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Table of Treaties and International Instruments |
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xvii | |
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xxv | |
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1 The sources of international criminal law |
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3 | (26) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 The sources of public international law |
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4 | (6) |
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10 | (5) |
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1.4 Customary international law |
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15 | (6) |
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1.5 The relationship between treaty law and customary international law |
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21 | (2) |
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1.6 Revisiting the idea of a hierarchy of sources, and conflict between international law norms |
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23 | (3) |
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1.7 The relationship between international criminal law and other branches of international law |
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26 | (1) |
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1.8 Summary and conclusions |
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27 | (2) |
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2 Principles of State jurisdiction |
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29 | (28) |
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29 | (1) |
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2.2 Forms of jurisdiction: basic distinctions |
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30 | (1) |
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2.3 National prescriptive jurisdiction based on `links' |
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31 | (6) |
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2.4 Universal jurisdiction to prescribe |
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37 | (7) |
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2.5 Treaty-based systems of `quasi-universal' jurisdiction |
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44 | (8) |
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2.6 Summary and conclusions |
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52 | (5) |
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Part II Prosecuting International Crimes |
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3 The prosecution of international crimes: The role of international and national courts and tribunals |
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57 | (38) |
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57 | (2) |
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3.2 The road to Nuremberg: origins and precursors |
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59 | (3) |
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3.3 The IMT and the trial of the Nazi leadership, and other post-World War II proceedings |
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62 | (10) |
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3.4 National prosecutions for international crimes |
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72 | (6) |
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3.5 The rebirth of international criminal tribunals: the ICTY, the ICTR, and the ICC |
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78 | (9) |
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3.6 What purposes are served by international criminal law? |
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87 | (6) |
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3.7 Summary and conclusions |
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93 | (2) |
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4 Jurisdiction and structure of international criminal courts and tribunals |
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95 | (28) |
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95 | (1) |
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4.2 Types of international tribunal and their features |
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96 | (5) |
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4.3 The jurisdiction of the major international criminal tribunals |
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101 | (3) |
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4.4 Features of the jurisdiction of the ICC |
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104 | (12) |
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4.5 The organs of international tribunals: their powers and functions |
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116 | (3) |
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4.6 Summary and conclusions |
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119 | (4) |
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5 Investigations, prosecutions, evidence, and procedure |
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123 | (34) |
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123 | (1) |
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5.2 A brief introduction to international criminal procedure and the principal actors |
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124 | (5) |
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5.3 The pre-trial phase of proceedings: criminal investigation, decision to prosecute, and the document containing the charges |
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129 | (13) |
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5.4 The trial phase: confession, disclosure and evidence, conduct of the trial |
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142 | (12) |
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5.5 Summary and conclusions |
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154 | (3) |
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6 Fair trial rights, appeals, and revision and enforcement of sentences |
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157 | (26) |
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157 | (1) |
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6.2 Fair trial rights and the position of the defendant |
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158 | (6) |
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6.3 The right to a public, fair, and expeditious hearing |
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164 | (5) |
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6.4 Legality of arrest and detention |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (4) |
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6.6 Revision and enforcement of sentences |
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175 | (2) |
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6.7 Summary and conclusions |
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177 | (6) |
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Part III The Core International Crimes |
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7 The elements of international crimes |
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183 | (14) |
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183 | (2) |
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7.2 Contextual elements or thresholds |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (8) |
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7.5 Summary and conclusions |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (40) |
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197 | (4) |
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8.2 Basic principles of LOAC: distinction and proportionality |
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201 | (3) |
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8.3 International armed conflicts and non-international armed conflicts |
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204 | (7) |
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8.4 The nexus requirement and mental element of war crimes |
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211 | (3) |
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8.5 The substantive law of war crimes: the prohibited acts |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (16) |
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8.7 Corresponding offences between IACs and NIACs in the ICC Statute |
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232 | (3) |
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8.8 Summary and conclusions |
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235 | (2) |
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9 Crimes against humanity |
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237 | (32) |
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237 | (2) |
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9.2 The evolution of the definition of crimes against humanity |
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239 | (5) |
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9.3 The contextual element: `as a part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population with knowledge of the attack' |
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244 | (6) |
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9.4 The underlying prohibited acts and their definitions |
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250 | (10) |
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260 | (2) |
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9.6 Why have a separate category of crimes against humanity? |
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262 | (3) |
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9.7 Summary and conclusions |
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265 | (4) |
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269 | (22) |
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269 | (4) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (4) |
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10.4 The `contextual element' of genocide |
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279 | (3) |
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10.5 The mental element required for genocide |
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282 | (5) |
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10.6 Summary and conclusions |
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287 | (4) |
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291 | (24) |
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291 | (1) |
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11.2 Historical development |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (4) |
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11.6 Aggression or lawful use of force? |
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299 | (2) |
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11.7 Controversial cases of the use of force--lawful or unlawful? |
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301 | (5) |
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306 | (1) |
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11.9 Aggression before the ICC |
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307 | (2) |
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11.10 Aggression before national courts |
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309 | (1) |
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11.11 Summary and conclusions |
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310 | (5) |
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Part IV Defendants in international criminal trials |
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12 Modes of participation in crimes and concurrence of crimes |
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315 | (46) |
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315 | (2) |
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12.2 The liability of principals and accessories |
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317 | (3) |
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12.3 Liability by perpetration/commission |
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320 | (4) |
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12.4 General forms of secondary participation |
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324 | (8) |
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12.5 Command or superior responsibility |
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332 | (6) |
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12.6 Joint criminal enterprise (JCE) |
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338 | (9) |
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12.7 Commission by co-perpetration or indirect co-perpetration |
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347 | (5) |
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12.8 Other forms of participation in a group crime at the ICC |
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352 | (3) |
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12.9 Concurrence of crimes |
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355 | (2) |
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12.10 Summary and conclusions |
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357 | (4) |
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13 Defences or grounds for excluding criminal responsibility |
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361 | (34) |
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361 | (2) |
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13.2 Defences before international criminal tribunals |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (3) |
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13.6 Duress and necessity |
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372 | (4) |
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13.7 Mistake of fact and law |
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376 | (5) |
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381 | (7) |
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13.9 Reprisals and `tu quoque' |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (2) |
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13.11 Summary and conclusions |
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391 | (4) |
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14 Jurisdictional immunities |
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395 | (24) |
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395 | (2) |
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14.2 Introduction to the theory and history of State immunity |
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397 | (2) |
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14.3 Immunities enjoyed by individual State officials in criminal cases |
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399 | (11) |
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14.4 The ICC and the immunity of the officials of non-State parties |
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410 | (6) |
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14.5 Summary and conclusions |
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416 | (3) |
Index |
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419 | |