| Preface |
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| About the Authors |
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ix | |
| 1 Introduction |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 Catalysis and Catalysts |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis |
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3 | (4) |
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1.3 Production of Ammonia |
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7 | (17) |
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1.3.1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics |
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9 | (3) |
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1.3.2 Activity, Selectivity and Stability |
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12 | (3) |
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15 | (5) |
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20 | (4) |
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1.4 Relevance of Catalysis |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
| 2 Catalyst Preparation and Characterisation |
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27 | (46) |
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27 | (4) |
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31 | (5) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (20) |
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2.3.1 Aluminium Hydroxides and Oxyhydroxides |
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36 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Transition Aluminas |
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39 | (4) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (26) |
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47 | (4) |
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2.3.5.2 Bronsted acid sites |
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51 | (3) |
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2.3.5.3 Surface reconstruction |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (2) |
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2.5 Preparation of Supported Catalysts |
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58 | (4) |
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62 | (9) |
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71 | (2) |
| 3 Adsorption |
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73 | (28) |
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73 | (14) |
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3.1.1 Adsorption on Surfaces |
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75 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm |
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77 | (4) |
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3.1.3 Multilayer Adsorption, BET |
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81 | (6) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (9) |
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89 | (7) |
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3.3.2 Dissociative Chemisorption |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
| 4 Kinetics |
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101 | (20) |
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4.1 Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model |
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101 | (7) |
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4.1.1 Monomolecular Reaction |
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101 | (5) |
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4.1.1.1 Surface reaction is rate-determining |
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103 | (2) |
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4.1.1.2 Adsorption of the reactant or product is rate-determining |
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105 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Bimolecular Reaction |
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106 | (2) |
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4.2 Influence of Diffusion |
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108 | (8) |
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4.3 Bifunctional Catalysis |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
| 5 Metal Surfaces |
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121 | (22) |
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121 | (3) |
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124 | (6) |
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5.2.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy |
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124 | (4) |
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5.2.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy |
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128 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Surface Sensitivity |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (4) |
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134 | (5) |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (2) |
| 6 Metal Catalysis |
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143 | (40) |
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144 | (3) |
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6.2 Hydrogenation of Ethene |
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147 | (4) |
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6.3 Synthesis of CO and H2 |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (16) |
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6.4.1 CO Hydrogenation to Hydrocarbons |
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153 | (11) |
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153 | (4) |
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157 | (2) |
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6.4.1.3 Fischer-Tropsch reaction |
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159 | (5) |
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6.4.2 Hydrogenation of CO and CO2 to Methanol |
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164 | (5) |
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6.4.2.1 CO hydrogenation to methanol |
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164 | (3) |
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6.4.2.2 CO2 hydrogenation to methanol |
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167 | (2) |
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6.5 Hydrogenation of N2 to Ammonia |
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169 | (4) |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (4) |
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177 | (4) |
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181 | (2) |
| 7 Catalysis by Solid Acids |
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183 | (62) |
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183 | (13) |
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183 | (10) |
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7.1.2 Amorphous Silica-Alumina |
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193 | (3) |
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7.2 Reactions of Hydrocarbons |
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196 | (16) |
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7.2.1 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkanes |
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196 | (10) |
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7.2.2 Isomerisation of Pentane, Hexane and Butene |
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206 | (6) |
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7.3 Alcohols from Alkenes |
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212 | (2) |
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7.4 Alkylation of Aromatics |
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214 | (9) |
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7.4.1 Ethylation and Propylation of Benzene |
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214 | (4) |
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7.4.2 Methylation of Toluene |
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218 | (3) |
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7.4.3 Isomerisation, Disproportionation, Transalkylation |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (15) |
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7.5.1 Fluid Catalytic Cracking and Hydrocracking |
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223 | (5) |
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7.5.2 Methanol to Hydrocarbons |
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228 | (5) |
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7.5.3 Reforming of Hydrocarbons by Bifunctional Catalysis |
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233 | (5) |
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238 | (4) |
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242 | (3) |
| 8 Cleaning of Fuels by Hydrotreating |
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245 | (36) |
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245 | (1) |
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8.2 Hydrotreating Catalysts |
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246 | (10) |
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246 | (7) |
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8.2.1.1 Structure of sulfided Co-Mo/Al2O3 and Ni-Mo/Al2O3 |
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246 | (4) |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (12) |
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8.3.1 Hydrodesulfurisation |
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256 | (4) |
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8.3.2 Hydro denitrogenation |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (3) |
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8.3.4 Hydrotreating of Mixtures |
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266 | (2) |
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8.4 Hydrotreating Processes |
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268 | (7) |
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8.4.1 Hydrodesulfurisation of Naphtha |
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269 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Hydrotreating of Diesel |
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270 | (2) |
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8.4.3 Residue Hydroconversion |
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272 | (3) |
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275 | (5) |
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280 | (1) |
| 9 Oxidation Catalysis |
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281 | (40) |
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281 | (9) |
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281 | (7) |
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9.1.2 Three-way Catalysis |
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288 | (2) |
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9.2 Production of Sulfuric and Nitric Acid |
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290 | (6) |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Selective Catalytic Reduction |
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293 | (3) |
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9.3 Oxidation of Hydrocarbons |
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296 | (15) |
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9.3.1 Oxidation by Oxygen |
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297 | (5) |
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9.3.2 Oxidation by Hydroperoxide |
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302 | (4) |
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9.3.3 Selective Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons |
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306 | (17) |
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9.3.3.1 Oxidation of propene to acrylic acid and acrylonitrile |
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306 | (3) |
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9.3.3.2 Oxidation of C4 and C6 molecules |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (5) |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (3) |
| 10 Electrocatalysis |
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321 | (36) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (9) |
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10.2.1 Electrochemical Cells |
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323 | (2) |
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10.2.2 Cell and Electrode Potentials |
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325 | (1) |
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10.2.3 The Nernst Equation |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
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10.2.5 Electrode Kinetics |
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329 | (3) |
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10.3 Experimental Methods and Techniques |
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332 | (7) |
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10.3.1 Three-Electrode Cell Configuration |
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332 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Techniques for Electrocatalyst Evaluation |
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333 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Linear Sweep Voltammetry and Cyclic Voltammetry |
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335 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy |
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336 | (1) |
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10.3.5 Rotating Disc Electrode |
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337 | (1) |
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10.3.6 The Electrochemically Active Surface Area |
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338 | (1) |
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10.4 Electrocatalysis for the Production of Sustainable Fuels and Chemicals |
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339 | (13) |
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10.4.1 Development of Electrocatalysts |
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339 | (3) |
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10.4.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction |
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342 | (3) |
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10.4.3 Oxygen Evolution Reaction |
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345 | (2) |
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10.4.4 CO2 Electroreduction |
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347 | (3) |
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10.4.5 Other Electrochemical Processes |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (3) |
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355 | (2) |
| Answers |
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357 | |
| Index |
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37 | |