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1 Light Curves, Orbits, and Reservoirs |
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1 | (26) |
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1 | (5) |
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6 | (17) |
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1.3 Non-gravitational Forces |
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23 | (4) |
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27 | (152) |
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2.1 Sizes and Shapes of Unresolved Nuclei |
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27 | (7) |
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2.2 Sizes and Shapes of Resolved Objects |
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34 | (4) |
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38 | (3) |
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2.4 Rotational Properties |
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41 | (13) |
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2.5 Centripetal Accelerations |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (12) |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (6) |
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2.8.1 Large-Scale Structure |
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69 | (3) |
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2.8.2 The Surface Layer and the Strength of Cometary Material |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (36) |
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75 | (1) |
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2.9.2 Sublimation of Ices |
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76 | (4) |
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80 | (1) |
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2.9.3.1 Simple Surface Energy Balance with Sublimation and Conduction |
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80 | (15) |
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2.9.3.2 Volume Absorption, Solid-State Greenhouse Effect, and Porosity |
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95 | (6) |
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2.9.3.3 Multi-volatile Models and Ice Fractionation |
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101 | (3) |
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2.9.3.4 The Amorphous-Crystalline Transition of Water Ice |
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104 | (3) |
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2.9.3.5 Thermal Emission from Resolved Surfaces |
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107 | (2) |
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2.9.3.6 Surface Roughness, Infrared Beaming, Self-Shadowing and Self-Heating |
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109 | (2) |
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2.10 Surface Appearance and Cometary "Geology" |
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111 | (68) |
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2.10.1 Regional Classification |
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113 | (5) |
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2.10.2 Textural Differences |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (6) |
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2.10.4 Depressions, Pits, and Other Quasi-Circular Structures |
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125 | (6) |
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131 | (1) |
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2.10.5.1 Torque-Induced and Other Possible Tectonic Fractures |
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131 | (2) |
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2.10.5.2 Thermal Fractures |
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133 | (3) |
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2.10.5.3 Polygonal Networks |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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2.10.7 Activity Induced Mass Wasting |
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138 | (6) |
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2.10.8 Sedimentary Processes |
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144 | (6) |
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2.10.9 Activity in Dust-Covered Areas |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (3) |
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2.10.10.1 The Surface Fluidization Mechanism |
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154 | (2) |
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2.10.11 Surface Changes in Smooth Terrains |
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156 | (3) |
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2.10.12 Other Circular Structures |
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159 | (2) |
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2.10.13 Surface Dust Transport |
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161 | (7) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (4) |
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2.10.16 Other Surface Changes |
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173 | (3) |
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2.10.17 Evidence for Large-Scale Mass Loss |
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176 | (3) |
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3 Gas Emissions Near the Nucleus |
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179 | (102) |
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179 | (2) |
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3.2 Major Species and Their Emissions |
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181 | (25) |
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206 | (4) |
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210 | (41) |
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3.4.1 The Initial Conditions |
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210 | (4) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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3.4.3.1 Fluid Equations for Equilibrium Flow |
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216 | (4) |
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3.4.3.2 The Initial Evolution of the Velocity Distribution Function |
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220 | (1) |
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3.4.3.3 Analytical Solutions for the Fluid Equations |
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221 | (3) |
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3.4.4 The Knudsen Layer and Low Density Flow |
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224 | (1) |
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3.4.4.1 The Boltzmann Equation and the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method |
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224 | (4) |
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3.4.4.2 The Knudsen Penetration Number |
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228 | (4) |
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3.4.4.3 The Influence of Composition |
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232 | (2) |
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3.4.5 Examples of Near-Nucleus Gas Flow |
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234 | (1) |
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3.4.5.1 Cases with Spherical Sources |
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234 | (4) |
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3.4.5.2 Cases with Realistic Shapes |
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238 | (1) |
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3.4.5.3 Deviations from Insolation-Driven Activity |
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238 | (2) |
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3.4.5.4 Degeneracy in Surface Activity Distributions |
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240 | (1) |
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3.4.6 Re-Condensation and Surface Reflection of Gas Molecules |
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241 | (2) |
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3.4.7 The Initial Gas Temperature |
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243 | (3) |
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3.4.8 Effects of Porosity on Small Scales |
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246 | (1) |
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3.4.9 Nightside Outgassing |
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247 | (4) |
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3.5 Reaction Chemistry and the Extended Coma |
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251 | (21) |
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3.5.1 Daughter Products and the Haser Model |
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251 | (6) |
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3.5.2 Detailed Reaction Kinetics |
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257 | (6) |
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3.5.3 The Swings and Greenstein Effects |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (2) |
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3.5.5 Other Notable UV Line Emissions |
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267 | (2) |
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3.5.6 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Parent and Daughter Species |
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269 | (3) |
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3.6 Compositional Variation with Heliocentric Distance |
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272 | (2) |
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3.7 Radiation Pressure on Gas Molecules and Radicals: The Neutral Tail(s) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (2) |
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4 Dust Emission from the Surface |
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281 | (118) |
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4.1 The Point Source Approximation |
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281 | (1) |
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4.2 Scattering of Light by Dust |
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282 | (24) |
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4.2.1 Introduction and Rayleigh Scattering |
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282 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Scattering by Particles Close to the Wavelength |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (5) |
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288 | (7) |
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4.2.4 The T-Matrix Method |
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295 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Computer Simulated Particles |
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296 | (2) |
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4.2.6 Observed Particle Structures |
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298 | (1) |
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4.2.7 The Discrete Dipole Approximation |
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299 | (1) |
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4.2.8 The Observed Phase Function at 67P |
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300 | (2) |
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4.2.9 The Observed Radiance |
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302 | (1) |
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4.2.9.1 The Optical Thin Case |
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302 | (1) |
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4.2.9.2 Optical Thickness Effects |
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303 | (1) |
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4.2.10 Inhomogeneous Particles and Maxwell Garnett Theory |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (4) |
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310 | (6) |
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4.4.1 Radiation Pressure Efficiency |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (3) |
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4.4.3 The Dynamics of Fluffy Particles |
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315 | (1) |
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4.5 Dust Size Distributions |
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316 | (6) |
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4.6 The Lifting Dust Ejection Process |
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322 | (7) |
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4.6.1 Drag Force at the Nucleus Surface |
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322 | (3) |
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325 | (2) |
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4.6.3 Advanced Dust Ejection Concepts |
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327 | (2) |
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4.7 The Influence of Drag on the Equations of Motion for the Dust |
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329 | (7) |
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4.7.1 Analytical Solutions |
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329 | (2) |
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4.7.2 Numerical Solutions |
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331 | (3) |
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4.7.3 Gas-Dust Energy Exchange within the Coma |
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334 | (2) |
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4.8 Converting Afp to a Dust Loss Rate |
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336 | (2) |
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4.9 Observation of Non-uniform Dust Emission |
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338 | (12) |
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4.9.1 Large-Scale Structures |
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338 | (4) |
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4.9.2 Small-Scale Structures |
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342 | (5) |
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4.9.3 Transient Jet/Filament Structures |
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347 | (3) |
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4.10 Processes in the Innermost Coma |
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350 | (9) |
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4.10.1 Comparisons of Models of 67P with Data |
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350 | (1) |
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4.10.2 Deviations from Force-Free Radial Outflow |
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350 | (7) |
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4.10.3 Dust Above the Nightside Hemisphere |
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357 | (2) |
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4.1 Slow (Large) Moving Particles in the Coma |
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359 | (16) |
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4.11.1 Observations and Significance of Slow-Moving Particles |
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359 | (9) |
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4.11.2 Individual Particle Dynamics |
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368 | (2) |
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4.11.3 Neck-Lines and Dust Trails |
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370 | (5) |
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4.12 Radiometric Properties of Dust |
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375 | (8) |
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4.12.1 The Colour of Dust |
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375 | (1) |
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4.12.2 The Thermal Properties of Dust and Sublimation |
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376 | (4) |
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4.12.3 The Polarization of the Scattered Light |
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380 | (3) |
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4.13 Equation of Motion of Charged Dust |
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383 | (1) |
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4.14 The Non-volatile Composition of Dust and the Nucleus |
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384 | (8) |
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4.15 Refractory to Volatile Ratios |
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392 | (7) |
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399 | (28) |
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5.1 Initial Considerations and the Solar Wind |
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399 | (3) |
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5.2 The Production of Cometary Ions |
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402 | (7) |
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402 | (4) |
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406 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Electron Impact Ionization |
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407 | (2) |
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5.3 Dynamics of the Interaction |
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409 | (9) |
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5.4 Processes within the Diamagnetic Cavity |
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418 | (4) |
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5.5 Spectroscopy and Imaging of Plasma Tails |
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422 | (5) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Disconnection Events |
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423 | (4) |
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6 Comet-Like Activity in Related Objects |
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427 | (6) |
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427 | (3) |
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430 | (1) |
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6.3 Interstellar Visitors |
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430 | (1) |
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6.4 Comets in Close Proximity to the Sun |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (6) |
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8 Future Investigations of Comets |
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439 | (8) |
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447 | (50) |
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449 | (48) |
Index |
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497 | |