Preface |
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ix | |
Acknowledgements |
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xi | |
Notices |
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xiii | |
About The Companion Website |
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xv | |
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1 | (74) |
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3 | (15) |
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1.1 Properties of Probability |
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3 | (4) |
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1.2 Combinations of Events |
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7 | (8) |
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8 | (5) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (3) |
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2 Describing Distributions |
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18 | (31) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.2 Describing Distributions Graphically |
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19 | (7) |
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2.2.1 Graphing Discrete Data |
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20 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Graphing Continuous Data |
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22 | (4) |
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2.3 Describing Distributions Mathematically |
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26 | (12) |
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2.3.1 Parameter of Location |
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27 | (4) |
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2.3.2 Parameter of Dispersion |
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31 | (7) |
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2.4 Taking Chance into Account |
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38 | (11) |
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2.4.1 Standard Normal Distribution |
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39 | (10) |
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49 | (26) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (13) |
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51 | (5) |
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3.2.2 The Sampling Distribution |
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56 | (4) |
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60 | (4) |
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64 | (11) |
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3.3.1 Relationship between Interval Estimation and Hypothesis Testing |
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72 | (3) |
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PART TWO UNIVARIABLE ANALYSES |
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75 | (46) |
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4 Univariable Analysis Of A Continuous Dependent Variable |
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79 | (11) |
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4.1 Student's t-Distribution |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (4) |
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5 Univariable Analysis Of An Ordinal Dependent Variable |
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90 | (9) |
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5.1 Nonparametric Methods |
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90 | (4) |
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94 | (1) |
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5.3 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test |
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95 | (2) |
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5.4 Statistical Power of Nonparametric Tests |
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97 | (2) |
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6 Univariable Analysis Of A Nominal Dependent Variable |
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99 | (22) |
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6.1 Distribution of Nominal Data |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (7) |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (4) |
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6.3 Sampling Distributions |
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108 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Binomial Distribution |
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108 | (4) |
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6.3.2 Poisson Distribution |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (4) |
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PART THREE BIVARIABLE ANALYSES |
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121 | (106) |
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7 Bivariable Analysis of a Continuous Dependent Variable |
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123 | (52) |
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7.1 Continuous Independent Variable |
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123 | (42) |
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7.1.1 Regression Analysis |
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125 | (24) |
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7.1.2 Correlation Analysis |
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149 | (16) |
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7.2 Ordinal Independent Variable |
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165 | (1) |
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7.3 Nominal Independent Variable |
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166 | (9) |
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7.3.1 Estimating the Difference between the Groups |
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166 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Taking Chance into Account |
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167 | (8) |
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8 Bivariable Analysis of an Ordinal Dependent Variable |
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175 | (14) |
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8.1 Ordinal Independent Variable |
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176 | (8) |
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8.2 Nominal Independent Variable |
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184 | (5) |
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9 Bivariable Analysis of a Nominal Dependent Variable |
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189 | (38) |
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9.1 Continuous Independent Variable |
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190 | (10) |
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191 | (7) |
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198 | (2) |
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9.2 Nominal Independent Variable |
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200 | (27) |
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9.2.1 Dependent Variable Not Affected by Time: Unpaired Design |
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201 | (7) |
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208 | (10) |
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9.2.3 Dependent Variable Not Affected by Time: Paired Design |
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218 | (5) |
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9.2.4 Dependent Variable Affected by Time |
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223 | (4) |
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PART FOUR MULTIVARIABLE ANALYSES |
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227 | (108) |
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10 Multivariable Analysis of a Continuous Dependent Variable |
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229 | (52) |
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10.1 Continuous Independent Variables |
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230 | (18) |
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10.1.1 Multiple Regression Analysis |
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231 | (16) |
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10.1.2 Multiple Correlation Analysis |
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247 | (1) |
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10.2 Nominal Independent Variables |
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248 | (17) |
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10.2.1 Analysis of Variance |
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249 | (9) |
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258 | (7) |
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10.3 Both Continuous and Nominal Independent Variables |
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265 | (16) |
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10.3.1 Indicator (Dummy) Variables |
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266 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Interaction Variables |
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267 | (6) |
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10.3.3 General Linear Model |
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273 | (8) |
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11 Multivariable Analysis of an Ordinal Dependent Variable |
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281 | (12) |
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11.1 Nonparametric Analysis of Variance |
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282 | (6) |
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288 | (5) |
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12 Multivariable Analysis of a Nominal Dependent Variable |
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293 | (42) |
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12.1 Continuous And/or Nominal Independent Variables |
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294 | (13) |
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12.1.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation |
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294 | (3) |
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12.1.2 Logistic Regression Analysis |
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297 | (9) |
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12.1.3 Cox Regression Analysis |
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306 | (1) |
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12.2 Nominal Independent Variables |
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307 | (28) |
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12.2.1 Stratified Analysis |
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308 | (10) |
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12.2.2 Relationship between Stratified Analysis and Logistic Regression |
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318 | (4) |
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12.2.3 Life Table Analysis |
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322 | (13) |
Appendix A Flowcharts |
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335 | (6) |
Appendix B Statistical Tables |
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341 | (36) |
Appendix C Standard Distributions |
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377 | (3) |
Appendix D Excel Primer |
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380 | (5) |
Index |
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385 | |