| Preface |
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1 Various Thermoacoustic Devices |
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1 | (22) |
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1.1 Brief History of Thermoacoustics |
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1 | (5) |
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1.1.1 Dawn of thermoacoustics |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Studies conducted by Los Alamos group and Tsukuba group |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Current research trend |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2 Classification of Thermoacoustic Devices |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (6) |
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1.3.1 Thermoacoustic self-sustained oscillation |
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7 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Resonance tube acoustic engine |
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9 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Looped tube acoustic engine |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (5) |
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1.4.1 Resonance tube acoustic cooler |
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14 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Looped tube acoustic cooler |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4.3 GM refrigerator and pulse-tube refrigerator |
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16 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Heat driven acoustic cooler |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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1.6 Advantages of Thermoacoustic Devices |
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20 | (1) |
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1.7 Toward Practical Application |
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20 | (3) |
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2 Wave Propagation in a Tube |
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23 | (20) |
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2.1 Wave Equation and Its Solution |
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23 | (3) |
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2.1.1 Acoustic variables and sound waves |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 Speed of Sound and Acoustic Impedance |
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26 | (4) |
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2.2.1 Specific acoustic impedance |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Isothermal sound speed and adiabatic sound speed |
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29 | (1) |
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2.3 Propagation Constant for Acoustic Wave in a Tube |
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30 | (7) |
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2.3.1 Temperature fluctuation of sound waves |
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30 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Measure of thermal contact of gas with wall |
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31 | (3) |
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2.3.3 Plane pressure waves in tube |
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34 | (1) |
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2.3.4 Phase velocity and attenuation constant in a tube |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (5) |
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2.4.1 Minimum audible sound |
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37 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Experiments of wave propagation in a tube |
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37 | (2) |
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2.4.3 Dimensional analysis --ω Tv and Re-- |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (1) |
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3 Quality Factor of Acoustic Resonance Tube |
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43 | (54) |
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43 | (5) |
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3.1.1 Role of quality factor |
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43 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Free oscillations and Q |
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44 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Q of damped oscillation system |
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45 | (3) |
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3.2 Complex Representation of Oscillations |
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48 | (9) |
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48 | (4) |
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3.2.2 Resonance curve and Q value of mechanical oscillation system |
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52 | (5) |
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3.3 Acoustic Energy and Acoustic Intensity |
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57 | (1) |
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3.4 Acoustic Resonance Tube without Dissipation |
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58 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Derivation of acoustic field |
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58 | (4) |
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3.4.2 Quality factor of resonance tube |
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62 | (1) |
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3.5 Viscous Loss in a Resonance Tube |
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63 | (7) |
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3.5.1 Equation of motion for viscous fluid and its solution |
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63 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Solution of equation of motion |
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64 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Graphical representation of velocity fluctuation |
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66 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Viscous energy dissipation rate |
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67 | (2) |
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3.5.5 Cross-sectional mean velocity |
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69 | (1) |
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3.6 Lossy Acoustic Resonance Tube |
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70 | (11) |
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3.6.1 Derivation of acoustic field |
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70 | (4) |
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3.6.2 Q value of lossy resonance tube |
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74 | (4) |
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3.6.3 Experimental acoustic field of resonance tube |
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78 | (3) |
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3.7 Acoustic Resonance Tube with Temperature Gradient |
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81 | (4) |
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3.7.1 Taconis oscillation |
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81 | (2) |
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3.7.2 Quality factor of resonance tube with temperature gradient |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (9) |
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3.8.1 Analogy between acoustical system and electrical system |
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85 | (2) |
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3.8.2 Acoustic field with boundary conditions |
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87 | (5) |
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3.8.3 Oscillatory flow velocity over a plate |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (3) |
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4 From Acoustics to Thermoacoustics |
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97 | (38) |
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97 | (2) |
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4.2 Conventional Heat Engine Concept |
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99 | (4) |
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4.2.1 The first and second law of thermodynamics |
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99 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Thermodynamic cycle |
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101 | (2) |
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4.3 Thermoacoustic Representation of Heat Engines |
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103 | (2) |
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4.4 Energy Flux Density in a Periodically Steady Flow |
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105 | (6) |
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4.4.1 Enthalpy flux density, work flux density, and heat flux density |
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105 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Heat flow and work flow |
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108 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Heat engine diagram using heat flow and work flow |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (4) |
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4.5.1 How to draw energy flow diagrams |
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111 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Energy flow diagrams of prime movers |
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112 | (2) |
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4.5.3 Energy flow diagram for an ideal regenerator |
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114 | (1) |
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4.6 Examples of Energy Flow Diagrams |
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115 | (10) |
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116 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Adiabatic sound waves |
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117 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Resonance tube with temperature gradient |
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117 | (3) |
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4.6.4 Resonance tube engine and looped tube engine |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (4) |
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4.7 Conceptual Design of Thermoacoustic Devices |
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125 | (7) |
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4.7.1 Pulse tube cooler and acoustic cooler |
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125 | (3) |
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4.7.2 Thermally driven acoustic cooler |
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128 | (2) |
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4.7.3 Acoustic engine having a series of regenerators |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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4.8.1 Classification of natural phenomena based on energy flows |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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5 Basic Equations of Sound Waves in a Pipe and Their Solutions |
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135 | (38) |
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5.1 Linearization of Hydrodynamic Equations |
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135 | (3) |
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5.2 Eulerian Description and Lagrangian Description |
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138 | (3) |
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5.3 Lagrangian Representation of Energy Flux Density and Work Source |
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141 | (4) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (3) |
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5.4 Equation Describing Entropy Fluctuation |
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145 | (2) |
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5.5 Entropy Oscillations in the Absence of Axial Temperature Gradient |
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147 | (5) |
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5.5.1 Radial profile of entropy fluctuation |
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148 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Cross-sectional average of entropy fluctuation |
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149 | (3) |
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5.6 Entropy Fluctuation in Tubes with Temperature Gradient |
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152 | (4) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (2) |
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5.7 Fluctuations of Temperature and Density |
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156 | (4) |
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5.7.1 Temperature fluctuation |
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156 | (2) |
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5.7.2 Density fluctuation |
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158 | (2) |
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5.8 Wave Equation of Sound Waves in a Tube |
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160 | (2) |
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5.9 Appendix: Basic Equations of Hydrodynamics |
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162 | (8) |
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162 | (1) |
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5.9.2 Continuity equation |
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163 | (1) |
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5.9.3 Equation of motion (Navier-Stokes equation) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (4) |
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170 | (3) |
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6 Components of Energy Flows and Work Source and Their Classification |
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173 | (46) |
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6.1 Work Flux Density, Heat Flux Density, and Work Source of Inviscid Fluid |
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173 | (3) |
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6.2 Visualizing Oscillations of Pressure, Displacement, and Cross-Sectional Mean Entropy |
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176 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Pressure oscillation |
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176 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Cross-sectional mean entropy oscillation |
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178 | (4) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (7) |
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6.4.1 Heat flux density component due to pressure oscillation (Qprog and Qstand) |
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183 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Heat flux density component due to displacement oscillation (QD) |
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186 | (2) |
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6.4.3 Summary of heat flux density components |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (6) |
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6.5.1 Work source component due to pressure oscillation (Wp) |
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191 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Work source components due to displacement oscillation (Wprog and Wstand) |
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192 | (3) |
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6.5.3 Summary of work source components |
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195 | (1) |
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6.6 Energy Flow Density and Work Source for Viscous Fluid |
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196 | (13) |
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6.6.1 Mathematical formula for a product of oscillating quantities |
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196 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Cross-sectional mean averaged displacement and pressure of fluid particle |
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197 | (2) |
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6.6.3 Work flux density for viscous fluid |
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199 | (1) |
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6.6.4 Heat flux density for viscous fluid |
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199 | (4) |
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6.6.5 Work source for viscous fluid |
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203 | (6) |
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209 | (8) |
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209 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Properties of partial derivative |
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210 | (1) |
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6.7.3 Some useful thermodynamic relations |
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211 | (3) |
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6.7.4 Derivation of g and gD |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (32) |
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7.1 Acoustic Power Amplification by Temperature Gradients |
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219 | (12) |
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7.1.1 Ceperley's proposal |
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219 | (3) |
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7.1.2 Experiments in traveling wave field |
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222 | (6) |
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7.1.3 Experiments in standing wave field |
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228 | (3) |
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7.2 Temperature Gradient for Acoustic Power Production |
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231 | (8) |
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7.2.1 Relation between the work source and the temperature gradient |
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231 | (4) |
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7.2.2 Thermally induced spontaneous gas oscillations in resonance tube |
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235 | (3) |
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7.2.3 Thermally induced spontaneous gas oscillations in looped tube |
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238 | (1) |
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7.3 Thermal Efficiency of Energy Conversion in Regenerator |
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239 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Estimation of thermal efficiency |
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239 | (5) |
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7.3.2 Looped tube engine with branch resonator |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (2) |
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7.4.1 How to build a loaded looped tube engine |
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246 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Liquid-piston looped tube engine |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (28) |
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251 | (7) |
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8.1.1 Resonance tube cooler |
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253 | (4) |
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8.1.2 Looped tube acoustic cooler |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
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8.3 Cooling Performance of GM Refrigerator |
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260 | (9) |
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8.3.1 Relation between cooling power and acoustic field (phase lead 9) |
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265 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Relation between cooling power and acoustic field (frequency and amplitude) |
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267 | (2) |
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8.4 Acoustic Field in Pulse Tube Refrigerator |
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269 | (5) |
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8.4.1 Orifice pulse tube refrigerator |
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269 | (3) |
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8.4.2 Inertance pulse tube refrigerator |
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272 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Experimental verification of passive acoustic field controllers |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (3) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (20) |
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9.1 Towards Practical Applications of Thermoacoustic Devices |
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279 | (14) |
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9.1.1 Calculation method based on thermoacoustic theory |
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279 | (7) |
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9.1.2 Heat exchangers in oscillatory flow |
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286 | (7) |
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9.2 Thermoacoustic Device as Nonlinear Nonequilibrium System |
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293 | (6) |
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9.2.1 Shock waves, quasiperiodic oscillations, and chaos |
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294 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Synchronization and amplitude death |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (2) |
| Bibliography |
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299 | (10) |
| Index |
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309 | |
