Preface and Acknowledgments |
|
ix | |
|
1 What Is Cognitive Modeling? |
|
|
1 | (16) |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (2) |
|
|
8 | (5) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Minimizing Energy or Getting Groceries |
|
|
14 | (3) |
|
|
17 | (20) |
|
Minimization in Activation Space |
|
|
17 | (4) |
|
|
21 | (4) |
|
Cooperative and Competitive Interactions in Visual Word Recognition |
|
|
25 | (2) |
|
|
27 | (3) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Solving Puzzles with the Hopfield Model |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
Human Memory and the Hopfield Model |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
The Diffusion Model in Psychology |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
|
37 | (16) |
|
The Hebbian Learning Rule |
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
Biology of the Hebbian Learning Rule |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Hebbian Learning in Matrix Notation |
|
|
41 | (3) |
|
Memory Storage in the Hopfield Model |
|
|
44 | (4) |
|
Hebbian Learning in Models of Human Memory |
|
|
48 | (5) |
|
|
53 | (16) |
|
The Delta Rule in Two-Layer Networks |
|
|
53 | (5) |
|
The Geometry of the Delta Rule |
|
|
58 | (3) |
|
The Delta Rule in Cognitive Science |
|
|
61 | (5) |
|
The Rise, Fall, and Return of the Delta Rule |
|
|
66 | (3) |
|
|
69 | (20) |
|
Geometric Intuition of the Multilayer Model |
|
|
69 | (3) |
|
Generalizing the Delta Rule: Backpropagation |
|
|
72 | (2) |
|
Some Drawbacks of Backpropagation |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
Varieties of Backpropagation |
|
|
76 | (6) |
|
Networks and Statistical Models |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Multilayer Networks in Cognitive Science: The Case of Semantic Cognition |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
Criticisms of Neural Networks |
|
|
85 | (4) |
|
6 Estimating Parameters in Computational Models |
|
|
89 | (18) |
|
Parameter Space Exploration |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
Parameter Estimation by Error Minimization |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
Parameter Estimation by the Maximum Likelihood Method |
|
|
92 | (7) |
|
|
99 | (8) |
|
7 Testing and Comparing Computational Models |
|
|
107 | (16) |
|
|
108 | (6) |
|
Model Testing across Modalities |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
|
116 | (4) |
|
Applications of Model Comparison |
|
|
120 | (3) |
|
8 Reinforcement Learning: The Gradient Ascent Approach |
|
|
123 | (10) |
|
Gradient Ascent Reinforcement Learning in a Two-Layer Model |
|
|
124 | (2) |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (2) |
|
Backpropagating RL Errors |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Three- and Four-Term RL Algorithms: Attention for Learning |
|
|
130 | (3) |
|
9 Reinforcement Learning: The Markov Decision Process Approach |
|
|
133 | (20) |
|
|
134 | (4) |
|
Finding an Optimal Policy |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
138 | (5) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Exploration and Exploitation in Reinforcement Learning |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
|
145 | (4) |
|
Combining Gradient-Ascent and MDP Approaches |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
Reinforcement Learning for Human Cognition? |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (20) |
|
Unsupervised Hebbian Learning |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
|
158 | (3) |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
|
162 | (4) |
|
Restricted Boltzmann Machines |
|
|
166 | (7) |
|
|
173 | (18) |
|
|
173 | (6) |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
Bayesian Models of Cognition |
|
|
182 | (9) |
|
|
191 | (12) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (5) |
|
Cultural Transmission and the Evolution of Languages |
|
|
198 | (3) |
|
|
201 | (2) |
Conventions and Notation |
|
203 | (2) |
Glossary |
|
205 | (2) |
Hints and Solutions to Select Exercises |
|
207 | (10) |
Notes |
|
217 | (2) |
References |
|
219 | (24) |
Index |
|
243 | |