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xii | |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xv | |
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1 Theory and Approaches in Research into Interaction, Corrective Feedback, and Tasks in L2 Learning |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 The Scope of This Book and the Inclusion of New Data |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Theoretical Background |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (5) |
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1.4 Open Research Areas in Interaction |
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11 | (1) |
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1.5 Corrective Feedback Research |
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12 | (6) |
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1.6 Open Research Areas in Corrective Feedback |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (6) |
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1.8 Open Research Areas in TBLT |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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2 Designing Studies of the Roles of Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks in Second Language Learning |
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27 | (27) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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2.3 Different Approaches in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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28 | (5) |
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2.4 How Do We Come Up with Research Questions and Hypotheses in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research? |
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33 | (2) |
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2.5 Where Do Research Questions Come From? |
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35 | (2) |
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2.6 Longitudinal Research |
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37 | (1) |
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2.7 Looking for Gaps in the Literature |
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38 | (1) |
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2.8 Finding Questions in Your Own Contexts |
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39 | (2) |
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2.9 Online Contexts and Social Media |
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41 | (1) |
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2.10 How Do We Know If Our Studies Are Feasible? |
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42 | (1) |
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2.11 Thinking about Interaction, Feedback, and Task-Based Research: What Are Hypotheses? What Are Predictions? |
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43 | (1) |
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2.12 Open Science: Materials and Data in the Interaction, Feedback, and Task Areas |
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44 | (1) |
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2.13 Examples of Research Questions and Hypotheses |
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45 | (2) |
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2.14 Replication Studies in Research on Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks in Language Learning |
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47 | (2) |
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2.15 IRIS: A Source of Instruments for Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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49 | (1) |
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2.16 What Are the Difficult Parts about Doing Replications in SLA/Interaction? |
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50 | (2) |
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2.17 What Are the Areas of Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research Where Replication Studies Would Be Helpful? |
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52 | (2) |
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3 Investigating Individual Differences in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Studies: Aptitude, Working Memory, Cognitive Creativity, and New Findings in L2 Learning |
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54 | (17) |
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55 | (3) |
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58 | (6) |
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64 | (7) |
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4 Collecting Introspective Data in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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71 | (12) |
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4.1 Introspections in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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71 | (1) |
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4.2 Stimulated Recalls in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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72 | (2) |
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4.3 Think-Aloud Protocols in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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74 | (1) |
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4.4 Immediate Recalls in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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75 | (2) |
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4.5 Interviews in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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77 | (2) |
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4.6 Journals and Blog Entries in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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79 | (1) |
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4.7 Discourse Completion Tasks in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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80 | (3) |
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5 Creating and Using Surveys, Interviews, and Mixed Methods for Research into Interaction, Corrective Feedback, Tasks, and L2 Learning |
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83 | (23) |
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83 | (1) |
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5.2 How Are Surveys and Questionnaires Denned in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research? |
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83 | (1) |
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5.3 How Have Questionnaires Been Used in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research? |
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84 | (1) |
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5.4 Interview Instruments Held in IRIS |
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85 | (2) |
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5.5 How Are Interviews Used in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research? |
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87 | (2) |
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5.6 Data on Attitudes in Feedback Research Collected Using a Questionnaire (Including New Data) |
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89 | (1) |
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5.7 Writing Questions for Surveys in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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90 | (1) |
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5.8 What Are the Benefits of Surveys? |
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91 | (3) |
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94 | (3) |
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5.10 How to Create and Administer Surveys for Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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97 | (4) |
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5.11 Using Mixed-Methods Approaches to Carrying Out Research in Interaction, Feedback, and Task-Based Learning |
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101 | (5) |
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6 Doing Meta-Analytic and Synthetic Research on Interaction, Feedback, Tasks, and L2 Learning |
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106 | (26) |
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106 | (1) |
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6.2 Why Carry Out Meta-Analytic Research into Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks? |
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106 | (2) |
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6.3 What Is a Research Synthesis? |
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108 | (2) |
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6.4 What Is a Scoping Review? |
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110 | (2) |
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6.5 What Is a Meta-Analysis? |
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112 | (1) |
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6.6 Why Do Meta-Analysis? |
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112 | (1) |
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6.7 Meta-Analyses on Oral Corrective Feedback |
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113 | (4) |
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6.8 Meta-Analyses on Task-Based Interaction |
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117 | (2) |
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6.9 Summary of Related Methodological Meta-Analyses |
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119 | (1) |
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6.10 How Do We Do a Synthesis/Meta-Analysis? |
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120 | (1) |
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6.11 Tips for Defining the Research Domain |
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121 | (1) |
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6.12 How Do We Conduct a Thorough Literature Search? |
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122 | (2) |
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6.13 How Do We Come Up with Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria? |
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124 | (1) |
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6.14 How Do We Code the Data? |
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125 | (2) |
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6.15 How Do We Analyze and Interpret Findings? |
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127 | (3) |
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6.16 Are There Any Issues with Meta-Analysis Research? |
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130 | (2) |
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7 Investigating Interaction, Feedback, Tasks, and L2 Learning in Instructional Settings |
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132 | (18) |
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7.1 Instructional Settings for Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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132 | (1) |
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7.2 Using Observations in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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133 | (2) |
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7.3 Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks in Action Research and Issues of Objectivity |
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135 | (2) |
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7.4 Introspections in Classroom Research on Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks |
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137 | (1) |
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7.5 Uptake Sheets in Classroom Research on Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks |
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138 | (1) |
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7.6 Stimulated Recalls in Classroom Research on Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks |
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139 | (1) |
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7.7 Using Journals in Studies of Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks in L2 Learning |
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140 | (2) |
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7.8 Group Assignments in Quasi-experimental Classroom Research on Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks |
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142 | (2) |
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7.9 Interaction, Tasks, and Feedback in Action Research |
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144 | (3) |
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7.10 Practical and Logistical Considerations in Classroom Research on Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks |
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147 | (3) |
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8 Choosing and Using Eye-Tracking, Imaging, and Prompted Production Measures to Investigate Interaction, Feedback, and Tasks in L2 Learning |
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150 | (20) |
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8.1 Eye-Tracking in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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151 | (3) |
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8.2 Pupillometry Measures |
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154 | (1) |
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8.3 Electroencephalogram (EEG) Tests |
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154 | (3) |
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8.4 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Tests |
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157 | (3) |
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8.5 Research Using fMRI Techniques |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (2) |
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8.7 Psycholinguistic Techniques: Reaction Time, Word Association, and Priming |
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164 | (6) |
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9 Working with Data in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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170 | (25) |
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9.1 Transcribing Interaction, Feedback, and Task Data |
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170 | (2) |
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9.2 Describing Interaction, Feedback, and Task Data |
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172 | (2) |
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9.3 How to Code Interaction, Feedback, and Task Data |
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174 | (2) |
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9.4 Examples of Ways to Code Interaction, Feedback, and Task Data |
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176 | (5) |
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9.5 Coding Qualitative and/or Interpretive Data in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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181 | (1) |
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9.6 Mixed-Methods Data in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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181 | (1) |
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9.7 Coding Mechanics in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Data |
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182 | (1) |
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9.8 Ensuring Reliability in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Data |
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183 | (1) |
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9.9 Simple Percentages and Cohen's Kappa for Reliability in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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184 | (2) |
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9.10 Using Reliable Instruments in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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186 | (1) |
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9.11 Different Types of Validity in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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187 | (2) |
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9.12 WEIRD Participants and Representation in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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189 | (2) |
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9.13 Collecting Biodata in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Research |
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191 | (1) |
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9.14 Outliers in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Data |
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192 | (1) |
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9.15 The Importance of Triangulation in Interaction, Feedback, and Task Data |
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193 | (2) |
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10 Common Problems, Pitfalls, and How to Address Them in Research on Interaction, Corrective Feedback, and Tasks in L2 Learning |
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195 | (11) |
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10.1 What Can Go Wrong When We Are Designing Studies? |
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195 | (6) |
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10.2 What Can Go Wrong While We Are Collecting Data? |
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201 | (3) |
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10.3 What Can Go Wrong When We Are Analyzing Data? |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
Glossary |
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206 | (8) |
References |
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214 | (26) |
Index |
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240 | |