Author's acknowledgements |
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x | |
Publisher's acknowledgements |
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xi | |
Abbreviations and acronyms |
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xii | |
Introduction |
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xv | |
Part I: Background |
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1 | (60) |
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1 Five learners and five methods |
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3 | (12) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Why do people learn foreign languages? |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 The multilingual world |
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5 | (2) |
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1.4 Individual learning differences |
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7 | (2) |
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1.5 Language teaching: a variety of methods |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.7 Some terminology and some conventions |
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12 | (3) |
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2 What is there to learn? |
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15 | (27) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.2 Categorizing knowledge and skill |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (13) |
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2.4 Sociolinguistic competence |
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31 | (5) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (5) |
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3 Some views of language and language learning |
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42 | (19) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.2 A central conflict: empiricism and mentalism |
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42 | (12) |
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3.3 The 'sociolinguistic revolution' |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (3) |
Part II: Learning |
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61 | (86) |
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4 Learners and their errors |
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63 | (10) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.2 Contrastive analysis: a theory about FL learning |
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64 | (3) |
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4.3 Non-contrastive errors |
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67 | (1) |
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4.4 Creative construction: another theory about FL learning |
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68 | (3) |
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71 | (2) |
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5 Input, interaction, and output |
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73 | (20) |
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5.1 Acquisition and learning |
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73 | (3) |
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5.2 Language providers and their input |
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76 | (8) |
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5.3 Language providers and their interaction |
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84 | (2) |
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5.4 Language acquirers and their output |
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86 | (7) |
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6 Some learning processes |
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93 | (13) |
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93 | (1) |
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6.2 Consciousness and noticing |
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94 | (2) |
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6.3 Declarative and procedural knowledge |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (6) |
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7 Individual language learners: some differences |
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106 | (22) |
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106 | (1) |
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7.2 The cognitive variables |
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107 | (10) |
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7.3 The affective variables |
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117 | (7) |
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7.4 Finding out about affect |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (3) |
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8 Good language learners and what they do |
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128 | (19) |
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128 | (1) |
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8.2 Personality variables |
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128 | (6) |
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8.3 Good language learner studies |
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134 | (4) |
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138 | (9) |
Part III: Teaching |
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147 | (174) |
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9 Language teaching: a brisk walk through recent times |
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149 | (27) |
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149 | (1) |
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9.2 Seven questions to ask about a method |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (4) |
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155 | (3) |
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9.5 The shift from 'how' to 'what' |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (3) |
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9.7 Communicative methodology |
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162 | (4) |
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9.8 Humanistic approaches |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (5) |
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9.10 Post-method pedagogy |
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172 | (4) |
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176 | (16) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (5) |
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10.3 English as a global language: from Gandhi to Rushdie |
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182 | (4) |
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10.4 Appropriate methodology |
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186 | (6) |
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192 | (22) |
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192 | (2) |
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11.2 The structural syllabus |
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194 | (5) |
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11.3 Notional/functional syllabuses |
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199 | (8) |
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11.4 The multidimensional syllabus |
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207 | (2) |
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11.5 Technology-assisted learning |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (26) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (6) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (9) |
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230 | (6) |
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236 | (4) |
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240 | (21) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (7) |
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13.3 Facilitating comprehension |
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248 | (6) |
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254 | (7) |
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261 | (18) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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14.3 Approaches to language testing |
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263 | (5) |
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14.4 Concepts of test construction |
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268 | (4) |
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272 | (2) |
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14.6 Testing the four skills |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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14.8 Some important tests |
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277 | (2) |
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15 When all has been said: preparing and managing lessons |
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279 | (42) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (10) |
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289 | (6) |
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15.4 Grouping learners in class |
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295 | (4) |
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299 | (3) |
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302 | (19) |
Index |
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321 | |