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Introduction to Comets: Post-Rosetta Perspectives 2020 ed. [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 503 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 980 g, 137 Illustrations, color; 149 Illustrations, black and white; XLI, 503 p. 286 illus., 137 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • ISBN-10: 3030505731
  • ISBN-13: 9783030505738
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 503 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 980 g, 137 Illustrations, color; 149 Illustrations, black and white; XLI, 503 p. 286 illus., 137 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • ISBN-10: 3030505731
  • ISBN-13: 9783030505738
Teised raamatud teemal:
Written by a leading expert on comets, this textbook is divided into seven main elements with a view to allowing advanced students to appreciate the interconnections between the different elements. The author opens with a brief introductory segment on the motivation for studying comets and the overall scope of the book. The first chapter describes fundamental aspects most usually addressed by ground-based observation. The author then looks at the basic physical phenomena in four separate chapters addressing the nucleus, the emitted gas, the emitted dust, and the solar wind interaction. Each chapter introduces the basic physics and chemistry but then new specific measurements by Rosetta instruments at comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko are brought in. A concerted effort has been made to distinguish between established fact and conjecture. Deviations and inconsistencies are brought out and their significance explained. Links to previous observations of comets Tempel 1, Wild 2, Hartley 2, Halley and others are made. The author then closes with three smaller chapters on related objects, the loss of comets, and prospects for future exploration.





This textbook includes over 275 graphics and figures most of which are original. Thorough explanations and derivations are included throughout the chapters. The text is therefore designed to support MSc. students and new PhD students in the field wanting to gain a solid overview of the state-of-the-art.

Arvustused

This new book is a very welcome and timely addition to the collection. The book goes into a lot of detail, some of it at PhD level, but since it is written by a single author, it all fits together logically and so it can be read and understood by more-general readers. book has something which I wish other authors would adopt. This is an excellent, comprehensive, and up-to-date description of comets, and I thoroughly recommend it. (Nick James, The Observatory, Vol. 141 (1284), October, 2021)

1 Light Curves, Orbits, and Reservoirs
1(26)
1.1 Light Curves
1(5)
1.2 Orbits and Origins
6(17)
1.3 Non-gravitational Forces
23(4)
2 The Nucleus
27(152)
2.1 Sizes and Shapes of Unresolved Nuclei
27(7)
2.2 Sizes and Shapes of Resolved Objects
34(4)
2.3 Mass and Density
38(3)
2.4 Rotational Properties
41(13)
2.5 Centripetal Accelerations
54(1)
2.6 Surface Reflectance
54(12)
2.7 Visible Colour
66(3)
2.8 Interior Structure
69(6)
2.8.1 Large-Scale Structure
69(3)
2.8.2 The Surface Layer and the Strength of Cometary Material
72(3)
2.9 Surface Processes
75(36)
2.9.1 Introduction
75(1)
2.9.2 Sublimation of Ices
76(4)
2.9.3 Energy Balance
80(1)
2.9.3.1 Simple Surface Energy Balance with Sublimation and Conduction
80(15)
2.9.3.2 Volume Absorption, Solid-State Greenhouse Effect, and Porosity
95(6)
2.9.3.3 Multi-volatile Models and Ice Fractionation
101(3)
2.9.3.4 The Amorphous-Crystalline Transition of Water Ice
104(3)
2.9.3.5 Thermal Emission from Resolved Surfaces
107(2)
2.9.3.6 Surface Roughness, Infrared Beaming, Self-Shadowing and Self-Heating
109(2)
2.10 Surface Appearance and Cometary "Geology"
111(68)
2.10.1 Regional Classification
113(5)
2.10.2 Textural Differences
118(1)
2.10.3 Impact Cratering
119(6)
2.10.4 Depressions, Pits, and Other Quasi-Circular Structures
125(6)
2.10.5 Fracturing
131(1)
2.10.5.1 Torque-Induced and Other Possible Tectonic Fractures
131(2)
2.10.5.2 Thermal Fractures
133(3)
2.10.5.3 Polygonal Networks
136(1)
2.10.6 Heat Trapping
137(1)
2.10.7 Activity Induced Mass Wasting
138(6)
2.10.8 Sedimentary Processes
144(6)
2.10.9 Activity in Dust-Covered Areas
150(1)
2.10.10 Dust Ponding
151(3)
2.10.10.1 The Surface Fluidization Mechanism
154(2)
2.10.11 Surface Changes in Smooth Terrains
156(3)
2.10.12 Other Circular Structures
159(2)
2.10.13 Surface Dust Transport
161(7)
2.10.14 Dune Pits
168(1)
2.10.15 Ice Exposures
169(4)
2.10.16 Other Surface Changes
173(3)
2.10.17 Evidence for Large-Scale Mass Loss
176(3)
3 Gas Emissions Near the Nucleus
179(102)
3.1 Fundamentals
179(2)
3.2 Major Species and Their Emissions
181(25)
3.3 Minor Species
206(4)
3.4 Gas Expansion
210(41)
3.4.1 The Initial Conditions
210(4)
3.4.2 The Knudsen Number
214(2)
3.4.3 Fluid Expansion
216(1)
3.4.3.1 Fluid Equations for Equilibrium Flow
216(4)
3.4.3.2 The Initial Evolution of the Velocity Distribution Function
220(1)
3.4.3.3 Analytical Solutions for the Fluid Equations
221(3)
3.4.4 The Knudsen Layer and Low Density Flow
224(1)
3.4.4.1 The Boltzmann Equation and the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method
224(4)
3.4.4.2 The Knudsen Penetration Number
228(4)
3.4.4.3 The Influence of Composition
232(2)
3.4.5 Examples of Near-Nucleus Gas Flow
234(1)
3.4.5.1 Cases with Spherical Sources
234(4)
3.4.5.2 Cases with Realistic Shapes
238(1)
3.4.5.3 Deviations from Insolation-Driven Activity
238(2)
3.4.5.4 Degeneracy in Surface Activity Distributions
240(1)
3.4.6 Re-Condensation and Surface Reflection of Gas Molecules
241(2)
3.4.7 The Initial Gas Temperature
243(3)
3.4.8 Effects of Porosity on Small Scales
246(1)
3.4.9 Nightside Outgassing
247(4)
3.5 Reaction Chemistry and the Extended Coma
251(21)
3.5.1 Daughter Products and the Haser Model
251(6)
3.5.2 Detailed Reaction Kinetics
257(6)
3.5.3 The Swings and Greenstein Effects
263(2)
3.5.4 Prompt Emission
265(2)
3.5.5 Other Notable UV Line Emissions
267(2)
3.5.6 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Parent and Daughter Species
269(3)
3.6 Compositional Variation with Heliocentric Distance
272(2)
3.7 Radiation Pressure on Gas Molecules and Radicals: The Neutral Tail(s)
274(2)
3.8 Isotopic Ratios
276(3)
3.9 Ortho to Para Ratios
279(2)
4 Dust Emission from the Surface
281(118)
4.1 The Point Source Approximation
281(1)
4.2 Scattering of Light by Dust
282(24)
4.2.1 Introduction and Rayleigh Scattering
282(1)
4.2.2 Scattering by Particles Close to the Wavelength
283(1)
4.2.2.1 Preliminaries
283(5)
4.2.3 Mie Theory
288(7)
4.2.4 The T-Matrix Method
295(1)
4.2.5 Computer Simulated Particles
296(2)
4.2.6 Observed Particle Structures
298(1)
4.2.7 The Discrete Dipole Approximation
299(1)
4.2.8 The Observed Phase Function at 67P
300(2)
4.2.9 The Observed Radiance
302(1)
4.2.9.1 The Optical Thin Case
302(1)
4.2.9.2 Optical Thickness Effects
303(1)
4.2.10 Inhomogeneous Particles and Maxwell Garnett Theory
304(2)
4.3 Afp ("Afrho")
306(4)
4.4 Radiation Pressure
310(6)
4.4.1 Radiation Pressure Efficiency
311(1)
4.4.2 The Fountain Model
312(3)
4.4.3 The Dynamics of Fluffy Particles
315(1)
4.5 Dust Size Distributions
316(6)
4.6 The Lifting Dust Ejection Process
322(7)
4.6.1 Drag Force at the Nucleus Surface
322(3)
4.6.2 Cohesive Forces
325(2)
4.6.3 Advanced Dust Ejection Concepts
327(2)
4.7 The Influence of Drag on the Equations of Motion for the Dust
329(7)
4.7.1 Analytical Solutions
329(2)
4.7.2 Numerical Solutions
331(3)
4.7.3 Gas-Dust Energy Exchange within the Coma
334(2)
4.8 Converting Afp to a Dust Loss Rate
336(2)
4.9 Observation of Non-uniform Dust Emission
338(12)
4.9.1 Large-Scale Structures
338(4)
4.9.2 Small-Scale Structures
342(5)
4.9.3 Transient Jet/Filament Structures
347(3)
4.10 Processes in the Innermost Coma
350(9)
4.10.1 Comparisons of Models of 67P with Data
350(1)
4.10.2 Deviations from Force-Free Radial Outflow
350(7)
4.10.3 Dust Above the Nightside Hemisphere
357(2)
4.1 Slow (Large) Moving Particles in the Coma
359(16)
4.11.1 Observations and Significance of Slow-Moving Particles
359(9)
4.11.2 Individual Particle Dynamics
368(2)
4.11.3 Neck-Lines and Dust Trails
370(5)
4.12 Radiometric Properties of Dust
375(8)
4.12.1 The Colour of Dust
375(1)
4.12.2 The Thermal Properties of Dust and Sublimation
376(4)
4.12.3 The Polarization of the Scattered Light
380(3)
4.13 Equation of Motion of Charged Dust
383(1)
4.14 The Non-volatile Composition of Dust and the Nucleus
384(8)
4.15 Refractory to Volatile Ratios
392(7)
5 The Plasma Environment
399(28)
5.1 Initial Considerations and the Solar Wind
399(3)
5.2 The Production of Cometary Ions
402(7)
5.2.1 Photoionization
402(4)
5.2.2 Charge-Exchange
406(1)
5.2.3 Electron Impact Ionization
407(2)
5.3 Dynamics of the Interaction
409(9)
5.4 Processes within the Diamagnetic Cavity
418(4)
5.5 Spectroscopy and Imaging of Plasma Tails
422(5)
5.5.1 Main Ion Species
422(1)
5.5.2 Ion Velocities
423(1)
5.5.3 Disconnection Events
423(4)
6 Comet-Like Activity in Related Objects
427(6)
6.1 Active Asteroids
427(3)
6.2 Activity of Centaurs
430(1)
6.3 Interstellar Visitors
430(1)
6.4 Comets in Close Proximity to the Sun
431(2)
7 The Loss of Comets
433(6)
8 Future Investigations of Comets
439(8)
9 Final Remarks
447(50)
References
449(48)
Index 497
Professor Nicolas Thomas obtained his PhD in physics from the University of York, focusing on the studies of the Jovian satellite Io. He completed his post-doctoral research at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy. In 1992, he was appointed Deputy Project Scientist for the Giotto Extended Mission to comet Grigg-Skjellerup. From 1994 onwards, he has been a co-investigator in the OSIRIS experiment (the imaging system) for Rosetta. Since March 2003, he has been Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Bern, which is also the PI establishment for the ROSINA experiment (the mass spectrometer) on Rosetta.