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xv | |
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xxv | |
| Preface |
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xxvii | |
| About the Author |
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xxix | |
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Introduction to Measurements |
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1 | (6) |
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Pressure Measurement and Calibration Principles |
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7 | (76) |
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7 | (1) |
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Fluid Properties Relating to Pressure Measurement |
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7 | (30) |
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7 | (3) |
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10 | (1) |
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Gage and Absolute Pressure |
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10 | (6) |
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16 | (12) |
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28 | (9) |
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Standard Instruments for Calibration |
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37 | (46) |
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39 | (44) |
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Pressure Transducers and Pressure Gages |
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83 | (50) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (49) |
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Bourdon Pressure Elements |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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Helical Pressure Elements |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (25) |
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115 | (14) |
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Differential-Pressure Instrument Installation |
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129 | (4) |
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Transmitters and Transmission Systems |
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133 | (112) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Signal-Conditioning Circuits for Resistance Devices |
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136 | (5) |
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Variable Inductance Transducers |
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141 | (1) |
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Linear Variable Differential Transformer |
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142 | (3) |
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Variable-Capacitance Transmitters |
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145 | (5) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Electrical Strain Gage Transmitters |
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150 | (3) |
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Resonant Frequency Transmitter |
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153 | (5) |
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158 | (2) |
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Variable-Reluctance Transducers |
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160 | (4) |
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Piezoressistive Transmitters |
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164 | (1) |
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Flapper-Nozzle Transmitters |
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (2) |
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Summary of Transmitter Types |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (2) |
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Differential Pressure Measurement |
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176 | (3) |
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Differential-Pressure Applications |
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179 | (1) |
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Closed Tank Level Measurement by Differential Pressure |
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179 | (1) |
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Flow Measurement by Differential Pressure |
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180 | (4) |
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Industry-Standard Transmitters |
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184 | (2) |
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The Dynamics of Pressure Transmitters |
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186 | (1) |
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Digital Transmitters and Field Communication |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) |
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190 | (3) |
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Digital Transmitter Operation |
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193 | (7) |
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HHC Transmitter Smart Family Interface |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Calibrating HART Field Devices |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (3) |
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208 | (4) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Analog Output Current Fixed |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Nonprimary Variable Out of Limits |
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210 | (1) |
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Primary Variables Out of Limits |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (10) |
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212 | (9) |
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Summary for Foundation Fieldbus |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (5) |
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Introduction to Wireless Communication |
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227 | (1) |
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Specifications and Standards for Wireless Technology |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (3) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (11) |
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Level Measurement Theory and Visual Measurement Techniques |
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245 | (52) |
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245 | (2) |
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Visual Measurement Methods |
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247 | (1) |
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Dipsticks, Lead Lines, Steel Tapes with Bobweights |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (5) |
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254 | (12) |
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257 | (2) |
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Transmitters for Automatic Tank Gages |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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Maintenance and Preventive Maintenance |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Magnetic-Type Float Devices |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (2) |
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Displacement Principles for Level Measurement |
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270 | (1) |
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Variable-Displacement Measuring Devices |
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270 | (6) |
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Displacers Used for Interface Measurement |
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276 | (2) |
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Field-Mounted Interface Controllers |
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278 | (4) |
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Application of Displacer Actuated Level Controllers |
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282 | (8) |
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Maintenance and Calibration |
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290 | (2) |
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Multi-displacer Applications |
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292 | (1) |
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Instrument Mounting and Special Applications |
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293 | (4) |
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Hydrostatic Head Level Measurement |
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297 | (32) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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Open-Tank Head Level Measurement |
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298 | (6) |
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Hydrostatic Head Level Measurement |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (4) |
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308 | (1) |
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Air Purge or Bubble System |
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308 | (2) |
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Head Level Measurement in Closed-Tank Applications and Pressurized Vessels |
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310 | (2) |
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Mounting Considerations: Zero Elevation and Suppression |
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312 | (7) |
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A Multivariable Level Controller |
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319 | (3) |
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322 | (2) |
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Summary of Diaphragm Seal Systems |
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324 | (1) |
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Repeaters Used in Closed-Tank Level Measurement |
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325 | (1) |
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Summary of Hydrostatic Head Level Measurement |
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326 | (3) |
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Electrical Level Measurement |
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329 | (96) |
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329 | (1) |
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Resistance Level Measurement |
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329 | (6) |
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Capacitance Level Measurement |
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335 | (9) |
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Capacitance Measurement Techniques |
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344 | (6) |
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Application Considerations |
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350 | (1) |
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Installation Considerations |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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Tank Construction Material |
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354 | (1) |
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Tank Pressure and Operating Temperature |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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Radio Frequency Admittance Level Measurement |
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355 | (6) |
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Conductance Level Measurement |
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361 | (1) |
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Sonic and Ultrasonic Level Measurement |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (6) |
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368 | (1) |
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Transducer-Related Parasitic Echoes |
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369 | (1) |
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Secondary Echoes in Covered Tanks |
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370 | (2) |
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372 | (1) |
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Noninvasive Ultrasonic Sensors |
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373 | (3) |
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Summary---Ultrasonic Measurement |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (2) |
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Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar |
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380 | (1) |
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Signal Evaluation for FMCW Radar |
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380 | (3) |
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383 | (1) |
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Contact and Non-Contact Operation |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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Temperature Sensors and Display Equipment |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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Floating-Roof Tank Installations (Pipe Installations) |
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387 | (1) |
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Fixed-Roof Tank Installations |
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387 | (1) |
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Liquefied Gas Installations |
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387 | (1) |
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Tank Farm Storage and Waste Chemicals |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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Heavy Hydrocarbon Storage Vessels |
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389 | (1) |
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Possible Interference Issues in Radar Level Measurement |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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Other Microwave Transmitters |
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390 | (1) |
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End-of-the-Probe Algorithm |
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390 | (3) |
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Interface Detection by Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) |
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393 | (1) |
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Summary---Radar Level Measurement |
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394 | (2) |
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Fiber-Optic Liquid Level Measurement |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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Level Sensors for Refinery Vessels |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting Index Measurements |
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401 | (1) |
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Other Types of Level Measurement |
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401 | (1) |
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Magnetostrictive Level Measurement |
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402 | (3) |
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Nuclear Radiation Devices |
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (2) |
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Applications of Nuclear Radiation Level Measurement |
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407 | (4) |
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411 | (1) |
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Vibration-Type Level Measurement |
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412 | (1) |
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Thermal Level Measurement |
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413 | (2) |
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415 | (3) |
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Level Measurement by Weight |
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418 | (1) |
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Mounting and Installation of Load Cells |
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418 | (2) |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (5) |
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Liquid Density Measurement |
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425 | (36) |
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425 | (1) |
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Units and Definitions Related to Density |
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425 | (4) |
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Density Measurement by Hydrostatic Head |
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429 | (5) |
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Displacer Density Measurement |
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434 | (2) |
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Radiation Density Measurement |
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436 | (2) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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Density Gage Applications |
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440 | (5) |
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Oscillating Coriolis Density Measurement |
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445 | (1) |
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Summary of Coriolis Measurement |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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Capacitance-Type Density Measurement |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (3) |
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Vibrating Spool Density Measurement |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (2) |
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Insertion Liquid Density Measurement |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (2) |
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Density Applications of Microwave Measurement |
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458 | (3) |
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461 | (42) |
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461 | (1) |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (7) |
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Tank Recalibration and Recomputation |
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470 | (1) |
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471 | (2) |
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473 | (2) |
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475 | (3) |
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Applications of HTG Technology |
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478 | (1) |
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Vertical Cylindrical Tanks |
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478 | (1) |
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Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) Tanks |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (2) |
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481 | (3) |
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484 | (1) |
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HTG Assumptions and Level Calculation |
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485 | (1) |
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HTG Assumptions and Gross Volume Calculation |
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486 | (1) |
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HTG Assumptions and Mass Calculation |
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486 | (1) |
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HTG Assumptions and Net Volume Calculation |
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487 | (1) |
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487 | (1) |
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Advantages and Limitations of HTG |
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488 | (3) |
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New Developments and Trends |
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491 | (2) |
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A Multi-function Tank Gage |
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493 | (10) |
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MTG Construction and Design |
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494 | (1) |
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494 | (9) |
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Instrument Selection and Applications |
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503 | (92) |
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503 | (1) |
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Summary of Pressure Applications |
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503 | (5) |
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Summary of Level Applications |
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508 | (28) |
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508 | (9) |
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Accuracy Statements and Reference Performance |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (6) |
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Case Histories for Various Level Applications |
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524 | (6) |
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Applications in Solids Level Measurement |
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530 | (5) |
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Radar Signal Processing for Solids Application |
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535 | (1) |
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Summary of Solids Level Measurement |
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536 | (2) |
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Radar Applications in Stilling Wells and Bypass Pipes |
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538 | (1) |
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Head Level Measurement with Density Compensation |
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539 | (4) |
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Summary of Density Compensation for Head Measurement |
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543 | (1) |
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Conclusion---Level Measurement |
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543 | (6) |
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549 | (24) |
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B Deadweight Gage Calibration |
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573 | (20) |
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573 | (1) |
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B.2 Calibration of Piston Gages by Crossfloat |
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574 | (2) |
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B.3 Inspection of Weights |
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576 | (1) |
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B.4 Calibration of Weights |
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576 | (1) |
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B.5 Deadweight Gage Inspection and Preparation for Calibration |
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577 | (1) |
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B.6 Preliminary Calibration Operations |
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578 | (2) |
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B.7 Calibration of Piston Gages |
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580 | (1) |
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B.8 Crossfloat Balancing With the Proximity Indicator |
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581 | (6) |
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587 | (1) |
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B.10 Adjustments of Piston Pressure Gage Weights for a Specific Environment |
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588 | (3) |
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B.11 Recalibration Interval for Hydraulic Deadweight Gages |
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591 | (2) |
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C Pressure Instruments Form ISA-20.40a1 |
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593 | (2) |
| Answers to Exercises |
|
595 | (18) |
| Index |
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613 | |
