | (2) |
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11.2 Transduction Mechanisms |
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240 | (5) |
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11.2.1 Electrochemical Transducers |
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240 | (3) |
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11.2.2 Optical Transducers |
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243 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Mechanical Transducers |
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244 | (1) |
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11.3 Antibodies: The Bio-receptor in Immunosensors |
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245 | (2) |
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11.4 Surface Functionalisation Methods |
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247 | (1) |
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11.5 Nanomaterials for Immunosensing |
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247 | (6) |
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11.5.1 Metal Nanoparticles |
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248 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles |
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249 | (4) |
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11.6 Carbon-based Nanomaterials |
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253 | (6) |
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11.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes: One-dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials |
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253 | (2) |
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11.6.2 Graphene: Two-dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials |
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255 | (4) |
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11.7 Microfluidic Technology in POC Diagnosis |
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259 | (1) |
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11.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects |
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259 | (1) |
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11.9 Conflict of Interest |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (7) |
Chapter 12 Immunosensors Using Screen-printed Electrodes |
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267 | (36) |
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12.1 Recent Advances in the Fabrication of Screen Printing Technology |
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267 | (4) |
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12.2 Strategies for the Immobilisation of an Antibody Over Screen-printed Electrodes |
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271 | (5) |
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12.2.1 Antibody Structure, Functions and Immunoreaction |
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272 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Immobilisation Techniques Over Screen-printed Electrodes |
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273 | (3) |
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12.3 Current Screen-printed Electrode-based Immunosensors and Applications |
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276 | (17) |
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276 | (4) |
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12.3.2 Immunoreaction Performance |
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280 | (4) |
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12.3.3 Current Applications of Immunosensors |
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284 | (9) |
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12.4 Conclusions and Future Remarks |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (10) |
Chapter 13 Antibodies Versus Aptamers: A Comparative View |
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303 | (29) |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (8) |
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305 | (1) |
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13.2.2 In Vivo Selection of Antibodies |
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306 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Application of Antibodies |
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307 | (6) |
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13.3 Challenges of Antibodies and Their Immunosensor Applications |
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313 | (1) |
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13.3.1 Issues with Antibody Structure and Production |
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313 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Issues with Limited Detection Mechanisms |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (11) |
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13.4.1 Background: Conventional In Vitro SELEX Selection |
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314 | (2) |
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13.4.2 Alternative Selection Strategies |
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316 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Aptamer Structures and Modes of Binding |
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317 | (2) |
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13.4.4 Aptamers in Biosensors: Beyond Sandwich and Competitive Assays |
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319 | (6) |
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13.5 Conclusions and Overall Prospects |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (7) |
Chapter 14 Nanoimprinted Immunosensors |
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332 | (27) |
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332 | (1) |
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14.2 Plasmonic Biosensing |
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333 | (8) |
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14.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) |
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333 | (5) |
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14.2.2 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) and Its Sensing Strategy |
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338 | (3) |
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14.3 A Review on Recent Studies in Nanostructures Fabricated via NIL Technology for LSPR/SERS Biosensing |
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341 | (1) |
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14.4 Development of an Au-Capped Nanopillar Structure via Thermal NIL and Its Application in Immunosensing |
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341 | (7) |
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14.5 Development of a Pressure-free Room- temperature NIL Method and Its Application in Immunosensing |
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348 | (1) |
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14.6 Development of a LSPR Imaging Platform for Simultaneous Detection Using Nanoimprinted Multiplex Assay Chips |
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349 | (7) |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (3) |
Subject Index |
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359 | |