The Arcus Foundation |
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viii | |
Notes to Readers |
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viii | |
Acknowledgments |
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ix | |
Apes Overview |
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x | |
Introduction |
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i | |
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SECTION 1 Industrial Agriculture and Ape Conservation |
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1 Economic Development and Conservation of Biodiversity: Understanding the Interface of Ape Conservation and Industrial Agriculture |
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13 | (28) |
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13 | (5) |
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The Role of Palm Oil in Poverty Alleviation and Land Tenure |
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18 | (1) |
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Industrial Agriculture and Climate Change |
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19 | (5) |
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Impact of Industrial Agriculture on Ape Populations |
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24 | (8) |
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Rescue Centers and Problems Faced with Rescued, Translocated and Reintroduced Orangutans |
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32 | (1) |
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Agricultural Industry Engagement in Ape Conservation and Mitigation Strategies |
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33 | (5) |
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The Roles of Producers, Buyers and Consumers |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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2 Encroaching on Ape Habitat: Deforestation and Industrial Agriculture in Cameroon, Liberia and on Borneo |
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41 | (30) |
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41 | (2) |
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Industrial Agricultural Concessions across Ape Ranges |
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43 | (3) |
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Industrial Crops in Ape Ranges |
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46 | (1) |
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Deforestation and Industrial Agriculture: The Cases of Cameroon, Liberia and Borneo |
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46 | (21) |
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67 | (4) |
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3 From Habitat to Plantation: Causes of Conversion in sub-Saharan Africa |
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71 | (34) |
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71 | (2) |
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Expansion of Africa's Agro-Industry |
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73 | (12) |
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85 | (2) |
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Drivers of Expansion into Africa |
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87 | (5) |
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Industrial Agriculture and Ape Habitat |
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92 | (4) |
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96 | (6) |
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102 | (3) |
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4 Legal Frameworks at the Interface between Industrial Agriculture and Ape Conservation |
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105 | (30) |
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105 | (4) |
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Findings from the Trend Analysis |
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109 | (22) |
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131 | (4) |
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5 From Process to Impact of a Voluntary Standard: The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil |
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135 | (30) |
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135 | (2) |
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Launching an Institution with a Global Vision: The Creation, Architecture and Operation of the RSPO |
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137 | (6) |
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Case Studies: Industry Applications of RSPO Principles |
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143 | (9) |
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Obstacles to Success: The RSPO's Operational Challenges |
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152 | (1) |
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Reaching Agreements and Controlling Interpretation: Process-related Obstacles |
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153 | (4) |
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The RSPO's Move Toward Enhancing Conservation Impact |
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157 | (5) |
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162 | (3) |
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6 Impacts of Industrial Agriculture on Ape Ecology |
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165 | (29) |
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165 | (2) |
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Different Crop Types: Different Impacts |
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167 | (1) |
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Different Ape Species: Different Impacts |
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167 | (5) |
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The Varying Impacts of Different Phases of Production |
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172 | (5) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (4) |
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The Impact of Socioeconomic and Cultural Values on the Forest-Agriculture Interface |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (4) |
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Conclusions on the Need to Incorporate the Human Social Dimension in the General Picture |
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187 | (1) |
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Survey Results: Summary of Main Impacts |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (4) |
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SECTION 2 The Status and Welfare of Great Apes and Gibbons |
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194 | (3) |
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7 Ape Populations over Time: Case Studies from Gombe, Mount Halimun Salak, Sabangau and Wamba |
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197 | (32) |
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197 | (3) |
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Bornean Orangutans in the Sabangau Peat Swamp Forest |
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200 | (7) |
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207 | (8) |
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The Bonobos of Wamba in the Luo Scientific Reserve, DRC |
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215 | (6) |
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The Silvery Gibbons in Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Java, Indonesia |
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221 | (5) |
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226 | (3) |
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8 `I he Status of Captive Apes |
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229 | (31) |
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229 | (2) |
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Apes in Captivity in Range State Regions |
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231 | (10) |
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Apes in Captivity in Non-range States of the Global North |
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241 | (15) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (2) |
Annexes |
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260 | (4) |
Acronyms and abbreviations |
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264 | (4) |
Glossary |
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268 | (7) |
References |
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275 | (48) |
Index |
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323 | |