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Infectious Disease Ecology and Conservation [Pehme köide]

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(Professor Emeritus, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada), (Associate Professor, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, USA), (Professor and Director, Centre for Planetary )
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 304 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 245x190x15 mm, kaal: 656 g, 80 colour line figures/illustrations/photographs and 13 tables
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Feb-2022
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 019958351X
  • ISBN-13: 9780199583515
Teised raamatud teemal:
Infectious Disease Ecology and ConservationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 304 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 245x190x15 mm, kaal: 656 g, 80 colour line figures/illustrations/photographs and 13 tables
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Feb-2022
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 019958351X
  • ISBN-13: 9780199583515
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780199583515.html
Märksõnad:
Emerging infectious diseases pose an increasingly serious threat to a number of endangered or sensitive species and are increasingly recognized as one of the major factors driving species extinction. Despite the significant impact of pathogens on conservation, no single book has yet integrated
the theoretical principles underlying disease transmission with the practical health considerations for helping wildlife professionals and conservation biologists to manage disease outbreaks and conserve biodiversity.

This novel and accessible book starts with a foundational section focusing on the role of pathogens in natural ecosystems, the dynamics of transmission in different environments, and the factors driving wildlife disease outbreaks. It then moves on to more applied issues concerned with the
acquisition of field data including sampling, experimental design and analysis, as well as diagnostic analyses in both the laboratory and field. Guidelines for effective modelling and data analysis follow, before a final section is devoted to disease prevention and control including the prevention
of novel outbreaks, the use of diseases as biocontrol agents, and the associated issues of ethics, public communication, and outreach.

Infectious Disease Ecology and Conservation is primarily aimed at advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and established researchers in the fields of conservation biology, disease ecology, population ecology, and veterinary science. It will also be a valuable reference for conservation
practitioners, land managers, and wildlife professionals who are required to deal with disease outbreak problems.

Arvustused

Recent events surrounding the SARS-CoV-2-caused COVID-19 pandemic show the need for a comprehensive approach to research on and management of emerging infectious diseases affecting humans and other living populations. [ This book] provides a comprehensive overview of the convergence of conservation biology, theoretical ecology, and veterinary science in the study of emerging infectious diseases and their respective impacts on natural populations. Of particular interest are discussions on modeling, data analysis, and epidemiological concepts associated with population-level impacts and outcomes from emerging infectious diseases and parasites in animals and other natural populations. * Dr. Kip R. Thompson, Associate Professor, Missouri State University, Department of Public Health and Sports Science * I would like to congratulate the authors on creating a first-rate volume that should be widely used by anyone interested in developing a career in this area. It could easily be used as a textbook for a graduate student or upper-level undergraduatecourse. Members of the ecological society wondering why there are now so many sessions about parasites and pathogens at annual meetings should also browse a copy and realize there may be fundamental pieces of biology missing from their long term studies of plants and animals. Parasites and pathogens are everywhere. This volume explains why more people need to be aware of this and provides a cogent set of recipes for how you can set about studying these problem. * Andy Dobson, The Quarterly Review of Biology *

Acknowledgments xiii
List of acronyms and abbreviations xiv
Glossary xv
Introduction xxv
Part I Epidemiological Background 1(62)
1 Conservation biology and parasitism
3(23)
1.1 What is conservation biology?
3(1)
1.2 Biodiversity
3(1)
1.3 Extinction
4(1)
1.4 Drivers of extinction
5(5)
1.4.1 The role of parasites and pathogens in extinction
6(1)
1.4.2 Possible mechanisms of parasite-induced extinction/endangerment
7(2)
1.4.3 Detecting infectious disease threats to populations or communities
9(1)
1.5 Endangerment and conservation of parasites
10(9)
1.5.1 Are parasites threatened?
10(1)
1.5.2 Why conserve parasites-Ethical reasons
11(1)
1.5.3 Why conserve parasites-Applied reasons
12(3)
1.5.4 How do parasites become endangered?
15(1)
1.5.5 What are the effects of conservation management activities on parasite communities?
16(1)
1.5.6 Which parasite species are most likely to become endangered?
17(2)
1.6 Conclusion
19(7)
2 Disease epidemiology in natural systems
26(14)
2.1 Introduction
26(2)
2.2 Transmission and parasite life cycles
28(6)
2.2.1 Transmission in single host-single parasite infections
28(2)
2.2.2 Transmission in multiple host species-single parasite infection
30(1)
2.2.3 The basic reproductive number R0
30(3)
2.2.4 Natural selection and host-parasite interactions
33(1)
2.3 Factors determining outcome of infection
34(6)
2.3.1 Host effects
34(1)
2.3.2 Pathogen effects
35(1)
2.3.3 Environmental effects
36(4)
3 Anthropogenic effects and wildlife diseases
40(23)
3.1 Introduction
40(1)
3.2 Human introduction of pathogens or hosts
40(6)
3.2.1 Introduction of a novel disease agent into a naive population
41(3)
3.2.2 Introduction of naive hosts to an area where an indigenous pathogen exists
44(1)
3.2.3 Introduction of a host that alters the ecology of an indigenous disease
44(2)
3.3 Interactions between habitat degradation/loss and infectious disease
46(3)
3.3.1 Parasites/pathogens modifying habitat suitability
46(1)
3.3.2 Effects of habitat degradation/fragmentation on parasites and pathogens
47(2)
3.3.3 Conclusion
49(1)
3.4 Parasitism and predation
49(4)
3.4.1 Trophic transmission
51(1)
3.4.2 Effects of predators on herd health
52(1)
3.4.3 Combined effects of predation and parasitism on host population size and stability
53(1)
3.5 Climate change and wildlife disease
53(12)
3.5.1 Climate change and vector-borne diseases
54(9)
Part II Acquisition of Field Data 63(68)
4 Sampling, experimental design, and statistical analysis
65(11)
4.1 Introduction
65(1)
4.2 The three Rs of sampling and study design: Representativeness, replication, and randomness
65(5)
4.2.1 Representativeness
65(1)
4.2.2 Replication
66(1)
4.2.3 Randomness
67(3)
4.3 Statistical tools
70(2)
4.3.1 Likelihood
70(1)
4.3.2 The Akaike Information Criterion
71(1)
4.4 Hypothesis testing
72(1)
4.5 Power analysis
73(3)
5 Capture, restraint, and euthanasia of target species
76(21)
5.1 Introduction
76(1)
5.2 Are captured animals representative of the population?
77(2)
5.3 Are biological samples collected from study animals representative of the normal physiological state and not unduly influenced by the capture procedure?
79(4)
5.4 Will capture affect the study animal's subsequent behavior, activity, or survival?
83(1)
5.5 Are sampling frequency and intensity sufficient to accurately represent host population demographics and the dynamics of the disease?
83(3)
5.6 Will the capture technique endanger the investigator?
86(2)
5.7 How can the capturing/sampling process be improved?
88(1)
5.8 Euthanasia (humane killing)
89(1)
5.9 Capture considerations for various categories of vertebrate hosts
90(7)
5.9.1 Amphibians
90(1)
5.9.2 Reptiles
90(1)
5.9.3 Birds
91(1)
5.9.4 Mammals
92(5)
6 Disease and agent detection
97(14)
6.1 Introduction
97(1)
6.2 Detecting infectious agents in individuals
97(2)
6.3 Detecting infectious agents at the population level
99(2)
6.4 Detecting disease at the individual or population level
101(2)
6.5 Confirming a cause-effect relationship between infection and disease
103(8)
6.5.1 Basic principles and methodological challenges
103(2)
6.5.2 Experimental studies
105(1)
6.5.3 Observational studies
106(5)
7 The environmental context of wildlife disease
111(12)
7.1 Introduction
111(1)
7.2 Identifying and quantifying the association between environmental features and disease occurrence
112(3)
7.2.1 The importance of scale
115(1)
7.3 Modeling the environmental occurrence of disease
115(4)
7.3.1 Using features of the ecological niche to predict where or when disease will occur
117(1)
7.3.2 Using knowledge of the ecological niche in disease management
118(1)
7.4 Conclusions and summary
119(4)
8 Agent and disease detection-Laboratory methods
123(8)
8.1 Introduction
123(1)
8.2 Sampling-Preanalysis
124(2)
8.3 Sampling-Analysis
126(2)
8.4 Sampling-Postanalysis
128(3)
Part III Modeling and Data Analysis 131(38)
9 Disease modeling
133(18)
9.1 Why use a model?
133(1)
9.2 Types of models
134(2)
9.2.1 Strategic versus tactical models
134(1)
9.2.2 Deterministic versus stochastic models
134(1)
9.2.3 Microparasite versus macroparasite models
135(1)
9.3 Microparasite models
136(3)
9.3.1 Incorporating age structure and time delays
138(1)
9.4 Macroparasite models
139(1)
9.5 Integral projection models
140(1)
9.6 The basic reproductive number R0
141(5)
9.6.1 R0 for complex life cycles and multiple hosts
141(4)
9.6.2 R0 for network models
145(1)
9.7 Adding pathogens to population viability analysis models
146(1)
9.8 Individual-based models
147(1)
9.9 Models for spatial spread
148(3)
10 Estimating basic epidemiological parameters
151(18)
10.1 Introduction
151(1)
10.2 Estimating host population size and infection status
151(1)
10.3 Mortality and fecundity: Basic demographic parameters
152(3)
10.3.1 Estimating pathogen- or parasite-induced mortality
152(2)
10.3.2 Survival analysis
154(1)
10.4 Mark-recapture methods
155(2)
10.5 Quantifying transmission
157(3)
10.5.1 What does one need to estimate and why?
157(1)
10.5.2 Estimating contact rates
157(1)
10.5.3 Estimating the force of infection
158(1)
10.5.4 Multistate mark-recapture methods
158(2)
10.6 Estimating R0
160(3)
10.6.1 Direct estimation of R0 for emerging diseases
160(2)
10.6.2 Estimation of R0 for infections at equilibrium
162(1)
10.6.3 Estimating R0 in multiple host systems
162(1)
10.7 Estimating the parameters for spatial spread
163(1)
10.8 Bayesian approaches
163(6)
Part IV Epidemiological Control and Prevention 169(95)
11 Disease management: Introduction and planning
171(10)
11.1 Identifying the problem: Known known
171(1)
11.2 Known unknowns
171(1)
11.3 Unknown unknowns
172(1)
11.4 Steps in managing threats to wildlife from infectious disease
172(3)
11.5 Management plans
175(6)
11.5.1 Elements of a management plan
176(1)
11.5.2 Existing management plans for wildlife diseases: The example of Australia
176(5)
12 Preventing new disease occurrences
181(21)
12.1 Background and definitions
181(6)
12.1.1 Anticipatory planning
183(1)
12.1.2 Ecological and evolutionary considerations
184(3)
12.2 Introduction of pathogens into susceptible systems: Prevention and management
187(5)
12.2.1 Preventing disease introduction after accidental movement of hosts
187(4)
12.2.2 Preventing disease introduction during intentional host movement: Wildlife translocations and reintroduction
191(1)
12.2.3 Preventative protection of individual hosts
192(1)
12.3 Introduction of susceptible hosts to a disease nidus: Realities and prevention
192(2)
12.4 Preventing environmental changes that allow a disease to establish or increase in prevalence
194(2)
12.5 Conclusion
196(6)
13 Disease elimination and eradication
202(21)
13.1 Introduction
202(1)
13.2 Pre-intervention considerations
202(4)
13.3 Manipulating the causative agent
206(1)
13.4 Manipulating the host(s)
207(4)
13.5 Vaccination
211(2)
13.6 Manipulating environmental factors
213(2)
13.7 Combined techniques
215(1)
13.8 The endgame
215(1)
13.9 Establishing an "ark" or "insurance" population
216(7)
14 Disease control: How to live with infection
223(14)
14.1 Introduction
223(2)
14.2 Reducing prevalence or intensity of infection
225(2)
14.2.1 Culling
225(1)
14.2.2 Chemotherapy
225(2)
14.2.3 Managing species other than the focal host
227(1)
14.3 Increasing resistance or tolerance
227(5)
14.3.1 Food supplementation
227(1)
14.3.2 Vaccination
228(1)
14.3.3 Probiotics and related approaches
228(2)
14.3.4 Genetic management
230(2)
14.4 Increasing tolerance of infection at a population level
232(5)
15 Infectious diseases as biological control agents
237(13)
15.1 Introduction
237(1)
15.2 Myxomatosis as a biological control for rabbit populations
237(4)
15.3 Rabbit hemorrhagic disease to control rabbit populations
241(1)
15.3.1 Rabbit biocontrol-Ecological consequences
242(1)
15.4 Feline panleukopenia virus against cats
242(1)
15.5 Herpesvirus as a control agent for European carp
243(2)
15.6 Potential biological control of cane toads
245(1)
15.7 Virally vectored immunocontraception
245(1)
15.8 Synthesis and conclusions
246(4)
15.8.1 Logistics of biocontrol
246(1)
15.8.2 Required prerelease knowledge
247(1)
15.8.3 Postrelease activities
247(3)
16 Ethical and public outreach considerations
250(14)
16.1 Introduction
250(1)
16.2 Ethics in wildlife disease management
250(5)
16.2.1 Conservation
252(1)
16.2.2 Preservationism
253(1)
16.2.3 A special case: Global eradication of pathogens or parasites
253(1)
16.2.4 Implications for wildlife disease management
253(1)
16.2.5 Ethics of wildlife disease management: Some practical suggestions
254(1)
16.3 Wildlife disease management and public outreach
255(9)
16.3.1 Communicating information about wildlife-associated disease: Interacting with the community
255(4)
16.3.2 Stakeholder engagement methods
259(5)
Index 264
Johannes Foufopoulos is Associate Professor at the School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, USA. He runs the Foufopoulos Lab, where his research is focused on fundamental conservation biology questions and on issues related to the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases. His major research projects examine how habitat fragmentation, invasive organisms and global climate change result in species extinction. Other projects address questions regarding the impact of diseases on wildlife populations and the environmental causes leading to disease emergence.

Gary A. Wobeser is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Science, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. He was one of the original founders of the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre. His research interests involve environmental contaminants related to pathology and toxicology in wildlife.

Hamish McCallum is a Professor and Director of the Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Australia and a Member of the Environmental Futures Research Institute, Australia. His core area of research interest is in disease ecology, with a particular interest in infectious diseases in free ranging wildlife populations. He also has broader interests in quantitative population dynamics and conservation biology.