Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
About the Author |
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xiv | |
Online Resources for Instructors |
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xv | |
Praise for this Book |
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xvi | |
1 Relevance of Intercultural Management |
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1 | (10) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1 Cultural Diversity-A Blessing or a Curse? |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Intercultural Management Challenges in Different Areas |
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3 | (4) |
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1.3 Reasons for Studying Intercultural Management |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (2) |
2 Definitions, Manifestations, Delineations, and Functions of Culture |
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11 | (31) |
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11 | (1) |
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2.1 Definitions of Culture |
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12 | (5) |
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2.2 Manifestations of Culture |
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17 | (3) |
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2.3 Delineations of National Culture |
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20 | (8) |
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28 | (9) |
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2.4.1 Physical Environment |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Legal-Political System |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (2) |
3 Intercultural Management Research: Conceptual and Methodological Issues |
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42 | (27) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.1 Historical Roots and Interdisciplinary References |
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42 | (4) |
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3.2 Current Research Streams and Theoretical Foundations |
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46 | (10) |
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3.2.1 Epistemological Perspectives |
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46 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Comparative Management Research |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Cross-Cultural Management Research |
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50 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Indigenous Management Research |
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51 | (2) |
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3.2.5 Postcolonial Management Research |
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53 | (3) |
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3.3 Methodological Challenges of Intercultural Management Research |
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56 | (10) |
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3.3.1 Conceptualization of Research Projects |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (4) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Interpretation of Results |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (3) |
4 Concepts of Culture |
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69 | (66) |
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69 | (1) |
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4.1 The Concept of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck |
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70 | (6) |
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70 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Basic Cultural Orientations |
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71 | (4) |
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4.1.2.1 Human-Nature Orientation |
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71 | (2) |
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4.1.2.2 Man-Nature Orientation |
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73 | (1) |
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4.1.2.3 Relational Orientation |
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73 | (1) |
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4.1.2.4 Activity Orientation |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Critical Evaluation |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (8) |
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76 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Dimensions of Culture |
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77 | (6) |
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4.2.2.1 Context Orientation |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (2) |
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4.2.2.3 Space Orientation |
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81 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Critical Evaluation |
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83 | (1) |
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4.3 The Concept of Hofstede |
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84 | (15) |
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84 | (5) |
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4.3.2 Dimensions of Culture |
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89 | (8) |
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89 | (1) |
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4.3.2.2 Uncertainty Avoidance |
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90 | (1) |
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4.3.2.3 Individualism vs. Collectivism |
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91 | (2) |
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4.3.2.4 Masculinity vs. Femininity |
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93 | (1) |
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4.3.2.5 Long-term Orientation |
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94 | (2) |
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4.3.2.6 Indulgence vs. Restraint |
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96 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Critical Evaluation |
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97 | (2) |
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4.4 The Concept of Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner |
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99 | (5) |
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99 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Dimensions of Culture |
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100 | (3) |
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4.4.2.1 Universalism vs. Particularism |
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100 | (1) |
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4.4.2.2 Individualism vs. Communitarianism |
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101 | (1) |
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4.4.2.3 Neutral vs. Emotional |
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101 | (1) |
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4.4.2.4 Specificity vs. Diffuseness |
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101 | (1) |
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4.4.2.5 Achieved Status vs. Ascribed Status |
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102 | (1) |
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4.4.2.6 Inner Direction vs. Outer Direction |
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102 | (1) |
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4.4.2.7 Sequential Time vs. Synchronous Time |
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103 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Critical Evaluation |
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103 | (1) |
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4.5 Schwartz"s Concept of Cultural Value Orientations |
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104 | (4) |
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104 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Dimensions of Culture |
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106 | (1) |
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4.5.2.1 Autonomy vs. Embeddedness |
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106 | (1) |
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4.5.2.2 Egalitarianism vs. Hierarchy |
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106 | (1) |
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4.5.2.3 Harmony vs. Mastery |
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107 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Critical Evaluation |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (11) |
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108 | (8) |
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4.6.2 GLOBE"s Cultural Dimensions: Cultural Practices vs. Cultural Values |
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116 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Critical Evaluation |
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117 | (2) |
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4.7 Thomas" Concept of Cultural Standards |
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119 | (5) |
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119 | (1) |
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4.7.2 Examples of Cultural Standards |
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119 | (4) |
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4.7.3 Critical Evaluation |
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123 | (1) |
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4.8 The Constructivist Concept of Culture |
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124 | (6) |
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124 | (1) |
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4.8.2 Application in Intercultural Management |
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125 | (4) |
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4.8.3 Critical Evaluation |
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129 | (1) |
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4.9 Concepts of Culture: A Critical Evaluation |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (3) |
5 Cultural Differences and Cultural Similarities |
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135 | (54) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (18) |
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5.1.1 The Typology of Galtung |
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136 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Huntington"s Classification of Civilizations |
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138 | (2) |
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5.1.3 Cattell"s Concept of Syntality Patterns |
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140 | (1) |
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5.1.4 Taxonomy of Cultures Based on Hofstede |
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141 | (2) |
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5.1.5 Schwartz"s Spatial Map of Cultural Regions |
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143 | (2) |
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5.1.6 The GLOBE Cultural Clusters |
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145 | (2) |
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5.1.7 Cultural Clusters of Ronen and Shenkar |
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147 | (3) |
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5.1.8 Critical Evaluation |
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150 | (3) |
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5.2 Cultural Distance and Cultural Attractiveness |
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153 | (12) |
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5.2.1 The Kogut and Singh Index of Cultural Distance |
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153 | (4) |
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5.2.2 The Cultural Attractiveness Concept of Li et al. |
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157 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Shenkar"s Concept of Cultural Frictions |
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159 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Bilateral Trade in Cultural Goods as a Proxy for Cultural Attractiveness |
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160 | (3) |
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5.2.5 Critical Evaluation |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (21) |
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5.3.1 Level-Based Concepts of Cultural Diversity |
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166 | (4) |
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5.3.2 Variance-Based Concepts of Cultural Diversity |
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170 | (8) |
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5.3.2.1 Gelfand"s Concept of Cultural Tightness and Looseness |
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171 | (2) |
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5.3.2.2 The Concept of Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization |
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173 | (5) |
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5.3.3 Pattern-Based Concepts of Cultural Diversity |
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178 | (6) |
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5.3.4 Critical Evaluation |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (3) |
6 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation |
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189 | (65) |
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189 | (1) |
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6.1 Process Model of Intercultural Communication |
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190 | (2) |
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6.2 Elements of Intercultural Communication |
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192 | (30) |
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6.2.1 Verbal Communication |
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194 | (10) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (4) |
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202 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Para-Verbal Communication |
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204 | (4) |
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6.2.2.1 Oral Communication |
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204 | (2) |
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6.2.2.2 Written Communication |
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206 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Non-Verbal Communication |
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208 | (9) |
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6.2.3.1 Oral Communication |
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208 | (6) |
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6.2.3.2 Written Communication |
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214 | (3) |
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6.2.4 Extra-verbal Communication |
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217 | (22) |
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6.2.4.1 Oral Communication |
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217 | (4) |
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6.2.4.2 Written Communication |
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221 | (1) |
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6.3 Language and Cognition |
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222 | (3) |
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6.4 Language and Translation |
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225 | (8) |
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6.5 Intercultural Negotiation |
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233 | (6) |
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6.6 Instrumental Forms of Intercultural Communication |
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239 | (13) |
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6.6.1 Tactics of Instrumental Communication |
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240 | (7) |
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240 | (3) |
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243 | (3) |
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6.6.1.3 Non-Linguistic Tactics of Instrumental Communication |
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246 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Responses to Instrumental Communication |
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247 | (7) |
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6.6.2.1 Disputing about Facts |
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247 | (2) |
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6.6.2.2 Redirecting the Discourse |
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249 | (1) |
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6.6.2.3 Impeaching the Person"s Credibility |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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6.6.2.5 Ending the Conversation |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
7 Intercultural Management of Individuals, Teams, and Organizations |
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254 | (31) |
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254 | (1) |
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7.1 Individual Level: Career Patterns, Motivation, and Leadership in Different Cultures |
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254 | (17) |
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7.1.1 Culture and Career Patterns |
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254 | (8) |
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7.1.1.1 Recruitment and Selection |
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255 | (2) |
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7.1.1.2 Training and Development |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (3) |
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7.1.1.4 Typology of Career Models by Evans, Lank and Farquhar |
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260 | (2) |
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7.1.2 Culture and Work Motivation |
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262 | (2) |
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7.1.3 Culture and Leadership |
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264 | (5) |
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7.1.4 Critical Evaluation |
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269 | (2) |
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7.2 Group Level: Multicultural Teams |
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271 | (4) |
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7.2.1 Cultural Diversity and Multicultural Team Performance |
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271 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Moderators of Multicultural Team Performance |
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273 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Critical Evaluation |
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274 | (1) |
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7.3 Corporate Level: Organization in Different Cultures |
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275 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Culture and Organizational Design |
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275 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Culture and Interorganizational Collaboration |
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278 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Cross-Cultural Transfer of Organizational Practices |
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280 | (2) |
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7.3.4 Critical Evaluation |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (3) |
8 Intercultural Competence |
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285 | (22) |
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285 | (1) |
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8.1 Relevance and Definition |
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285 | (1) |
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8.2 Dimensions of Intercultural Competence |
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286 | (4) |
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8.3 Stage Model of Intercultural Competence |
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290 | (2) |
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8.3.1 Ethnocentric Stages |
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291 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Ethnorelative Stages |
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292 | (1) |
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8.4 Developing Intercultural Competence as Learning Cycle |
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292 | (2) |
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8.5 Antecedents of Intercultural Competence |
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294 | (3) |
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8.5.1 Psychographic Factors |
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294 | (2) |
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8.5.2 Demographic Factors |
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296 | (1) |
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8.6 Outcomes of Intercultural Competence |
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297 | (3) |
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8.6.1 Cultural Adjustment |
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297 | (2) |
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8.6.2 Cultural Boundary Spanning |
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299 | (1) |
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8.7 Measuring Intercultural Competence |
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300 | (3) |
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8.7.1 Self-Reported Evaluations |
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300 | (2) |
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8.7.2 Informant-Based Evaluations |
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302 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Observer-Based Evaluations |
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302 | (1) |
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8.8 Critical Outlook and Future Directions |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
9 Intercultural Training |
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307 | (77) |
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307 | (1) |
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9.1 Relevance and Definition |
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307 | (1) |
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9.2 Typology of Intercultural Training Methods |
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308 | (2) |
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9.3 Culture-Specific Training |
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310 | (6) |
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9.3.1 Intellectual Culture-Specific Training |
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310 | (3) |
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9.3.2 Experiential Culture-Specific Training |
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313 | (3) |
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9.4 Culture-General Training |
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316 | (4) |
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9.4.1 Intellectual Culture-General Training |
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316 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Experiential Culture-General Training |
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316 | (4) |
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9.5 Effectiveness of Intercultural Training |
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320 | (3) |
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9.6 Critical Outlook and Future Directions |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (4) |
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329 | (55) |
Index |
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384 | |