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Introduction to Functional Equations: Theory and Problem-solving Strategies for Mathematical Competitions and Beyond [Pehme köide]

  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 346 pages, kaal: 700 g
  • Sari: Mathematical Circles Library
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Oct-2011
  • Kirjastus: American Mathematical Society
  • ISBN-10: 0821853147
  • ISBN-13: 9780821853146
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 346 pages, kaal: 700 g
  • Sari: Mathematical Circles Library
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Oct-2011
  • Kirjastus: American Mathematical Society
  • ISBN-10: 0821853147
  • ISBN-13: 9780821853146
Teised raamatud teemal:
Functions and their properties have been part of the rigorous precollege curriculum for decades. And functional equations have been a favorite topic of the leading national and international mathematical competitions. Yet the subject has not received equal attention by authors at an introductory level. The majority of the books on the topic remain unreachable to the curious and intelligent precollege student. The present book is an attempt to eliminate this disparity. The book opens with a review chapter on functions, which collects the relevant foundational information on functions, plus some material potentially new to the reader. The next chapter presents a working definition of functional equations and explains the difficulties in trying to systematize the theory. With each new chapter, the author presents methods for the solution of a particular group of equations. Each chapter is complemented with many solved examples, the majority of which are taken from mathematical competitions and professional journals. The book ends with a chapter of unsolved problems and some other auxiliary material. The book is an invaluable resource for precollege and college students who want to deepen their knowledge of functions and their properties, for teachers and instructors who wish to enrich their curricula, and for any lover of mathematical problem-solving techniques.
Introduction xi
Acknowledgements xv
I BACKGROUND
1(38)
1 Functions
3(36)
1.1 Sets
3(6)
1.2 Relations
9(1)
1.3 Functions
10(6)
1.4 Limits and Continuity
16(4)
1.5 Differentiation
20(9)
1.6 Solved Problems
29(10)
II BASIC EQUATIONS
39(96)
2 A Primer on Functional Relations
41(16)
2.1 Fundamental Notions
41(6)
2.2 Beginning Problems
47(10)
3 Equations for Arithmetic Functions
57(20)
3.1 The Notion of Difference Equations
57(4)
3.2 Multiplicative Functions
61(1)
3.3 Linear Difference Equations
62(9)
3.4 Solved Problems
71(6)
4 Equations Reducing to Algebraic Systems
77(14)
4.1 Solved Problems
77(5)
4.2 Group Theory in Functional Equations
82(9)
5 Cauchy's Equations
91(16)
5.1 The First Cauchy Equation
91(2)
5.2 The Second Cauchy Equation
93(1)
5.3 The Third Cauchy Equation
94(3)
5.4 The Fourth Cauchy Equation
97(3)
5.5 Solved Problems
100(7)
6 Cauchy's NQR Method
107(10)
6.1 The NQR Method
108(2)
6.2 Solved Problems
110(7)
7 Equations for Trigonometric Functions
117(18)
7.1 Characterization of the Sine and Cosine
117(10)
7.2 D'Alembert-Poisson I Equation
127(2)
7.3 D'Alembert-Poisson II Equation
129(3)
7.4 Solved Problems
132(3)
III GENERALIZATIONS
135(32)
8 The Pexider, Vincze and Wilson Equations
137(16)
8.1 The First Pexider Equation
137(2)
8.2 The Second Pexider Equation
139(2)
8.3 The Third Pexider Equation
141(1)
8.4 The Fourth Pexider Equation
142(1)
8.5 The Vincze Functional Equations
143(5)
8.6 The Wilson Functional Equations
148(1)
8.7 Solved Problems
149(4)
9 Vector and Matrix Variables
153(8)
9.1 Equations of Cauchy and Pexider Type
154(2)
9.2 Solved Problems
156(5)
10 Systems of Equations
161(6)
10.1 Solved Problems
163(4)
IV CHANGING THE RULES
167(64)
11 Less Than Continuity
169(16)
11.1 Imposing Weaker Conditions
169(2)
11.2 Discontinuous Solutions
171(6)
11.3 Solved Problems
177(8)
12 More Than Continuity
185(14)
12.1 Differentiable Functions
185(7)
12.2 Analytic Functions
192(3)
12.3 Stronger Conditions as a Tool
195(4)
13 Functional Equations for Polynomials
199(22)
13.1 Fundamentals
199(2)
13.2 Symmetric Polynomials
201(4)
13.3 More on the Roots of Polynomials
205(9)
13.4 Solved Problems
214(7)
14 Conditional Functional Equations
221(4)
14.1 The Notion of Conditional Equations
221(1)
14.2 An Example
222(3)
15 Functional Inequalities
225(6)
15.1 Useful Concepts and Facts
225(3)
15.2 Solved Problems
228(3)
V EQUATIONS WITH NO PARAMETERS
231(50)
16 Iterations
233(32)
16.1 The Need for New Methods
233(3)
16.2 Iterates, Orbits, Fixed Points, and Cycles
236(3)
16.3 Fixed Points: Discussion
239(4)
16.4 Cycles: Discussion
243(4)
16.5 From Iterations to Difference Equations
247(1)
16.6 Solved Problems
248(6)
16.7 A Taste of Chaos
254(11)
17 Solving by Invariants and Linearization
265(12)
17.1 Constructing Solutions
265(2)
17.2 Linear Equations
267(2)
17.3 The Abel and Schroder Equations
269(1)
17.4 Linearization
270(2)
17.5 Solved Problems
272(5)
18 More on Fixed Points
277(4)
18.1 Solved Problems
277(4)
VI GETTING ADDITIONAL EXPERIENCE
281(62)
19 Miscellaneous Problems
283(20)
19.1 Integral Functional Equations
283(5)
19.2 Problems Solved by Functional Relations
288(10)
19.3 Assortment of Problems
298(5)
20 Additional Problems
303(40)
20.1 Functions
303(6)
20.2 Problems That Can Be Solved Using Functions
309(1)
20.3 Arithmetic Functions
309(5)
20.4 Functional Equations With Parameters
314(7)
20.5 Functional Equations with No Parameters
321(3)
20.6 Fixed Points and Cycles
324(3)
20.7 Existence of Solutions
327(3)
20.8 Systems of Functional Equations
330(1)
20.9 Conditional Functional Equations
331(1)
20.10 Polynomials
332(4)
20.11 Functional Inequalities
336(3)
20.12 Functional Equations Containing Derivatives
339(1)
20.13 Functional Relations Containing Integrals
340(3)
VII AUXILIARY MATERIAL
343(2)
Acronyms & Abbreviations 345(2)
Set Conventions 347(2)
Named Equations 349(2)
Bibliography 351(4)
Index 355