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1 | (6) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy Systems |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Different Types of Wind Energy Converters: An Overview |
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4 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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2 Wind: Origin and Local Effects |
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7 | (10) |
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2.1 Origin and Global Availability |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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2.3 Attractive Locations for Wind Energy |
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10 | (1) |
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2.4 Local Effects on Wind Flow |
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10 | (5) |
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2.4.1 Roughness Length and Wind Shear |
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10 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Wind Speed Variability |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Obstacles to Wind Flow |
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12 | (1) |
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2.4.5 The Wind Wake and Park Effect |
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13 | (1) |
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2.4.6 The Tunnel Effect and Hill Effect |
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14 | (1) |
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2.5 Selecting a Turbine Site |
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15 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (14) |
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3.1 Energy Content in Wind |
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17 | (3) |
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3.2 Energy Conversion at the Blade |
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20 | (2) |
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3.3 Power Coefficients and Principles of Design |
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22 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Coefficient of Power cp and Betz' Law |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Principles of Design |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Wind Shear with Height |
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26 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Influence of Weibull Distribution |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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4 Components of a Wind Energy Converter |
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31 | (14) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (1) |
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4.5 Miscellaneous Components |
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38 | (7) |
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45 | (18) |
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5.1 Rotor Area of Turbines |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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5.3 Horizontal or Vertical Axis Turbine |
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47 | (3) |
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5.4 Upwind or Downwind Turbine |
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50 | (1) |
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5.5 Load Considerations for Turbine Selection |
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51 | (1) |
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5.6 Wind Turbines: With or Without Gearbox |
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51 | (4) |
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5.7 Requirement of Grid, Synchronous or Asynchronous Generators |
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55 | (4) |
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5.8 Issue of Noise and its Control |
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59 | (4) |
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61 | (2) |
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6 Operation and Control of Wind Energy Converters |
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63 | (12) |
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6.1 Power Curve and Capacity Factor |
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63 | (3) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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6.2 Power Control of Wind Turbines |
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66 | (5) |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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6.3 Connection to the Grid |
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71 | (4) |
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6.3.1 Applications of Wind Energy Converters |
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71 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Voltage Requirement |
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72 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Special Aspects of the Connection of Offshore Wind Parks |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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7 Economics and Policy Issues |
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75 | (14) |
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7.1 Cost of Wind Turbines |
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75 | (3) |
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7.1.1 Initial Cost of Wind Turbine |
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75 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs for Wind Turbines |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (4) |
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7.3 Mechanisms to Support Funding |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Environmental Credit and Clear Development Mechanism |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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7.4 Wind Energy Economics |
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83 | (3) |
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7.4.1 Financing of Wind Park---A Case Study for India |
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83 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Financing of a Wind Park---Description of a Case in Germany |
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85 | (1) |
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7.5 Wind Turbines after Operational Life |
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86 | (3) |
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87 | (2) |
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8 Life Cycle Assessment of a Wind Farm |
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89 | (8) |
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8.1 Basic Targets and Approach |
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89 | (1) |
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8.2 Case Study of Alpha Ventus |
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90 | (4) |
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8.2.1 Goal and Scope Definition |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Interpretation and Results |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
About the Book |
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99 | (2) |
Glossary |
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101 | (2) |
Index |
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103 | |