Introduction to Criminology 8th edition [Kõva köide]

Preface		xvii
About the Authors		xxi
Crime and Criminality		1	(21)
Uncovering the ``True'' Story of Crime		3	(2)
Some Facts about ``Street'' Crime		4	(1)
What Is Criminology?		5	(2)
Lawmaking		5	(1)
Lawbreaking		5	(1)
Reactions to Crime		6	(1)
What Is Crime?		7	(2)
Three Challenges to the Legalistic Definition of Crime		8	(1)
Victims of Crime		9	(1)
Social Control and Law		10	(5)
Origins and Development of Criminal Law		11	(4)
Crime and Public Policy		15	(4)
Order with Justice: The Crime Control Model		17	(1)
Justice with Order: The Due Process Model		17	(1)
U.S. Crime Policy: Due Process or Crime Control?		17	(2)
Public Policy and Criminal Stereotypes		19	(1)
Chapter Summary		20	(1)
Key Terms		21	(1)
Recommended Readings		21	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		21	(1)
Crime Data and the Methods of Criminology		22	(19)
Types of Crime Measurement		23	(10)
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)		23	(4)
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)		27	(2)
Who Is Victimized Most by Violent Crime?		29	(1)
Self Report Surveys		30	(2)
Self-Reported Delinquency Items from the National Youth Survey		32	(1)
Methods of Criminological Research		33	(6)
Some Basic Issues in Research		33	(1)
Survey Research		34	(1)
Ethnographic Research		35	(1)
Case Studies		36	(1)
Comparative and Historical Research		36	(1)
Experiments		37	(1)
Content Analysis		38	(1)
Chapter Summary		39	(1)
Key Terms		39	(1)
Recommended Readings		39	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		40	(1)
Violent Crime		41	(27)
Violence in U.S. History		42	(2)
Definitions of Criminal Violence		43	(1)
The Current Picture		44	(17)
Homicide in Large Cities		45	(1)
Disaggregating Homicide		46	(1)
Aggravated Assault		47	(1)
Native Americans and Violent Crime Victimization		48	(1)
Myths about Serial Murder		49	(1)
Serial Murder		49	(1)
School Violence		50	(1)
Recent Shootings at U.S. Schools		51	(1)
Common Characteristics of Recent School Shootings		52	(1)
Mass Murder		53	(1)
Robbery		54	(3)
Hate Crime		57	(3)
Gang Violence		60	(1)
Situational Factors and Violence		61	(4)
Guns and Violence		62	(2)
Alcohol and Violence		64	(1)
Victim Precipitation		64	(1)
Violence as a Situated Transaction		65	(2)
Chapter Summary		67	(1)
Key Terms		67	(1)
Recommended Readings		67	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		67	(1)
Violence Against Women and Children		68	(23)
Domestic Violence		69	(3)
Characteristics of Domestic Violence		69	(3)
Rape		72	(10)
Rape and the Criminal Law		72	(1)
The Official Record on Rape		73	(2)
People and Circumstances		75	(1)
Marital Rape		76	(1)
Date Rape		77	(1)
Myths and Misconceptions about Rape		78	(1)
Some Myths about Sexual Assault		79	(1)
Blaming the Victim		79	(1)
Pornography and Rape		80	(1)
Sexual Aggression, Psychological Profiles, and Evolutionary Theory		81	(1)
Sexual Abuse of Children		82	(3)
Finding Out about Sexual Molestation		84	(1)
Reactions to Domestic Violence, Rape, and Sexual Abuse of Children		85	(4)
Reactions to Domestic Violence		85	(1)
Reactions to Rape		86	(2)
Reactions to Sexual Abuse of Children		88	(1)
Chapter Summary		89	(1)
Key Terms		90	(1)
Recommended Readings		90	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		90	(1)
Varieties of Nonviolent Theft		91	(24)
Theft in History		92	(4)
Model Penal Code Definitions of Selected Forms of Theft		93	(2)
Interests and Theft Laws		95	(1)
Theft: The Current Picture		96	(1)
Specialization and varieties of Theft		97	(1)
Shoplifting: The Five-Finger Discount		97	(4)
Reactions to Shoplifting		98	(1)
The Thrill of Shoplifting		99	(2)
Burglary		101	(3)
Why Burglary?		103	(1)
Auto Theft		104	(2)
Top Ten Most Stolen Cars in the United States		104	(1)
Types of Auto Theft		105	(1)
Confidence Games		106	(1)
Fencing Stolen Property		107	(2)
Networking		108	(1)
Crimes via the Computer		109	(1)
Professional Theft		110	(2)
Convergence of Professional Crime and Occupational Crime		112	(1)
Aging Property Offenders		113	(1)
Chapter Summary		114	(1)
Key Terms		114	(1)
Recommended Readings		114	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		114	(1)
Varieties of White-Collar Crime		115	(27)
Types of White-Collar Crime		116	(1)
Work and the Historical Development of Legal Controls		117	(2)
The Role of Interests		118	(1)
The Costs of White-Collar Crime		119	(2)
Financial Costs		119	(1)
Damage to Institutions and Moral Climate		120	(1)
Personal Health and Safety		120	(1)
Occupational Crime: Violating the Law for Personal Gain		121	(4)
Embezzlement		121	(1)
Fiddling at Work: Part of the Hidden Economy		122	(2)
Theft and Fraud by Criminologists		124	(1)
Political White-Collar Crime		125	(2)
Crimes for Money		126	(1)
Crimes for Power		127	(1)
Organizational Crime I: Corporate Crime		127	(9)
Corporate Theft and Fraud		128	(3)
The Top Corporate Criminals of the 1990s		131	(1)
Corporate Violence		132	(3)
Small Business Crime		135	(1)
Organizational Crime II: Crimes by States and Governments		136	(4)
The Iran-Contra Affair		136	(1)
U.S. Nuclear Crimes		136	(2)
Violations of Human Rights and Economic Terrorism		138	(1)
The Nuremberg Charter		138	(1)
State-Corporate Crime		139	(1)
Chapter Summary		140	(1)
Key Terms		141	(1)
Recommended Readings		141	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		141	(1)
Organized Crime		142	(26)
The Existence of Organized Crime		143	(8)
The Case for a National Cartel of Crime Groups		143	(1)
Various Definitions and Descriptions of Organized Crime		144	(2)
An Alternative View		146	(1)
Illegal Enterprise		147	(1)
Distinguishing Characteristics of Organized Crime		147	(2)
The RICO Statute		149	(1)
The Code		149	(2)
The History of Organized Crime in the United States		151	(4)
Rags to Riches and the Quest for Respectability		151	(1)
Italian-Americans in Organized Crime		152	(3)
The Money-Making Enterprises of Organized Crime		155	(6)
Criminal Enterprises		156	(3)
Pseudo-Legitimate Enterprises		159	(2)
The Survival of Organized Crime		161	(5)
Role Imperatives		161	(1)
Legislation of Morality		162	(1)
Professionalization of Deviance: Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs		163	(1)
Attitudes and Behavior of the General Public		164	(1)
Future Trends		165	(1)
Chapter Summary		166	(1)
Key Terms		166	(1)
Recommended Readings		166	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		167	(1)
Public Order Crime: Prostitution and Drugs		168	(26)
Sex, Crime, and Law		169	(8)
The Shaping of Modern Sex Laws		170	(1)
Vagueness in Sex Laws		170	(1)
Prostitution		171	(5)
Pornography		176	(1)
Drugs and Alcohol		177	(15)
Marijuana and the Drugging of America		177	(3)
Year 2000 Criminal Penalties for the Possession of Cannabis in Illinois		180	(2)
Cocaine		182	(1)
Designer Drugs		183	(1)
Heroin		184	(2)
The Link between Drugs and Crime		186	(1)
Reactions to Drug and Alcohol Use		187	(1)
Criminalize or Decriminalize Drugs? Two Opposing Views		188	(4)
Chapter Summary		192	(1)
Key Terms		193	(1)
Recommended Readings		193	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		193	(1)
Criminology, Criminal Justice, and Crime		194	(28)
Criminal Justice: Actors and Decisions		195	(7)
Decision Stages in the Criminal Justice System		198	(3)
The Criminal Justice System Is a Leaky Funnel		201	(1)
Discretion in Criminal Justice		202	(8)
Police Discretion		202	(3)
Prosecutorial Discretion		205	(2)
Discretion in Sentencing		207	(3)
Criminal Justice and Crime Prevention		210	(6)
Crime Prevention and the Police		210	(2)
Punishment and Crime Prevention		212	(1)
Punishment and Its Potential to Prevent Crime		213	(3)
Crimes of the Criminal Justice System		216	(4)
Contexts and Varieties of Offenses		217	(1)
Understanding Police Corruption		217	(1)
Corruption in the Los Angeles Police Department		218	(2)
Chapter Summary		220	(1)
Key Terms		221	(1)
Recommended Readings		221	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		221	(1)
Criminological Theory: Roots and Branches		222	(18)
Criminological Theory		223	(4)
Characteristics of Theory		224	(2)
Applications of Positivist and Social Constructionist Paradigms		226	(1)
Ideology and Criminological Theory		227	(2)
Conservative Criminology		227	(1)
Liberal Criminology		227	(1)
Radical/Critical Criminology		228	(1)
Philosophical Foundations of Criminology: The Classical School		229	(2)
Political Ideology and Criminologists' Theoretical Preferences		230	(1)
Scientific Foundations of Criminology: Positivism		231	(3)
Positivism and Early Criminology		231	(1)
Biology and the Search for the Criminal Type		232	(2)
Sociological Foundations of Criminological Theory		234	(4)
Classical Sociological Theory and Criminology		235	(3)
Chapter Summary		238	(1)
Key Terms		239	(1)
Recommended Readings		239	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		239	(1)
Crime and Social Structure		240	(23)
Crime and Social Disorganization		241	(3)
Merton's Anomie Theory		244	(2)
General Strain Theory		246	(1)
Cultural Transmission of Crime and Delinquency		247	(3)
Cohen's Theory		248	(1)
Cloward and Ohlin's Differential Opportunity Theory		248	(1)
Miller's Lower-Class ``Focal Concerns''		249	(1)
Crime and Inequality		250	(11)
Conflict, Crime, and Criminality		251	(2)
Marxist Criminological Theory		253	(4)
Left Realism		257	(1)
Varieties of Feminist Criminology		258	(3)
Chapter Summary		261	(1)
Key Terms		262	(1)
Recommended Readings		262	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		262	(1)
Crime and Social Process		263	(20)
The Process of Association		264	(5)
The Theory of Differential Association		264	(2)
Behavioral Learning Theories		266	(1)
Peer Groups and Serious Delinquency		267	(1)
Testing Differential Association Theory		268	(1)
Self-Concept		269	(3)
Containment Theory and Self Concept		269	(1)
Techniques of Neutralization		270	(2)
Control Theory		272	(2)
Travis Hirschi's Theory		272	(2)
The Labeling Process and Its Impact		274	(3)
The Saints and the Roughnecks		275	(2)
Integrated Theories		277	(4)
The Life Course Perspective		279	(1)
Interactional Theory		280	(1)
Chapter Summary		281	(1)
Key Terms		282	(1)
Recommended Readings		282	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		282	(1)
Rationality-Opportunity Theories of Crime		283	(19)
Rationality and Criminal Decision Making		285	(6)
Classical Criminology Revisited		285	(1)
The Economic Model of Crime		285	(1)
Rationality and Crime		286	(1)
Crime Displacement		287	(2)
Able Criminals		289	(1)
Techniques of Situational Crime Prevention		290	(1)
Opportunity and Crime		291	(9)
Crime as an Event		291	(1)
Social Change and Crime		292	(2)
The Routine Activity Approach		294	(1)
Dangerous Places		295	(1)
Access to Opportunities		295	(2)
Opportunities and Female Crime		297	(3)
Chapter Summary		300	(1)
Key Terms		301	(1)
Recommended Readings		301	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		301	(1)
General Theories of Crime		302	(20)
A General Theory of What?		303	(1)
The Six Theories		304	(16)
Wilson and Herrnstein`s General Theory		304	(1)
Cohen and Machalek's Evolutionary Theory		305	(2)
Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime		307	(4)
Braithwaite's Theory of Reintegrative Shaming		311	(3)
Restorative Justice		314	(1)
Tittle's Control Balance Theory		315	(3)
Katz's Seductions of Crime		318	(2)
Chapter Summary		320	(1)
Key Terms		320	(1)
Recommended Readings		321	(1)
Recommended Web Sites		321	(1)
Appendix: Offenses in Uniform Crime Reporting		322	(2)
References		324	(60)
Photo Credits		384	(2)
Author Index		386	(11)
Subject Index		397

Hugh D. Barlow, Ph.D., is a professor of sociology and chair of the Department of Sociology at Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville.

Dr. Barlow received his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Texas at Austin. At SIUE he has developed a variety of courses in crime and delinquency, victimology, and criminal justice; in 1997 he designed a new undergraduate major in criminal justice. Students have nominated Dr. Barlow for teaching awards on numerous occasions, and in 1995 he received the SIUE Teaching Recognition Award.

Dr. Barlow has published articles on homicide and assaults, the spatial aspects of crime, and white-collar crime. He is also the author of Criminal Justice in America. He is coauthor with Theodore N. Ferdinand of Understanding Delinquency, and editor of Crime and Public Policy: Putting Theory to Work. The journal Federal Probation rated this book one of the top ten published works of 1995.

In addition to teaching and research, Dr. Barlow has been active in applied areas and in service to the profession. From January 1986 to December 1989 Dr. Barlow was Editor of The Criminologist, published by the American Society of Criminology. In 1993 he received the Herbert A. Block Award from the ASC for "outstanding service contributions to the American Society of Criminology and to the professional interests of criminology."

On a less serious level, Dr. Barlow enjoys driving, golfing, snow skiing, and playing poker.

David Kauzlarich, Ph.D., is an assistant professor of sociology at Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville. In 1989 he received his undergraduate degree in Social Justice Professions from the University of Illinois-Springfield. He received both his M.A. (l 991) and Ph.D. (1994) in sociology from Western Michigan University. From 1994 to 1997 Dr. Kauzlarich was a member of the Sociology and Criminal Justice faculty at St. Joseph's University, where he also directed the Graduate Criminal Justice Program.

Dr. Kauzlarich particularly enjoys teaching introductory criminology. As a graduate student teacher at Western Michigan, he was awarded the "Excellence in Teaching Award" three consecutive times. His most challenging but rewarding teaching experience was in the Florence Crane Prison, a medium-security prison for women in Michigan. He is indebted to those students, for he learned from them important lessons about criminal stereotypes and the role of education in preventing traditional forms of crime and criminality.

Dr. Kauzlarich has authored or coauthored over a dozen scholarly articles and one other book, with Ron Kramer, Crimes of the American Nuclear State: At Home and Abroad. He has published on the topics of state and corporate crime, including problems such as environmental crime, human rights abuses, and nuclear weapons experiments. He has also written on theoretical explanations of white-collar crime.

Dr. Kauzlarich enjoys writing and playing music, golf, fishing, and camping. Even more, he enjoys clowning around with his children, Elaina and Jake.