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xiii | |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxvii | |
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1 | (70) |
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2 | (18) |
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1.1.1 Action first, explanation later |
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2 | (4) |
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1.1.2 Now some explanation |
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6 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Navigating the interface |
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7 | (6) |
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1.1.4 The gestalt of Stata |
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13 | (2) |
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1.1.5 The parts of Stata speech |
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15 | (5) |
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20 | (9) |
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29 | (20) |
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49 | (11) |
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49 | (4) |
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53 | (7) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (6) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (3) |
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1.7 Typing dates and date variables |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (14) |
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2.1 Random variables and their moments |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (4) |
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2.3.1 Ordinary least squares |
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74 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Instrumental variables |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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2.4 Multiple-equation models |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (6) |
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2.5.1 White noise, autocorrelation, and stationarity |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (3) |
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3 Filtering Time-Series Data |
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85 | (56) |
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3.1 Preparing to analyze a time series |
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87 | (5) |
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3.1.1 Questions for all types of data |
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87 | (1) |
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How are the variables defined? |
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87 | (1) |
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What is the relationship between the data and the phenomenon of interest? |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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What processes generated the data? |
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90 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Questions specifically for time-series data |
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91 | (1) |
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What is the frequency of measurement? |
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91 | (1) |
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Are the data seasonally adjusted? |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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3.2 The four components of a time series |
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92 | (8) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (21) |
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103 | (6) |
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109 | (5) |
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3.3.3 Smoothing a seasonal pattern |
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114 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Smoothing real data |
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115 | (6) |
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121 | (17) |
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3.4.1 ma: Weighted moving averages |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (4) |
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Dexponential: Double-Exponential Moving Averages |
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130 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Holt-Winters smoothers |
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131 | (1) |
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Hwinters: Holt--Winters smoothers without a seasonal component |
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131 | (6) |
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Shwinters: Holt--Winters smoothers including a seasonal component |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (3) |
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4 A First Pass At Forecasting |
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141 | (26) |
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4.1 Forecast fundamentals |
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141 | (5) |
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142 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Measuring the quality of a forecast |
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144 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Elements of a forecast |
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144 | (2) |
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4.2 Filters that forecast |
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146 | (19) |
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4.2.1 Forecasts based on EWMAs |
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148 | (11) |
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4.2.2 Forecasting a trending series with a seasonal component |
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159 | (6) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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5 Autocorrelated Disturbances |
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167 | (34) |
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168 | (4) |
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5.1.1 Example: Mortgage rates |
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169 | (3) |
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5.2 Regression models with autocorrelated disturbances |
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172 | (4) |
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5.2.1 First-order autocorrelation |
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173 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Example: Mortgage rates (cont.) |
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175 | (1) |
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5.3 Testing for autocorrelation |
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176 | (2) |
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177 | (1) |
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5.4 Estimation with first-order autocorrelated data |
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178 | (19) |
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5.4.1 Model 1: Strictly exogenous regressors and autocorrelated disturbances |
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179 | (3) |
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182 | (1) |
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The transformation strategy |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (2) |
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Comparison of estimates of model 1 |
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188 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Model 2: A lagged dependent variable and i.i.d. errors |
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189 | (4) |
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5.4.3 Model 3: A lagged dependent variable with AR(1) errors |
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193 | (1) |
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The transformation strategy |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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5.5 Estimating the mortgage rate equation |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (2) |
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6 Univariate Time-Series Models |
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201 | (16) |
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6.1 The general linear process |
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202 | (1) |
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6.2 Lag polynomials: Notation or prestidigitation? |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (3) |
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6.4 Stationarity and invertibility |
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208 | (2) |
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6.5 What can ARMA models do? |
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210 | (4) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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7 Modeling A Real-World Time Series |
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217 | (54) |
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7.1 Getting ready to model a time series |
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218 | (8) |
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7.2 The Box-Jenkins approach |
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226 | (2) |
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7.3 Specifying an ARMA model |
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228 | (15) |
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7.3.1 Step 1: Induce stationarity (ARMA becomes ARIMA) |
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228 | (5) |
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7.3.2 Step 2: Mind your p's and q's |
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233 | (10) |
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243 | (10) |
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7.5 Looking for trouble: Model diagnostic checking |
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253 | (4) |
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253 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Tests of the residuals |
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254 | (3) |
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7.6 Forecasting with ARIMA models |
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257 | (5) |
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262 | (4) |
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266 | (1) |
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7.9 What have we learned so far? |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (2) |
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8 Time-Varying Volatility |
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271 | (28) |
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8.1 Examples of time-varying volatility |
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272 | (5) |
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8.2 ARCH: A model of time-varying volatility |
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277 | (8) |
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8.3 Extensions to the ARCH model |
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285 | (13) |
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8.3.1 GARCH: Limiting the order of the model |
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286 | (6) |
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292 | (1) |
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Asymmetric responses to "news" |
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293 | (2) |
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Variations in volatility affect the mean of the observable series |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (1) |
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9 Models Of Multiple Time Series |
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299 | (78) |
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9.1 Vector autoregressions |
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300 | (3) |
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9.1.1 Three types of VARs |
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302 | (1) |
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9.2 A VAR of the U.S. macroeconomy |
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303 | (26) |
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9.2.1 Using Stata to estimate a reduced-form VAR |
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305 | (4) |
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9.2.2 Testing a VAR for stationarity |
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309 | (3) |
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312 | (4) |
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316 | (9) |
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Evaluating a VAR forecast |
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325 | (4) |
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329 | (29) |
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330 | (5) |
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9.3.2 Summarizing temporal relationships in a VAR |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (3) |
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339 | (4) |
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343 | (1) |
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Using Stata to calculate IRFs and FEVDs |
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344 | (14) |
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358 | (15) |
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9.4.1 Examples of a short-run SVAR |
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361 | (9) |
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9.4.2 Examples of a long-run SVAR |
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370 | (3) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
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10 Models Of Nonstationary Time Series |
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377 | (50) |
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10.1 Trends and unit roots |
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378 | (4) |
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10.2 Testing for unit roots |
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382 | (5) |
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10.3 Cointegration: Looking for a long-term relationship |
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387 | (2) |
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10.4 Cointegrating relationships and VECMs |
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389 | (5) |
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10.4.1 Deterministic components in the VECM |
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393 | (1) |
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10.5 From intuition to VECM: An example |
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394 | (30) |
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Step 1 Confirm the unit root |
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399 | (2) |
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Step 2 Identify the number of lags |
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401 | (1) |
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Step 3 Identify the number of cointegrating relationships |
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402 | (4) |
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406 | (10) |
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Step 5 Test for stability and white-noise residuals |
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416 | (1) |
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Step 6 Review the model implications for reasonableness |
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417 | (7) |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (3) |
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427 | (8) |
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11.1 Making sense of it all |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (5) |
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11.2.1 Advanced time-series topics |
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429 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Additional Stata time-series features |
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431 | (1) |
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Data management tools and utilities |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (2) |
References |
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435 | (4) |
Author index |
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439 | (2) |
Subject index |
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441 | |