A Personal Note to Students |
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xii | |
Preface for Instructors |
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xiii | |
Part I Theory And Research In Child Development |
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Chapter 1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies |
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2 | (48) |
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The Field of Child Development |
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4 | (3) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (4) |
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Continuous or Discontinuous Development? |
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7 | (1) |
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One Course of Development or Many? |
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8 | (1) |
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Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture? |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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Biology And Environment: Resilient Children |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (3) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Philosophies of the Enlightenment |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories |
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14 | (7) |
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The Psychoanalytic Perspective |
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15 | (1) |
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Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory |
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16 | (2) |
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Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory |
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18 | (3) |
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Recent Theoretical Perspectives |
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21 | (9) |
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21 | (1) |
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Developmental Neuroscience |
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22 | (1) |
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Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Psychology |
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23 | (1) |
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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory |
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24 | (1) |
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Ecological Systems Theory |
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25 | (2) |
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Development as a Dynamic System |
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27 | (3) |
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Social Issues: Health: Family Chaos Undermines Children's Well-Being |
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28 | (2) |
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Comparing Child Development Theories |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (14) |
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31 | (6) |
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Cultural Influence: Immigrant Youths: Adapting to a New Land |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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Designs for Studying Development |
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39 | (3) |
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Improving Developmental Designs |
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42 | (2) |
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Ethics in Research on Children |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (2) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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49 | (1) |
Part II Foundations Of Development |
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Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations |
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50 | (36) |
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51 | (8) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Patterns of Gene-Gene Interaction |
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54 | (4) |
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Chromosomal Abnormalities |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (6) |
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Social Issues: Health: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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Environmental Contexts for Development |
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65 | (13) |
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65 | (2) |
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Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning |
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67 | (1) |
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Social Issues: Education: Worldwide Education of Girls: Transforming Current and Future Generations |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (2) |
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Beyond the Family: Neighborhoods and Schools |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (4) |
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Cultural Influence: Familism Promotes Competence in Hispanic Children and Youths |
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75 | (3) |
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Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment |
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78 | (6) |
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The Question, "How Much?" |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (8) |
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Biology And Environment: The Tutsi Genocide and Epigenetic Transmission of Maternal Stress to Children |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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85 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Prenatal Development |
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86 | (30) |
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Motivations for Parenthood |
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87 | (3) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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Is There a Best Time During Adulthood to Have a Child? |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (7) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
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Prenatal Environmental Influences |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (14) |
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Biology And Environment: Self-Regulation Therapy for Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASO) |
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103 | (4) |
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107 | (10) |
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Social Issues: Health: The Nurse-Family Partnership: Reducing Maternal Stress and Enhancing Child Development Through Social Support |
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110 | (1) |
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The Importance of Prenatal Health Care |
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111 | (3) |
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Cultural Influence: Culturally Sensitive Prenatal Health Care: Perspectives of Expectant Mothers |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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115 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Birth and the Newborn Baby |
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116 | (36) |
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117 | (4) |
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Stage 1: Dilation and Effacement of the Cervix |
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119 | (1) |
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Stage 2: Delivery of the Baby |
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119 | (1) |
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Stage 3: Birth of the Placenta |
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119 | (1) |
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The Baby's Adaptation to Labor and Delivery |
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119 | (1) |
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The Newborn Baby's Appearance |
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120 | (1) |
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Assessing the Newborn's Physical Condition: The Apgar Scale |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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123 | (1) |
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Labor and Delivery Medication |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (7) |
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126 | (1) |
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Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants |
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127 | (4) |
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Birth Complications, Parenting, and Resilience |
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131 | (2) |
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Cultural Influence: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies |
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132 | (1) |
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The Newborn Baby's Capacities |
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133 | (11) |
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133 | (3) |
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136 | (4) |
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Social Issues: Health: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (3) |
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Neonatal Behavioral Assessment |
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143 | (1) |
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The Transition to Parenthood |
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144 | (5) |
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Early Parent-Infant Contact |
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145 | (1) |
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Changes in the Family System |
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145 | (3) |
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Biology And Environment: Parental Depression and Child Development |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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151 | (1) |
Part III Infancy And Toddlerhood: The First Two Years |
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Chapter 5 Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood |
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152 | (44) |
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153 | (2) |
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Changes in Body Size and Muscle-Fat Makeup |
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153 | (2) |
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Changes in Body Proportions |
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155 | (1) |
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Individual and Group Differences |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (11) |
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155 | (2) |
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Measures of Brain Functioning |
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157 | (1) |
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Development of the Cerebral Cortex |
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158 | (2) |
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Sensitive Periods in Brain Development |
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160 | (4) |
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Biology And Environment: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Children with Brain Injury |
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161 | (3) |
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Changing States of Arousal |
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164 | (2) |
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Cultural Influence: Cultural Variation in Infant Sleeping Arrangements |
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165 | (1) |
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Influences on Early Physical Growth |
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166 | (6) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (3) |
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Social Issues: Health: Lead Exposure and Children's Development |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (7) |
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The Sequence of Motor Development |
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178 | (1) |
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Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems |
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179 | (3) |
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Fine-Motor Development: Reaching and Grasping |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (10) |
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184 | (2) |
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Biology And Environment: "Tuning in" to Familiar Speech, Faces, and Music: A Sensitive Period for Culture-Specific Learning |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (4) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Understanding Perceptual Development |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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195 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood |
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196 | (44) |
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Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory |
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197 | (13) |
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Piaget's Ideas About Cognitive Change |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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Follow-Up Research on Infant Cognitive Development |
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201 | (6) |
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Social Issues: Education: Baby Learning from Screen Media: The Video Deficit Effect |
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206 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Sensorimotor Stage |
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207 | (3) |
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210 | (8) |
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Assumptions of the Information-Processing Perspective |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (2) |
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Biology And Environment: Infantile Amnesia |
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216 | (1) |
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Evaluation of Information-Processing Findings |
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217 | (1) |
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The Social Context of Early Cognitive Development |
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218 | (1) |
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Individual Differences in Early Mental Development |
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219 | (8) |
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Cultural Influence: Social Origins of Make-Believe Play |
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220 | (1) |
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Infant and Toddler Intelligence Tests |
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221 | (1) |
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Early Environment and Mental Development |
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222 | (2) |
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Early Intervention for At-Risk Infants and Toddlers |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (11) |
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Theories of Language Development |
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227 | (4) |
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Biology And Environment: Thiamine Deficiency in the First Year and Later Language Impairment |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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The Two-Word Utterance Phase |
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234 | (1) |
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Individual and Cultural Differences |
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234 | (2) |
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Supporting Early Language Development |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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239 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood |
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240 | (40) |
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241 | (8) |
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242 | (3) |
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Understanding and Responding to the Emotions of Others |
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245 | (1) |
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Emergence of Self-Conscious Emotions |
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246 | (1) |
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Beginnings of Emotional Self-Regulation |
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247 | (2) |
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Temperament and Development |
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249 | (7) |
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The Structure of Temperament |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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Biology And Environment: Development of Shyness and Sociability |
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252 | (1) |
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Genetic and Environmental Influences |
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253 | (2) |
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Temperament and Child Rearing: The Goodness-of-Fit Model |
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255 | (1) |
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Development of Attachment |
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256 | (15) |
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Bowlby's Ethological Theory |
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257 | (1) |
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Measuring the Security of Attachment |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Factors That Affect Attachment Security |
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261 | (4) |
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265 | (4) |
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Social Issues: Health: Does Child Care in Infancy Threaten Attachment Security and Later Adjustment? |
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266 | (2) |
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Cultural Influence: The Role of Fathers' Involvement in Children's Development |
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268 | (1) |
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From Attachment to Peer Sociability |
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269 | (1) |
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Attachment and Later Development |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (5) |
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271 | (3) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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277 | (3) |
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Milestones: Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood |
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278 | (2) |
Part IV Early Childhood: Two To Six Years |
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Chapter 8 Physical Development in Early Childhood |
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280 | (26) |
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A Changing Body and Brain |
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281 | (4) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (2) |
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Influences on Physical Growth and Health |
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285 | (11) |
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Biology And Environment: Childhood Poverty and Brain Development |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Sleep Habits and Problems |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (4) |
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Social Issues: Health: Otitis Media and Development |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (8) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (5) |
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Cultural Influence: Why Are Children from Asian Cultures Advanced in Drawing Skills? |
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300 | (2) |
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Individual Differences in Motor Skills |
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302 | (1) |
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Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (1) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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305 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood |
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306 | (48) |
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Piaget's Theory: The Preoperational Stage |
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307 | (11) |
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Advances in Mental Representation |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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Symbol-Real-World Relations |
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309 | (2) |
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Limitations of Preoperational Thought |
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311 | (1) |
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Follow-Up Research on Preoperational Thought |
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312 | (4) |
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Social Issues: Education: Children's Gestures Facilitate Cognitive Change |
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315 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Preoperational Stage |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory |
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318 | (5) |
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318 | (1) |
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Social Origins of Early Childhood Cognition |
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319 | (2) |
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Vygotsky and Early Childhood Education |
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321 | (1) |
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Evaluation of Vygotsky's Theory |
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321 | (2) |
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Cultural Influence: Children in Village and Tribal Cultures Observe and Participate in Adult Work |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (13) |
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323 | (3) |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (1) |
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The Young Child's Theory of Mind |
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329 | (2) |
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Early Literacy and Mathematical Development |
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331 | (5) |
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Biology And Environment: Autism and Theory of Mind |
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332 | (4) |
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Individual Differences in Mental Development |
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336 | (15) |
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Early Childhood Intelligence Tests |
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336 | (1) |
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Home Environment and Mental Development |
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337 | (1) |
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Preschool, Kindergarten, and Child Care |
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337 | (5) |
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Social Issues: Education: Teaching Through Guided Play |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (2) |
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349 | (1) |
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Supporting Language Learning in Early Childhood |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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353 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood |
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354 | (50) |
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355 | (3) |
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Foundations of Self-Concept |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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Cultural Influence: Cultural Variations in Personal Storytelling: Implications for Early Self-Concept |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (5) |
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358 | (1) |
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Emotional Self-Regulation |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (6) |
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Advances in Peer Sociability |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (1) |
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Peer Relations and School Readiness |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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Parental Influences on Early Peer Relations |
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368 | (1) |
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Foundations of Morality and Aggression |
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369 | (13) |
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The Psychoanalytic Perspective |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (5) |
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Cultural Influence: Ethnic Differences in the Consequences of Physical Punishment |
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374 | (2) |
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The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective |
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376 | (1) |
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Development of Aggression |
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377 | (5) |
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382 | (10) |
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Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs and Behaviors |
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382 | (1) |
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Biological Influences on Gender Typing |
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383 | (1) |
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Environmental Influences on Gender Typing |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (4) |
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Biology And Environment: Transgender Children |
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390 | (1) |
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Reducing Gender Stereotyping in Young Children |
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391 | (1) |
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Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development |
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392 | (7) |
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392 | (2) |
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What Makes Authoritative Child Rearing Effective? |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (4) |
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399 | (2) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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401 | (3) |
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Milestones: Development in Early Childhood |
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402 | (2) |
Part V Middle Childhood: Six To Eleven Years |
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Chapter 11 Physical Development in Middle Childhood |
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404 | (26) |
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405 | (4) |
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Worldwide Variations in Body Size |
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406 | (1) |
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Secular Trends in Physical Growth |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (9) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (4) |
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Social Issues: Health: Family Stressors and Childhood Obesity |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (2) |
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Motor Development and Play |
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420 | (8) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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Individual Differences in Motor Skills |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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Adult-Organized Youth Sports |
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424 | (1) |
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Shadows of Our Evolutionary Past |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (4) |
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Social Issues: Education: School Recess-A Time to Play, a Time to Learn |
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417 | (11) |
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428 | (1) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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429 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood |
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430 | (46) |
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Piaget's Theory: The Concrete Operational Stage |
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430 | (6) |
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Attainments of the Concrete Operational Stage |
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430 | (4) |
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Limitations of Concrete Operational Thought |
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434 | (1) |
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Follow-Up Research on Concrete Operational Thought |
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434 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Concrete Operational Stage |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (12) |
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436 | (4) |
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Biology And Environment: Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
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437 | (3) |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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Culture, Schooling, and Memory Strategies |
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441 | (1) |
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The School-Age Child's Theory of Mind |
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442 | (1) |
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Cognitive Self-Regulation |
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443 | (1) |
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Applications of Information Processing to Academic Learning |
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444 | (4) |
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Individual Differences in Mental Development |
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448 | (9) |
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Defining and Measuring Intelligence |
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448 | (1) |
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Other Efforts to Define Intelligence |
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449 | (3) |
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Explaining Individual and Group Differences in IQ |
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452 | (4) |
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Cultural Influence: The Flynn Effect: Massive Generational Gains in IQ |
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454 | (2) |
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Reducing Cultural Bias in Testing |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (5) |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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459 | (3) |
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Children's Learning in School |
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462 | (11) |
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462 | (3) |
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Teacher-Student Interaction |
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465 | (1) |
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465 | (2) |
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Social Issues: Education: Magnet Schools: Equal Access to High-Quality Education |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
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Teaching Children with Special Needs |
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468 | (3) |
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How Well-Educated Are U.S. Children? |
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471 | (2) |
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473 | (2) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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475 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood |
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476 | (48) |
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477 | (8) |
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477 | (1) |
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Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Influences on Self-Concept |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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Influences on Self-Esteem |
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479 | (6) |
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485 | (2) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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Emotional Self-Regulation |
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487 | (1) |
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487 | (5) |
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Moral and Social-Conventional Understanding |
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488 | (1) |
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Understanding Individual Rights |
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489 | (1) |
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Culture and Moral Understanding |
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489 | (1) |
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Understanding Diversity and Inequality |
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489 | (3) |
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492 | (6) |
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492 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (4) |
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Biology And Environment: Bullies and Their Victims |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (3) |
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Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs |
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498 | (2) |
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Gender Identity and Behavior |
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500 | (1) |
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501 | (11) |
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Parent-Child Relationships |
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502 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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Never-Married Parent Families |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (4) |
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509 | (1) |
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Maternal Employment and Dual-Earner Families |
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510 | (2) |
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Some Common Problems of Development |
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512 | (7) |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (2) |
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Cultural Influence: Impact of Ethnic and Political Violence on Children |
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514 | (1) |
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Fostering Resilience in Middle Childhood |
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515 | (10) |
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Social Issues: Health: Children's Eyewitness Testimony |
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516 | (3) |
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519 | (2) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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521 | (3) |
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Milestones: Development in Middle Childhood |
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522 | (2) |
Part V Adolescence: The Transition To Adulthood |
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Chapter 14 Physical Development in Adolescence |
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524 | (36) |
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Conceptions of Adolescence |
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525 | (2) |
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The Biological Perspective |
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525 | (1) |
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526 | (1) |
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526 | (1) |
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Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood |
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527 | (9) |
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528 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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Motor Development and Physical Activity |
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530 | (1) |
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531 | (1) |
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Individual Differences in Pubertal Growth |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (1) |
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534 | (1) |
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Changing States of Arousal |
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535 | (1) |
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The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events |
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536 | (5) |
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Reactions to Pubertal Changes |
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536 | (1) |
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Pubertal Change, Emotion, and Social Behavior |
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537 | (1) |
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538 | (3) |
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Cultural Influence: Girls' Early Pubertal Timing and Problem Behaviors: The Role of Culture |
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540 | (1) |
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541 | (17) |
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541 | (1) |
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542 | (2) |
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544 | (1) |
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545 | (4) |
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Social Issues: Education: Parents and Teenagers (Don't) Talk About Sex |
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546 | (3) |
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Sexually Transmitted Infections |
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549 | (3) |
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Social Issues: Health: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths: Coming Out to Oneself and Others |
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550 | (2) |
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Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood |
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552 | (3) |
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555 | (3) |
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558 | (1) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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559 | (1) |
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Chapter 15 Cognitive Development in Adolescence |
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560 | (32) |
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Piaget's Theory: The Formal Operational Stage |
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562 | (3) |
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Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning |
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562 | (1) |
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562 | (1) |
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Follow-Up Research on Formal Operational Thought |
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563 | (2) |
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An Information-Processing View of Adolescent Cognitive Development |
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565 | (2) |
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Scientific Reasoning: Coordinating Theory with Evidence |
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565 | (1) |
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How Scientific Reasoning Develops |
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566 | (1) |
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Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes |
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567 | (5) |
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Self-Consciousness and Self-Focusing |
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567 | (2) |
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569 | (1) |
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569 | (3) |
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Social Issues: Health: Adult or Adolescent? Age, Decision Making, and the Law |
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571 | (1) |
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Sex Differences in Mental Abilities |
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572 | (4) |
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572 | (1) |
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573 | (3) |
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Biology And Environment: Sex Differences in Spatial Abilities |
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574 | (2) |
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576 | (1) |
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576 | (1) |
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576 | (1) |
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|
577 | (8) |
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|
577 | (1) |
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578 | (4) |
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Social Issues: Education: Media Multitasking Disrupts Attention and Learning |
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581 | (1) |
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582 | (3) |
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585 | (5) |
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|
585 | (1) |
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Factors Influencing Vocational Choice |
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586 | (2) |
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Vocational Preparation of Non-College-Bound Adolescents |
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588 | (2) |
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590 | (1) |
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Important Terms and Concepts |
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|
591 | (1) |
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Chapter 16 Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence |
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592 | (44) |
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593 | (3) |
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593 | (1) |
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594 | (1) |
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Factors That Affect Self-Esteem |
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595 | (1) |
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596 | (5) |
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|
597 | (1) |
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Identity Status and Psychological Well-Being |
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598 | (1) |
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Factors That Affect Identity Development |
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599 | (2) |
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Cultural Influence: Identity Development Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents |
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|
600 | (1) |
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|
601 | (11) |
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development |
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|
602 | (3) |
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Are There Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning? |
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605 | (1) |
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Coordinating Moral, Social-Conventional, and Personal Concerns |
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|
605 | (1) |
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Influences on Moral Reasoning |
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|
606 | (2) |
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Moral Reasoning and Behavior |
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|
608 | (1) |
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Religious Involvement and Moral Development |
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|
609 | (2) |
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Social Issues: Education: Development of Civic Engagement |
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|
610 | (1) |
|
Further Challenges to Kohlberg's Theory |
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|
611 | (1) |
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|
612 | (3) |
|
Parent-Adolescent Relationships |
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|
612 | (2) |
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|
614 | (1) |
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|
614 | (1) |
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|
615 | (8) |
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|
615 | (5) |
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|
620 | (1) |
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|
621 | (2) |
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|
623 | (8) |
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|
623 | (2) |
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|
625 | (3) |
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|
628 | (14) |
|
Biology And Environment: Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency |
|
|
629 | (2) |
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|
631 | (1) |
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|
632 | (1) |
|
Important Terms and Concepts |
|
|
633 | (3) |
|
Milestones: Development in Adolescence |
|
|
634 | (2) |
|
Chapter 17 Emerging Adulthood |
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|
636 | |
|
Unprecedented Exploration |
|
|
638 | (2) |
|
Cultural Change, Cultural Variation, and Emerging Adulthood |
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
Cultural Influence: Is Emerging Adulthood Really a Distinct Stage of Development? |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Development in Emerging Adulthood |
|
|
642 | (9) |
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
Emotional and Social Changes |
|
|
644 | (7) |
|
Risk and Resilience in Emerging Adulthood |
|
|
651 | (3) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Important Terms and Concepts |
|
|
654 | |
Glossary |
|
G-1 | |
References |
|
R-1 | |
Name Index |
|
NI-1 | |
Subject Index |
|
SI-1 | |