List of Contributors |
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xxi | |
About the Series Editors |
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xxxi | |
Preface |
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xxxiii | |
Part I Enabling and Improving Large-Scale Bio-production |
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1 | (158) |
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1 Industrial-Scale Fermentation |
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3 | (52) |
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3 | (2) |
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1.2 Industrial-Scale Fermentation Today |
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5 | (13) |
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1.2.1 Organisms Used in Large-Scale Fermentation |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Contemporary Large-Scale Fermentation |
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7 | (7) |
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1.2.3 Economic Aspects of Industrial Fermentation from a Market Perspective |
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14 | (1) |
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1.2.4 The Drivers and the Future of Industrial Fermentation |
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15 | (3) |
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1.3 Engineering and Design Aspects |
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18 | (18) |
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1.3.1 Process Development - Scale-Up Starts at Laboratory Scale |
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18 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Plant Design Aspects |
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19 | (1) |
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1.3.2.1 General Aspects of Plant Design |
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19 | (1) |
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1.3.2.2 Design Constraints and Guidelines |
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21 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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1.3.2.5 Mixing and Mass Transfer |
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27 | (1) |
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1.3.2.6 Temperature Control and Heat Transfer |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (4) |
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1.4 Industrial Design Examples |
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36 | (6) |
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1.4.1 Cephalosporin C Production |
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36 | (3) |
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1.4.2 Monoclonal Antibody Production at the 10 m3 Scale |
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39 | (3) |
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1.4.3 Nonsterile Fermentations |
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42 | (1) |
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1.5 Cost Analysis for the Manufacture of Biotechnological Products |
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42 | (5) |
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42 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Operational Cost, Cost of Manufacturing |
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43 | (4) |
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1.5.3 Return on Invested Capital |
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47 | (1) |
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1.6 Influence of Process- and Facility-Related Aspects on Cost Structure |
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47 | (4) |
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1.6.1 Process-Related Aspects |
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48 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Site-Related Aspects |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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2 Scale-Down: Simulating Large-Scale Cultures in the Laboratory |
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55 | (26) |
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55 | (1) |
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2.2 Heterogeneities at Large Scale and the Need for Scaling Down |
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56 | (2) |
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2.3 Bioreactor Scale-Down |
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58 | (4) |
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2.4 Tools to Study Cell Responses to Environmental Heterogeneities |
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62 | (6) |
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2.4.1 Scale-Down Simulators |
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62 | (1) |
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2.4.1.1 One-Compartment Scale-Down Systems |
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63 | (1) |
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2.4.1.2 Multicompartment Scale-Down Systems |
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64 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Analytical Techniques |
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66 | (1) |
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2.4.2.1 Metabolic Studies |
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66 | (1) |
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2.4.2.2 Differential Gene Expression and Protein Accumulation |
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67 | (1) |
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2.4.2.3 Physical Measurements |
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67 | (1) |
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2.4.2.4 Mathematical Modeling |
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68 | (1) |
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2.5 Physiological Effects of Environmental Heterogeneities |
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68 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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2.5.1.1 Negative Effects on Animal Cells |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Further Observations |
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72 | (1) |
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2.6 Improvements Based on Scale-Down Studies: Bioreactor Design and Cell Engineering |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (7) |
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81 | (48) |
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3.1 Large-Scale Industrial Fermentations: Challenges for Bioreactor Modeling |
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81 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (6) |
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3.2.1 Stirred-Tank Bioreactors |
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83 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Bubble Columns and Air-Lift Reactors |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Bioreactor Modeling |
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87 | (2) |
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3.3 Compartment and Hybrid Multizonal/Computational Fluid Dynamics Approaches for the Description of Large-Scale Bioreactor Phenomena |
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89 | (3) |
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89 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Hybrid Multizonal/CFD Models |
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91 | (1) |
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3.4 Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling: Unstructured Continuum Approach (Euler-Euler) |
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92 | (22) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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3.4.2.1 Turbulence Modeling |
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95 | (5) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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3.4.3.2 Euler-Euler Model |
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100 | (1) |
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3.4.3.3 Interaction Forces |
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102 | (1) |
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3.4.3.4 Turbulence Modeling |
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103 | (1) |
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3.4.4 CFD of Gassed Stirred Tanks |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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3.4.4.3 Oxygen Uptake - Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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3.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling: Structured Segregated Approach (Euler-Lagrange) |
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114 | (8) |
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114 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Euler - Lagarange Modeling |
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115 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Metabolic Structuring |
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117 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Model Simulations and Detailed Insight into Cell Responses to Dynamic Conditions in Large Bioreactors |
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118 | (4) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (5) |
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4 Cell Culture Technology |
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129 | (30) |
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129 | (1) |
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4.2 Overview of Applications for Cell Culture Products and Tissue Engineering |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (9) |
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131 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Cell Physiology and Kinetics for Process Engineering |
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132 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Population Dynamics, Cell-Cycle Dependence, and Implications on Process Control |
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134 | (1) |
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4.3.3.1 Separation Methods and Analytics |
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135 | (1) |
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4.3.3.2 Population-Resolved Modeling and Data Treatment |
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136 | (1) |
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4.3.3.3 Population-Resolved Online Monitoring and Process Control |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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4.4 Bioreactors for Cell Culture |
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140 | (6) |
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140 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Bioreactors for Suspended Cells |
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142 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Single-Use Bioreactors |
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144 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Fixed-Bed and Fluidized-Bed Reactors |
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144 | (1) |
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4.4.5 Hollow-Fiber and Membrane Reactors |
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145 | (1) |
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4.4.6 Process Strategies and Control |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (4) |
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4.6 Regulatory and Safety Issues |
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150 | (2) |
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4.7 Conclusions and Outlook |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (7) |
Part II Getting Out More: Strategies for Enhanced Bioprocessing |
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159 | (78) |
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5 Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass by Integrated Bioprocesses |
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161 | (26) |
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161 | (2) |
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5.2 Utilization of Starchy Biomass |
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163 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Starch |
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163 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Consolidated Bioprocessing for Starch Utilization |
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164 | (2) |
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5.3 Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass |
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166 | (11) |
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5.3.1 Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose |
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166 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Consolidated Bioprocessing for Lignocellulose Utilization |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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5.3.2.2 Production of Chemicals with Native Cellulase-Producing Microbes |
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168 | (1) |
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5.3.2.3 Production of Chemicals with Recombinant Cellulose-Utilizing Microbes |
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169 | (8) |
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5.4 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (9) |
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6 Solid-State Fermentation |
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187 | (18) |
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187 | (1) |
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6.2 Fundamentals Aspects of SSF |
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188 | (5) |
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6.2.1 Selection of Microorganisms |
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188 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Specific Growth Rate |
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189 | (1) |
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6.2.2.1 Biomass Measurement |
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192 | (1) |
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6.3 Factors Affecting Solid-State Fermentation |
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193 | (3) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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6.3.7 Aeration and Agitation |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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6.4.1 Large-Scale Inoculum Development |
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196 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Medium Sterilization |
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196 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Aeration and Agitation |
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197 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Heat Removal and Moisture Balance |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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6.6.1 Shallow-Tray Fermenter |
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199 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Column/Fixed-Bed Fermenters |
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199 | (1) |
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6.6.3 Rotating-Drum Bioreactors |
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199 | (1) |
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6.7 Kinetics and Modeling |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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7 Cell Immobilization: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications |
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205 | (32) |
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205 | (1) |
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7.2 Fundamentals of Cell Immobilization |
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206 | (1) |
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7.3 Immobilization with Support Materials |
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207 | (5) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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7.3.1.3 Biofilm Formation |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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7.3.2.1 Entrapment in Gel Matrixes |
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210 | (1) |
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7.3.2.2 Entrapment in Porous Particles |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (6) |
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213 | (1) |
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7.4.1.1 Prokaryotic Cells |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (4) |
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218 | (1) |
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7.5 Immobilized Cells and their Applications |
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218 | (7) |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Mammalian and Insect cells |
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221 | (4) |
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7.6 Bioreactors for Cell Immobilization |
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225 | (4) |
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7.6.1 Stirred-Tank Bioreactor |
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226 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Packed-Bed Bioreactor |
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227 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor |
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227 | (1) |
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7.6.4 Air-Lift Bioreactor |
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228 | (1) |
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7.6.5 Membrane Bioreactor |
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228 | (1) |
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7.7 Challenges and Recommendations for Future Research |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (6) |
Part III Molecules for Human Use: High-Value Drugs, Flavors, and Nutraceuticals |
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237 | (100) |
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239 | (32) |
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8.1 Natural Products as Anticancer Drugs |
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239 | (1) |
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8.2 Anticancer Drug Production |
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239 | (4) |
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239 | (2) |
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8.2.2 Approaches for Improving Production |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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8.3 Important Anticancer Natural Products |
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243 | (18) |
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243 | (7) |
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8.3.2 Taxane Diterpenoids |
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250 | (6) |
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8.3.3 Podophyllotoxin Lignans |
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256 | (2) |
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8.3.4 Camptothecin Quinoline Alkaloids |
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258 | (3) |
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261 | (2) |
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8.4.1 Identification of Intermediates in the Biosynthetic Pathways of Anticancer Drugs |
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261 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Discovery of Unknown Genes in Biosynthetic Pathways |
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262 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Production of Anticancer Drugs in Microbial Hosts |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (8) |
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9 Biotechnological Production of Flavors |
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271 | (38) |
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271 | (1) |
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9.2 Survey on Today's Industry |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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9.5 Biotechnological Production of Flavors |
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275 | (2) |
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9.5.1 Traditional Fermentations |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (4) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (4) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (12) |
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10 Nutraceuticals (Vitamin C, Carotenoids, Resveratrol) |
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309 | (28) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (7) |
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10.2.1 Production of L-AA by Chemical Synthesis |
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311 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Production of L-AA by a Two-Step Fermentation Process |
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311 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Classical Two-Step Fermentation Process |
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312 | (1) |
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10.2.4 New Two-Step Fermentation Process |
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313 | (1) |
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10.2.5 Production of L-AA by a One-Step Fermentation Process |
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314 | (1) |
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10.2.6 Classical Two-Step Fermentation Process-Based Attempts |
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314 | (2) |
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10.2.7 New Two-Step Fermentation Process-Based Attempts |
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316 | (1) |
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10.2.8 Reconstruction of L-AA Biosynthesis Pathway from Higher Organisms in Microorganisms |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (6) |
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10.3.1 Biosynthesis of Carotenoids |
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319 | (2) |
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10.3.2 Metabolic Engineering of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Microbes |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (6) |
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10.4.1 Biosynthesis of Resveratrol and Its Derivatives |
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324 | (3) |
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10.4.2 Metabolic Engineering of Resveratrol and its Derivatives |
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327 | (2) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (7) |
Part IV Industrial Amino Acids |
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337 | (54) |
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11 Glutamic Acid Fermentation: Discovery of Glutamic Acid-Producing Microorganisms, Analysis of the Production Mechanism, Metabolic Engineering, and Industrial Production Process |
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339 | (22) |
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339 | (1) |
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11.2 Discovery of the Glutamic Acid-Producing Bacterium C.glutamicum |
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340 | (2) |
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11.2.1 Glutamic Acid Production Prior to the Discovery of Glutamic Acid-Producing Microorganisms |
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340 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Discovery of C. glutamicum, a Glutamic Acid-Producing Bacterium |
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340 | (2) |
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11.2.3 Characteristics of C. glutamicum |
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342 | (1) |
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11.3 Analysis of the Mechanism of Glutamic Acid Production by C. glutamicum |
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342 | (8) |
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11.3.1 Relationship between Cell-Surface Structure and Glutamic Acid Production in C. glutamicum |
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343 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Metabolic Regulation during Glutamic Acid Overproduction in C. glutamicum |
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345 | (1) |
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11.3.2.1 Biosynthesis of Glutamic Acid in C. glutamicum |
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345 | (1) |
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11.3.2.2 Relationship between Enzyme Activity of the 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex and Glutamic Acid Production |
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346 | (1) |
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11.3.2.3 OdhI Decreases the Enzymatic Activity of the 2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex |
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347 | (1) |
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11.3.2.4 Anaplerotic Reactions in Glutamic Acid Overproduction |
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348 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Involvement of a Mechanosensitive Channel, NCg11221, in Glutamic Acid Secretion in C. glutamicum |
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349 | (1) |
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11.4 Metabolic Engineering of C. glutamicum for Glutamic Acid Production |
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350 | (2) |
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11.4.1 Metabolic Engineering |
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350 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Metabolic Flux Analysis in Glutamic Acid Production |
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351 | (1) |
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11.4.2.1 Analysis of the Impact of Activities of Enzymes Related to Glutamic Acid Production on the Flux of Glutamic Acid Production |
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351 | (1) |
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11.4.2.2 Use of 13C-MFA to Investigate the Importance of Anaplerotic Reactions to Glutamic Acid Production |
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351 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Metabolic Engineering for Improvement of Glutamic Acid Production |
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351 | (1) |
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11.5 Glutamic Acid Fermentation by Other Microorganisms |
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352 | (1) |
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11.6 Industrial Process of Glutamic Acid Production |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (6) |
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361 | (30) |
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361 | (2) |
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12.1.1 Feed Use of Amino Acids |
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361 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Economic Importance and Means of Production of L-Lysine |
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362 | (1) |
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12.2 Biosynthesis and Production of L-Lysine |
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363 | (11) |
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12.2.1 L-Lysine Biosynthesis |
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363 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Strain Development for the Production of L-Lysine |
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363 | (1) |
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12.2.2.1 L-Lysine Transport |
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365 | (1) |
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12.2.2.2 De-bottlenecking L-Lysine Biosynthesis |
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366 | (1) |
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12.2.2.3 NADPH Supply for L-Lysine Production |
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366 | (1) |
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12.2.2.4 Reduction of Byproducts of L-Lysine Production |
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367 | (1) |
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12.2.2.5 Precursor Supply for L-Lysine Production |
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367 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Industrial Processes of L-Lysine Production |
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368 | (1) |
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12.2.4 Flexible Feedstock Concept of C. glutamicum: Engineering Carbon Source Utilization |
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369 | (1) |
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12.2.4.1 Molasses, Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, and Starch |
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370 | (1) |
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12.2.4.2 Lignocellulosics, Cellulose, Xylose, Arabinose, Acetate, Galactose |
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371 | (1) |
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12.2.4.3 Silage Juice and Lactic Acid |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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12.2.4.5 Dicarboxylic Acids |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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12.3 The Chassis Concept: Biotin Prototrophy and Genome Reduction |
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374 | (3) |
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12.3.1 Engineering Biotin Prototrophic C. glutamicum |
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375 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Genome-Streamlined C. glutamicum Strains |
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375 | (2) |
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12.4 L-Lysine Biosensors for Strain Selection and on-Demand Flux Control |
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377 | (3) |
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12.4.1 Transcriptional Regulators as Diagnostic Metabolite Sensors for Screening |
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377 | (2) |
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12.4.2 Riboswitches as Metabolite Sensors for on-Demand Metabolic Flux Control |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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380 | (11) |
Part V Bio-Based Monomers and Polymers |
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391 | (82) |
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13 Diamines for Bio-Based Materials |
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393 | (18) |
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|
393 | (2) |
|
13.2 Diamine Metabolism in Bacteria |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
13.3 Putrescine - 1,4-Diaminobutane |
|
|
395 | (4) |
|
13.3.1 Metabolism of Putrescine |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
13.3.2 Biosynthesis and Pathway Regulation |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
13.3.3 Metabolic Engineering for Putrescine Production |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
13.4 Cadaverine - 1,5-Diaminopentane |
|
|
399 | (4) |
|
13.4.1 Metabolism of Diaminopentane |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
13.4.2 Biosynthesis and Pathway Regulation |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
13.4.3 Metabolic Engineering for Cadaverine Production |
|
|
400 | (3) |
|
13.4.4 Bio-Based Polyamide PA5.10 - A Success Story |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
13.5 Conclusions and Perspectives |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (7) |
|
14 Microbial Production of 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid |
|
|
411 | (42) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
14.2 3-HP Obtained from Native Producers |
|
|
413 | (4) |
|
14.2.1 3-HP as an Intermediate of CO2 Fixation |
|
|
413 | (2) |
|
14.2.2 Degradation Pathways |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
14.2.2.2 Pyrimidines (Uracil and Thymine) |
|
|
415 | (2) |
|
14.2.3 3-HP as a Nematicide |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
14.3 Synthesis of 3-HP from Glucose |
|
|
417 | (4) |
|
14.4 Synthesis of 3-HP from Glycerol |
|
|
421 | (16) |
|
14.4.1 CoA-Independent dha Operon |
|
|
422 | (3) |
|
14.4.2 CoA-Dependent pdu Operon |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
14.4.3 Redirecting the Flux toward 3-HP Production |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
14.4.4 K. pneumoniae as a Host for Glycerol-Derived 3-HP Production |
|
|
426 | (5) |
|
14.4.5 3-HP Production from Glycerol in Recombinant E. coli |
|
|
431 | (6) |
|
14.5 Bridging the Gap Between Glucose and Glycerol in 3-HP Production |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
14.6 Other Strains for 3-HP Production from Glycerol |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
14.7 Limitations of 3-HP Synthesis |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
14.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
444 | (9) |
|
15 Itaconic Acid - An Emerging Building Block |
|
|
453 | (20) |
|
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|
|
|
15.1 Background, History, and Economy |
|
|
453 | (2) |
|
15.2 Biosynthesis of Itaconic Acid |
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
15.2.1 Aspergillus terreus |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
15.2.2 Genes and Enzymes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Itaconic Acid in A. terreus |
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
15.2.3 Genes and Enzymes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Itaconic Acid in Ustilago maydis |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
15.3 Production Conditions for Itaconic Acid |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
15.4 Physiological Effects and Metabolism of Itaconic acid |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
15.5 Metabolic Engineering for Itaconic Acid Production |
|
|
462 | (5) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
469 | (4) |
Part VI Top-Value Platform Chemicals |
|
473 | (72) |
|
16 Microbial Production of Isoprene: Opportunities and Challenges |
|
|
475 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
16.2 The Milestones of Isoprene Production |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
16.3 Microbial Production of Isoprene: Out of the Laboratory |
|
|
477 | (12) |
|
16.3.1 Advantages of Bioisoprene Against Petroleum-Derived Isoprene |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
16.3.2 Metabolic Pathways and Key Enzyme of Bioisoprene |
|
|
477 | (3) |
|
16.3.3 Metabolic Engineering of MVA and MEP Pathways for Microbial Production of Isoprene |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
16.3.4 Substrate for the Microbial Production of Isoprene |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
16.3.5 Evaluation of Isoprene Biosynthetic Process from Different Substrates |
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
16.3.6 Chassis Strains for the Microbial Production of Isoprene |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
16.3.7 Recovery Techniques for the Gas-Phase Bioisoprene |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
16.3.8 Scale-up Fermentation and Process Control of Bioisoprene |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
16.4 Main Challenges for Bioisoprene Production |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
|
491 | (7) |
|
16.5.1 Rational Design of Central Metabolic Pathway to Increase the Yield and Productivity of Isoprene |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
16.5.2 Improving the Yield via Metabolic Pathways (MVA/MEP) Engineering |
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
16.5.3 Improving the Intermediate Precursors via Enzyme Engineering |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
16.5.4 Novel Substrates for Bioisoprene |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
16.5.5 Integration of Bio and Chemo Substrates and Process for Isoprene Production |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
16.5.6 Novel Hosts for Isoprene Production |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
16.5.7 Exploring Anaerobic Routes |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
16.5.8 Biosynthesis of Value-Added Isoprene Derivatives |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (7) |
|
|
505 | (40) |
|
|
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
17.2 Development of Succinic Acid Producers and Fermentation Strategies |
|
|
506 | (27) |
|
17.2.1 Actinobacillus succinogenes |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
17.2.2 Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
17.2.3 Corynebacterium glutamicum |
|
|
512 | (3) |
|
|
515 | (11) |
|
17.2.5 Mannheimia succiniciproducens |
|
|
526 | (4) |
|
17.2.6 Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
|
|
530 | (3) |
|
17.3 Succinic Acid Recovery and Purification |
|
|
533 | (3) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
17.3.3 Reactive Extraction |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
537 | (8) |
Part VII Biorenewable Fuels |
|
545 | (52) |
|
18 Ethanol: A Model Biorenewable Fuel |
|
|
547 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
18.2 Metabolic Engineering: Design, Build, Test, Learn |
|
|
549 | (14) |
|
18.2.1 Design: Metabolic Pathway Engineering |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
18.2.1.1 Introduction of a Foreign Pathway to Enable Non-native Substrate Utilization |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
18.2.1.2 Introduction of a Foreign Pathway to Enable Homoethanol Production |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
18.2.1.3 Selection of Metabolic Pathways for Modification |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
18.2.1.4 Metabolic Engineering to Enable Mixed-Substrate Utilization |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
18.2.1.5 Selection of Pathway Components for Tuning |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
18.2.2 Design: Membrane Engineering for Improved Tolerance |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
18.2.3 Build: Targeted Genetic Manipulation Techniques |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
18.2.3.1 One-Step Chromosomal Editing of E. coli |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
18.2.3.2 Shuttle Vectors for S. cerevisiae Engineering |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
18.2.4 Build: Evolutionary Strain Improvement |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
18.2.4.1 Genome-Wide Evolution for Improved Tolerance and Production |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
18.2.4.2 Enzyme Evolution to Enable Nonrecombinant Homoethanol Production |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
18.2.5 Test: Screening of Expression Libraries |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
18.2.5.1 Expression Libraries Containing Sequence Variants of a Preselected Gene |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
18.2.5.2 Expression Libraries that Alter Gene Abundance |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
18.2.5.3 Expression Libraries that Vary Genomic Integration Site |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
18.2.6 Learn: Identifying Strategies and Targets for the Next Design Stage |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
18.2.6.1 Reverse Engineering of Improved Strains |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
18.2.6.2 Learn: Identification of Metabolic Burdens During Production |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
18.3 Biomass Deconstruction |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
564 | (9) |
|
19 Microbial Production of Butanols |
|
|
573 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
19.2 A Historical Perspective of n-Butanol Production |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
575 | (5) |
|
19.3.1 The Biochemistry of ABE Fermentation |
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
19.3.2 Developing Genetics Tools in Clostridium acetobutylicum |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
19.3.3 Metabolic Engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum for Butanol Fermentation |
|
|
578 | (2) |
|
19.4 n-Butanol Production in Non-native Producers |
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
19.4.1 Rationale for Using Non-native Producers |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
19.4.2 Pathways for n-Butanol Biosynthesis |
|
|
580 | (2) |
|
19.4.3 Improved n-Butanol Production with Driving Forces |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
19.5 Isobutanol Production |
|
|
583 | (6) |
|
19.5.1 The Biochemistry of Isobutanol Production |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
19.5.2 Isobutanol Production from Sugar |
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
19.5.3 Isobutanol Production from Cellulose |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
19.5.4 Isobutanol Production from CO2 |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
19.5.5 Isobutanol Production from Waste Protein |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
19.5.6 Isobutanol Tolerance of E. coli |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
19.5.7 Other Products from the Keto-Acid Pathway |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (8) |
Index |
|
597 | |